#HAPTER 4HREE 3USTAINABLE &OREST -ANAGEMENT- A NA GEM ENT
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST -ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #HAPTER 4HREE 3534!).!",% &/2%34 -!.!'%-%.4
(OW (UMANS -ANAGE THE &OREST A !BORIGINAL USE OF THE FOREST B %ARLY 3ETTLERS USE THE &OREST C -ODERN &OREST USE D -ODERN &OREST MANAGEMENT (ARVESTING THE &OREST A 3HELTERWOOD #UT B #LEAR #UT (ARVESTING C 3ELECTION #UT !CTIVITY #ASE 3TUDY 7HICH HARVEST METHOD IS THE BEST &OREST 0RODUCTS !CTIVITY 4REES CAN DO IT *UST DO THE MATH 4HE &UTURE OF OUR &OREST !CTIVITY #ASE 3TUDY 7ILL THERE BE ENOUGH 7OOD !CTIVITY &IELD TRIP STUDY OF THE &OREST
-ANITOBA -ANITOBA -ODEL -ODEL &OR&OREST EST (/7 (5-!.3 -!.!'% 4(% &/2%34
7E HAVE SEEN THAT FORESTS ARE COMPLEX ECOSYSTEMS WITH MANY PARTS AND PROCESSES THAT SUSTAIN LIFE ! VARIETY OF LIVING THINGS DEPENDS ON THE FOREST INCLUDING OURSELVES 4HROUGHOUT HISTORY HUMANS VALUED AND USED THE FOREST IN A VARIETY OF WAYS
A !BORIGINAL USE OF THE FOREST !BOUT OF #ANADAS !BORIGINAL PEOPLE LIVE IN THE FORESTED REGIONS OF #ANADA &OR THOUSANDS OF YEARS FORESTS HAVE BEEN THEIR MAIN SOURCE OF FOOD SHELTER CLOTHING AND MEDICINES "OTH HARDWOOD AND SOFTWOOD SPECIES HAVE PROVIDED FOR THEIR NEEDS &OR EXAMPLE THE BARK OF SPRUCE WAS USED TO MAKE CANOES AND TENT FLOORS 4HE PITCH OR SAP FROM SPRUCE WAS MELTED TO SEAL JOINTS OF CANOES AND BASKETS AS WELL AS FOR WATERPROOFING FOR RAWHIDE ROPES 4HE INNER BARK OF THE SPRUCE CAN BE EATEN OR BOILED TO PRODUCE A DRINK 4HE WOOD IS EXCELLENT FOR PRODUCING SWEAT LODGES TEPEES CANOE PADDLES ARROW SHAFTS AND EVEN SNOWSHOES "RANCHES WERE USED FOR SHELTERS AND DRYING RACKS FOR MEAT &IREWOOD AND MEDICINE WAS OBTAINED FROM MANY SPECIES OF TREES IN THE FOREST "ECAUSE THE LOW POPULATIONS OF &IRST .ATIONS PEOPLE AND THEIR NOMADIC WAY OF LIFE THERE WAS NEVER A THREAT TO THE SUSTAINABILITY OF THE FOREST %VEN EARLY !BORIGINALS DEVISED A METHOD FOR hFOREST MANAGEMENTv 7HEN POPLARS AND OTHER SUN LOVING TREES INVADED GRASSY OPENINGS THEY WERE BURNED IN ORDER TO RETURN THEM TO AN EARLIER SUCCESSIONAL STAGE 4HIS RESULTED IN HABITAT THAT ATTRACTED WILDLIFE AND PRODUCED BERRIES ENSURING A MORE DEPENDABLE FOOD SUPPLY 4ODAY OF &IRST .ATION COMMUNITIES ARE INVOLVED IN THE FOREST INDUSTRY OR RELATED ACTIVITIES 4HERE ARE OPPORTUNITIES FOR PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN &IRST .ATIONS PEOPLE AND INDUSTRY TO DEVELOP PROCESSING FACILITIES FOR FOREST PRODUCTS AS WELL AS TO SHARE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES 4HE &IRST .ATIONS &ORESTRY &UND HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED TO DEVELOP THE SKILLS NEEDED TO MANAGE FOREST RESOURCES ON RESERVE LAND -ORE INFORMATION ON THE &.&0 CAN BE FOUND AT WWWFNFPCA
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST )NTERVIEW WITH AN %LDER -R ,AWRENCE 3MITH "ROKENHEAD &IRST .ATION
-R 3MITHS /JIBWAY NAME IS h(OLE IN THE #LOUDSv (E WAS BORN ON THE 3AGKEENG &IRST .ATION IN *ANUARY (E SPENT HIS YOUTH CUTTING PULPWOOD IN /NTARIO IN THE ,AKE OF THE 7OODS AREA (E OFTEN WALKED FOR DAYS THROUGH THE BUSH TO GET TO THE WORK SITE AND CAMPED IN THE BUSH IN THE DEAD OF WINTER WITH ONLY A FIRE AND A TARP TO KEEP WARM (E ONCE WALKED FROM &ALCON ,AKE TO 3HOAL ,AKE TO FIND WORK 4HE FOREST IS A SOURCE OF INCOME MEDICINE AND SPIRITUAL AWARENESS FOR -R 3MITH !S A YOUNG BOY HE CAMPED OUT WITH HIS PARENTS IN THE 3TEAD AREA TRAPPING MUSKRATS AND PICKING BERRIES (UNTING AND GATHERING WAS A NORMAL WAY OF LIFE FOR -R 3MITH SINCE THERE WAS NO CASH ECONOMY AS THERE IS TODAY .ATURE PROVIDED FOR THE NEEDS OF THE FAMILY 4ODAY -R ,AWRENCE IS STILL WORKING HARD (E IS A COMMERCIAL FISHERMAN ON ,AKE 7INNIPEG AT THE MOUTH OF THE "ROKENHEAD 2IVER (E FISHES THROUGH THE ICE IN WINTER AS WELL ,IKE MANY &IRST .ATIONS PEOPLE WHO LIVE OFF THE LAND HE REGULARLY OBSERVES THE SIGNS AND SIGNALS FROM NATURE TO GUIDE HIM
B %ARLY 3ETTLERS USE THE &OREST 7HEN #ANADA BECAME A NATION IN THERE WAS A PUSH TO SETTLE ITS VAST EXPANSES &ORESTS IN EASTERN #ANADA WERE CLEARED TO MAKE WAY FOR AGRICULTURE ROADS AND TOWNS 4HE GROWING RAILWAY SYSTEM NEEDED VAST AMOUNTS OF TIMBER FOR RAILWAY TIES AND BRIDGES 4HE FIRST TASK OF NEW SETTLERS WAS OFTEN TO CLEAR THE LAND OF TREES 4HIS PROVIDED FUELWOOD FENCEPOSTS AND LOGS FOR HOUSES AND OTHER BUILDINGS -EANWHILE WHITE PINE LOGS WERE BEING SHIPPED TO %NGLAND FOR MASTS FOR ITS NAVYS SHIPS &OREST RESOURCES WERE SHIPPED ABROAD "UT BECAUSE THE FOREST SEEMED SO VAST NO ONE HAD ANY CONCERN ABOUT ITS FUTURE %ARLY SETTLERS USED MANY OTHER PRODUCTS FROM THE FOREST SUCH AS BERRIES AND WILD GAME 4HE ENTIRE FUR TRADE ERA RELIED ON THE ABUNDANCE OF BEAVER WOLF MARTEN FISHER AND OTHER FURBEARING ANIMALS FOUND IN #ANADIAN FORESTS "Y THE EARLY PART OF THE TH #ENTURY THE PRESSURE ON NATURAL RESOURCES IN #ANADA WAS BEGINNING TO TAKE ITS TOLL 4HE FISHERIES FUR POPULATIONS AND FORESTS NEEDED TO BE CONSERVED )N THE 'OVERNMENT OR #ANADA GAVE PROVINCES THE RIGHT TO MANAGE THEIR RESOURCES UNDER THE h.ATURAL 2ESOURCES 4RANSFER !GREEMENTv 4HIS TURNING POINT IN #ANADIAN HISTORY WAS THE BIRTH OF MANY CONSERVATION PROGRAMS AND POLICIES WHICH CONTROL HOW WE USE WATER FORESTS WILDLIFE AND FISH TODAY SO THAT WE MAY PASS THEM ON TO FUTURE GENERATIONS
C -ODERN &OREST 5SE &OREST MANAGEMENT TODAY IS A COMPLEX SCIENCE 7E HAVE SEEN THAT FORESTS ARE COMPLEX ECOSYSTEMS WITH MANY PARTS AND PROCESSES THAT SUSTAIN A VARIETY OF LIVING THINGS INCLUDING OURSELVES )N FORESTED PROVINCES SUCH AS -ANITOBA THE 0ROVINCIAL 'OVERNMENT HAS THE AUTHORITY TO MANAGE THE RESOURCE )N -ANITOBA MOST OF THE TIMBER IS OWNED BY THE #ROWN SINCE ONLY OF FORESTED LAND IS OWNED BY PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS 4HE FOREST RESOURCE IS ALLOCATED TO LARGE COMPANIES UNDER A &OREST -ANAGEMENT ,ICENSE &-, 4HIS MEANS THAT THE COMPANY MUST COMPLY WITH STRICT REGULATIONS REGARDING WHICH SPECIES THEY CAN CUT HOW MUCH THEY CAN CUT -ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST AND HOW THEY WILL RENEW THE FOREST 4HEY MUST ALSO CONDUCT PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS REGARDING ALL ASPECTS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT 4HE ,ICENSE WILL ALSO DETERMINE HOW MUCH THEY PAY THE PROVINCE FOR THE WOOD STUMPAGE FEE AS WELL AS OTHER COSTS SUCH AS FIRE PROTECTION AND INSECT CONTROL 4HE AMOUNT OF WOOD THEY CAN CUT IS CALLED THE !NNUAL !LLOWABLE #UT !!# )N FOR EXAMPLE THE !!# WAS CUBIC METERS /F THIS AMOUNT ONLY CUBIC METERS WERE ACTUALLY HARVESTED 3OFTWOODS MAKE UP ABOUT OF TREES HARVESTED AND HARDWOODS ACCOUNT FOR OF THE HARVEST )T IS THE VERY EXISTENCE OF THESE REGULATIONS THAT WILL ENSURE A SUSTAINABLE WOOD SUPPLY IN THE FUTURE )T WILL ALSO ENSURE THAT THE FOREST WILL BE THERE TO SUPPLY US WITH ALL OF OUR OTHER NEEDS AND WANTS SUCH AS RECREATION WILDLIFE AND OXYGEN PRODUCTION
D -ODERN &OREST -ANAGEMENT 4HE SCIENCE OF SILVICULTURE IS THE PRACTICE OF ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING FOREST STANDS IN AN ECOSYSTEM TO MEET THE NEEDS AND VALUES OF SOCIETY ON A SUSTAINABLE BASIS 4HE SILVICULTURAL NEEDS OF THE FOREST ARE SPELLED OUT CLEARLY IN A MANAGEMENT PLAN ,ET US EXAMINE THE SERIES OF STEPS THAT TAKE PLACE IN A HYPOTHETICAL STAND OF SPRUCE TREES IN THE BOREAL FOREST 4HE COMPLETE CYCLE NEEDED TO ESTABLISH A FOREST FROM SEEDLING STAGE TO HARVEST IS CALLED A ROTATION AND IS TYPICALLY ABOUT YEARS FOR SPRUCE IN THE BOREAL FOREST )N PARTS OF THE WORLD WITH A LONGER GROWING SEASON THIS ROTATION TIME MAY BE CUT IN HALF HENCE DOUBLING THE PRODUCTION OF WOOD FIBRE
,ET US ASSUME THE STAND HAS MATURED AND HARVEST HAS TAKEN PLACE 4HE NEXT STEP IS SITE PREPARATION TO PREPARE FOR THE SEEDLINGS 7E WILL ASSUME THE MANAGEMENT PLAN INDICATED THE NEED FOR ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION WHERE HUMAN INPUT WAS NEEDED TO PLANT THE SEEDLINGS 3ITE PREPARATION JUST AS IN FARMING MEANS THAT LARGE MACHINERY WILL EXPOSE THE SOIL TO PREPARE A SEEDBED FOR THE SEEDLINGS 4HE SEEDLINGS ARE PLANTED IN THE SPRING TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF HIGHER MOISTURE LEVELS AND COOLER DAYS BOTH WHICH HELP SEEDLING SURVIVAL !GAIN JUST LIKE FARMING WEEDING MUST BE CARRIED OUT )N A SILVICULTURAL SENSE THERE ARE TWO CHOICES -ECHANICAL WEEDING MEANS THAT PEOPLE MUST USE SMALL EQUIPMENT SUCH AS BRUSH SAWS TO CUT DOWN COMPETING SAPLINGS AND SHRUBS THAT TEND TO OUT COMPETE THE TINY SEEDLINGS #HEMICAL WEED CONTROL USES A HERBICIDE WHICH AFFECTS ONLY THE COMPETING PLANTS BUT NOT THE SEEDLINGS THEMSELVES 9EARS LATER ONCE THE SEEDLINGS ARE IN THE FREE TO GROW STAGE WHICH MEANS THAT THEY HAVE OUTGROWN THE COMPETITION THEY MAY NEED A PRE COMMERCIAL THINNING TREATMENT 3MALLER CROWDED TREES ARE CUT LEAVING MORE SUNLIGHT MOISTURE AND NUTRIENTS FOR THE LARGER HEALTHIER TREES 3EVERAL YEARS LATER A COMMERCIAL THINNING MAY BE CARRIED OUT !T THIS STAGE THE SMALLER LESS ROBUST TREES ARE REMOVED BUT ARE LARGE ENOUGH TO BE SOLD AS PULPWOOD RAILS FENCEPOST OR FIREWOOD 4HE REMAINING TREES USUALLY SHOW AN INCREASE IN DIAMETER NOW THAT THERE IS LESS COMPETITION !T THE END OF THE ROTATION THE FOREST MANAGER MUST DECIDE ON A HARVESTING STRATEGY 7HICH METHOD OF HARVESTING IS BEST FOR THE ECOSYSTEM 7HICH WILL BENEFIT WILDLIFE 7HICH WILL BE THE BEST FOR THE SOIL CONDITIONS 7HICH WILL BRING ABOUT THE BEST REGENERATION &ORESTRY IS A VERY SITE SPECIFIC SCIENCE 7HAT WORKS WELL IN ONE PART OF THE "OREAL &OREST MAY NOT WORK AT ALL ON ANOTHER SITE 4HE DECISION CANNOT BE MADE ALONE )N %COSYSTEM "ASED -ANAGEMENT THERE MAY BE CONSULTATIONS WITH FISHERIES BIOLOGISTS AND WILDLIFE BIOLOGISTS )N ADDITION THERE MAY BE CONSULTATIONS WITH &IRST .ATIONS COMMUNITIES NEAR THE HARVEST SITE TO CHECK WITH ELDERS IF THERE ARE SPIRITUAL SITES THAT NEED PROTECTING ,OCAL TRAPPERS ARE CONSULTED TO MINIMIZE THE IMPACT ON THE TRAP LINE 4OURIST CAMP OPERATORS MAY HAVE INPUT AS WELL &OR EXAMPLE IN THE -ODEL &OREST ONE SUCH CAMP REQUESTED NO HARVESTING AFTER DARK SO THAT ITS CLIENTS COULD HEAR THE CALL OF THE LOONS AT NIGHT 4HE HARVESTING CONTRACTOR THEN COMPLIED WITH THE REQUEST &IGURE A SHOWS THE STAGES IN THE LIFE OF A TYPICAL SPRUCE STAND IN THE BOREAL FOREST &IGURE B SHOWS THE CORRESPONDING SILVICULTURE ACTIVITIES THAT WOULD TAKE PLACE
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST &IG A ,IFE #YCLE OF A 3TAND IN THE "OREAL &OREST
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST &IG B 4HE TIME AND PURPOSE OF SPRUCE MANAGEMENT
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST (!26%34).' 4(% &/2%34 4HE HARVEST REPRESENTS BOTH AN END AND A BEGINNING OF A STAND OF TREES 4HE HARVEST ITSELF MAY BE DONE FOR A NUMBER OF REASONS 4HE TREES MAY HAVE MATURED AND STARTED TO DECLINE IN HEALTH AND MAY BE AT THE POINT WHERE THERE ARE NO NEW GROWTH RINGS BEING ADDED /R THE HARVEST MAY BE DONE TO CLEAN UP DISEASED TREES AND IS THEN KNOWN AS A SANITATION CUT /R THE TREES MAY HAVE BURNED OR MAY HAVE BEEN TOPPLED IN A WINDSTORM AND MUST BE TAKEN DOWN BEFORE THEY BEGIN TO DECAY )N THIS CASE IT IS KNOWN AS A SALVAGE CUT 7HATEVER THE SITUATION THE HARVEST MUST BE CAREFULLY PLANNED BECAUSE THE HARVESTING METHOD CHOSEN WILL HAVE AN AFFECT ON THE SUCCESS OF THE REFORESTATION OF THE SITE
"EFORE THE HARVEST ACTUALLY BEGINS SEVERAL STEPS ARE TAKEN ! PRE HARVEST INVENTORY SURVEY IS COMPLETED TO CALCULATE THE AMOUNT OF WOOD WHICH IS USUALLY MEASURED IN CUBIC METERS 4HE STAND IS IDENTIFIED AND MARKED OFF SO THE HARVESTING CREW KNOWS WHICH TREES TO HARVEST 4HE SITE IS EXAMINED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS ARE NOT COMPLIED WITH THE FOREST COMPANY CAN LOSE THEIR &OREST -ANAGEMENT ,ICENSE PUTTING THEM OUT OF BUSINESS 4HESE REGULATIONS CLEARLY INDICATE THE SIZE AND SPECIES OF TREES TO BE HARVESTED BUFFER ZONES WHERE NO HARVESTING CAN TAKE PLACE SUCH AS ALONG RIVERS SENSITIVE ECOLOGICAL SITES AND BOGS WHERE RARE PLANTS MAY BE FOUND &IRST .ATIONS PEOPLE ARE CONSULTED WHEN HARVESTING ON #ROWN LAND AND SITES OF SPIRITUAL AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE ARE THEN PROTECTED ! HARVEST SYSTEM IS CHOSEN
4HERE ARE SEVERAL HARVESTING SYSTEMS IN USE IN THE FORESTS OF -ANITOBA 4HEY ARE 3HELTERWOOD CUT #LEAR CUT 3ELECTION CUT
2EGARDLESS OF THE HARVESTING SYSTEM CHOSEN RESEARCH IN THE -ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST HAS BEEN INVESTIGATING ECOLOGICALLY FRIENDLY METHODS BASED ON THE .ATURAL $ISTURBANCE -ODEL )N THIS RESEARCH PROJECT WILDFIRE BEHAVIOUR AND FOREST RECOVERY WAS STUDIED AND THEN HARVESTING SYSTEMS WERE DESIGNED TO MIMIC THIS NATURAL DISTURBANCE AT THE STAND AND LANDSCAPE LEVEL )NTEGRATED 2ESOURCE -ANAGEMENT ENSURES THAT A DIVERSE GROUP OF PROFESSIONAL SUCH AS FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE BIOLOGISTS FORESTRY EXPERTS AND LAND USE PLANNERS ENSURE THAT REGULATIONS ARE ADHERED TO WHICH WILL ENSURE THE HEALTH OF THE ECOSYSTEM
! 3HELTERWOOD #UT FIG C )N A SHELTERWOOD CUT ALTERNATING hSTRIPSv OF TREES ARE REMOVED TO ALLOW FOR NATURAL REGENERATION 4HIS WORKS WELL FOR SPECIES THAT ARE SHADE TOLERANT SUCH AS WHITE SPRUCE )T IS A HARVESTING SYSTEM THAT IS MORE PLEASING VISUALLY AND PRESERVES WILDLIFE HABITAT 4HERE IS ALSO LESS POTENTIAL FOR EROSION /N THE OTHER HAND THERE MAY BE DAMAGE TO THE YOUNG REGENERATING TREES AT THE EDGES OF THE CUT STRIPS AND WINDFALL LOSSES MAY BE HIGH 7INDFALL LOSSES OR BLOWDOWNS OCCUR WHEN SHALLOW ROOTED CONIFERS BECOME UPROOTED 3INCE CONIFERS HAVE LATERAL ROOTS THEY STAND IN THE FOREST LIKE TOY SOLDIERS AND WHEN A FEW GET BLOWN OVER THE CHAIN REACTION CAN CAUSE MANY TO FALL 4HE UNHARVESTED STRIPS NEED TO BE AT LEAST METERS WIDE TO PREVENT THIS 4HIS METHOD OF HARVESTING IS NOT WIDELY PRACTICED IN THE BOREAL FORESTS OF -ANITOBA
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST 0REHARVEST 7IND $IRECTION
!FTER FIRST PASS
&IG C ! TYPICAL SHELTERWOOD HARVEST SYSTEM .OTE THAT ALTERNATIVE STRIPS ARE CUT AT METER INTERVALS 7HEN ORIENED IN A NORTH TO SOUTH POSITION SUNLIGHT CAN REACH THE FOREST FLOOR AND CREATE CONDITIONS NEEDED FOR REGENERATION
" #LEAR #UT (ARVESTING .O OTHER WORDS IN THE HISTORY OF FORESTRY HAVE GENERATED SO MUCH CONTROVERSY AS hCLEAR CUTv .O OTHER HARVESTING SYSTEM HAS BEEN SO MISUNDERSTOOD 5NDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS A CLEAR CUT IS THE MOST COST EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT METHOD TO HARVEST A FOREST 5NDER MOST CONDITIONS A CLEAR CUT IS THE MOST EFFICIENT WAY TO CREATE THE CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR REGENERATION OF THE NEW FOREST ,ET US EXAMINE THE REASONS WHY &IRST OF ALL CERTAIN SPECIES NEED TO HAVE FULL SUNLIGHT IN ORDER TO OPEN THE SEED CONES SUCH AS THE JACK PINE OR BLACK SPRUCE TWO COMMON SPECIES IN THE "OREAL &OREST 4HIS CAN ONLY HAPPEN IN A CUT BLOCK THAT IS LARGE ENOUGH TO ALLOW FULL SUNLIGHT TO PENETRATE AND WARM THE SOIL )N -ANITOBA THE CUT BLOCKS AVERAGE n HECTARES IN SIZE WHICH IS ABOUT THE SIZE OF 0OLO 0ARK 3HOPPING #ENTRE AND ASSOCIATED PARKING SPACES FIG E )F CLUMPS OF TREES WERE LEFT STANDING IN A CLEAR CUT BLOWDOWNS WOULD DESTROY THEM 4HE OTHER ADVANTAGE OF A CLEAR CUT IS THAT IT IS EASY TO CARRY OUT SITE PREPARATION FOR REPLANTING ,ARGE MACHINERY IS USED TO DISTURB THE SOIL AND BREAK UP COARSE WOODY DEBRIS SO THAT SEEDLINGS CAN BE PLANTED EFFICIENTLY IF THE SITE IS BEING REFORESTED ARTIFICIALLY )F THE SITE IS BEING REGENERATED NATURALLY THE SEEDLINGS HAVE A GREATER CHANCE OF SURVIVING IN THE FRESHLY EXPOSED SOIL 4HE CLEAR CUT SYSTEM SHOULD NOT BE USED ON TERRAIN THAT IS PRONE TO EROSION #LEAR CUTTING ON STEEP SLOPES IN NO LONGER CONSIDERED A SUSTAINABLE FOREST PRACTICE 4HE MAIN DISADVANTAGE OF A CLEAR CUT IS ITS APPEARANCE UNTIL REGROWTH IS ESTABLISHED .O TIMBER PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE FROM THIS HARVESTING SYSTEM UNTIL THE NEXT ROTATION WHICH COULD BE ABOUT TO YEARS 0OPLAR OR ASPEN HAS ABOUT A YEAR ROTATION )N TERMS OF WILDLIFE SOME SPECIES SUCH AS MOOSE BENEFIT SINCE THEY FEED HEAVILY ON NEW BROWSE IN THE CUTOVER /THER SPECIES SUCH AS 7OODLAND #ARIBOU DO NOT BENEFIT SINCE THEY FEED ON LICHEN IN THE OLD GROWTH PINE STANDS 7ITH THIS KNOWLEDGE FOREST MANAGERS CAN PLAN CUT BLOCKS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE NEEDS OF WILDLIFE
)N THE LAST DECADE THE CLEAR CUT HAS BEEN RE EVALUATED AND REDESIGNED TO MIMIC THE NATURAL DISTURBANCE PATTERN &IGURE D SHOWS THE EVOLUTION OF THE CLEAR CUT HARVESTING SYSTEM
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST &IG D 4HE EVOLUTION OF THE CLEAR CUT HARVESTING SYSTEM .EW TECHNIQUES OF HARVESTING SUCH AS IMITATING A NATURAL DISTURBANCE MODEL HAVE BENEFITED FOREST ECOSYSTEMS BY LEAVING BEHIND SNAGS CLUMPS OF YOUNG TREES COARSE WOODY DEBRIS AND PENINSULAS 4HE NEW TERM IS VARIABLE RETENTION FORESTRY WHICH BEGINS WITH THE QUESTION OF 7HAT NEEDS TO BE RETAINED TO MAINTAIN THE HEALTH OF THE FOREST
#UT CLEAR #LEARCUT
#LEARCUT WITH 2ESIDUALS
!ERIAL VIEW OF A #LEAR CUT 3HOWING THE .ATURAL CLEAR CUT TAKEN IN $ISTURBANCE 0ATTERN
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #LEAR #UT WITH SHELTER PATCHES
#LEAR CUT WITH IRREGULAR SHAPE
#LEAR CUT WITH AQUATIC FEEDING AREA #LEAR CUT AREAS EQUAL TO UNCUT AREAS
&IG E #LEAR CUT PRACTICES TODAY ARE MORE SUSTAINABLE BECAUSE THEY CONSIDER ALL VALUES OF THE FOREST SUCH AS WILDLIFE HABITAT WETLANDS AND RIPARIAN CORRIDORS 4HE AVERAGE SIZE OF A CLEAR CUT IN -ANITOBA IS ABOUT HECTARES ACRES OR THE SIZE OF 0OLO 0ARK 3HOPPING #ENTRE
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST # 4HE 3ELECTION #UT 4HE SELECTION CUT IS USED WHEN WORKING IN AN UNEVEN AGED HARDWOOD OR MIXED WOOD STAND WHERE ONLY CERTAIN TREES ARE SELECTED AND THEN LOGGED &IG F 7HILE THIS TYPE OF HARVEST SYSTEM HAS THE LEAST VISUAL IMPACT ON THE LAND IT MUST BE USED VARY CAREFULLY &IRST OF ALL IF ALL THE BEST TREES ARE HARVESTED IT CAN LEAD TO A FOREST BEING hHIGHGRADEDv 4HIS REALLY MEANS THAT ALL OF THE BEST TREES ARE TAKEN LEAVING THE SMALLER STUNTED OR CROOKED TREES TO REPRODUCE 4HE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF THE FOREST STAND WILL SUFFER WHEN ONLY THE BEST ARE REMOVED 4HAT IS WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO LEAVE A FEW OF THE BEST TREES TO PRODUCE SEED FOR THE FUTURE 3ECONDLY IF NOT HARVESTED CAREFULLY A LOT OF YOUNGER TREES WILL BE DAMAGED BY EQUIPMENT OR FALLING TREES 7HEN DONE PROPERLY HOWEVER A SELECTION CUT CAN IMPROVE THE HEALTH AND VIGOR OF A FOREST STAND !S A RULE TREES SHOULD BE CUT WHEN THEIR CANOPIES TOUCH WHICH MEANS THAT THEY ARE COMPETING FOR SUNLIGHT 4HE THINNING THAT RESULTS CAN CREATE THE CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR FASTER GROWTH )F A SMALL CLUSTER OF TREES IS REMOVED THE SUNLIGHT WILL CREATE THE CONDITIONS FOR GERMINATION AND NEW SAPLINGS WILL APPEAR ! FOREST STAND CAN BE PERPETUALLY HARVESTED AND NEVER BECOME DEPLETED WITH THIS TYPE OF HARVEST SYSTEM (OWEVER IT IS COSTLY BECAUSE SMALLER EQUIPMENT OR EVEN HORSES ARE USED AND ONLY SMALL VOLUMES OF WOOD ARE HARVESTED AT ONE TIME 4HE SELECTION CUT WORKS WELL ON SMALLER PARCELS OF LAND WHERE LANDOWNERS CAN SPEND THE TIME TO HARVEST INDIVIDUAL TREES AND CREATE ADDITIONAL INCOME ,OW &ORK #ROOKED ,IMBY #ROWDED 0OOR 3PECIES
"EFORE TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENTS
!FTER TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
&IG F 3ELECTION 3ELEC #UT )N AA SELSELECTION CUCUT THTHIS STASTAND WOOULD ECTIOBBE T IS U E ND L D N TION IMPROVED BY HARVESTING THE TREES MARKED WITH AN 8 4HEY ARE EITHER CROOKED OR CROWDED ,ESS COMPETITION WOULD MEAN THAT THE STAND WOULD BE HEALTHIER AND WOULD GROW FASTER
-ANITOBA - --ODEL &OOREST A R ONITO DEL B A !#4)6)49 #!3% 345$9 7()#( (!26%34 -%4(/$ )3 4(% "%34
3CENARIO 9OU WILL PLAY THE ROLE OF A FOREST MANAGER 9OU ARE IN CHARGE OF HARVESTING A FOREST AREA FOR THE 3PRUCEGROVE &OREST 0RODUCTS #OMPANY )N EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS DECIDE WHICH OF THE THREE HARVESTING METHODS SHOULD BE USED %XPLAIN WHY YOU CHOSE THE METHOD YOU DID IN EACH PARTICULAR AREA 3KETCH A ROUGH MAP OF THE STAND AS YOU VISUALIZE IT FOR EACH SCENARIO
3TAND 4HE SITE IS GOOD n THE SOIL IS RICH AND WELL DRAINED 4HE LOCATION IS WITHIN MILES EAST OF THE MILL BUT THE TREES GROWING ON IT ARE LOW VALUE TREES SUITABLE FOR PULP BUT HAVE BEEN AFFECTED BY SEVERE SPRUCE BUDWORM ATTACKS OVER THE LAST YEARS 9OU WANT TO HARVEST IN SUCH A WAY THAT YOU CAN PREPARE FOR AN INTENSIVE ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION PROGRAM THAT WILL STOCK THE SITE WITH FAST GROWING TREES 7HICH HARVEST METHOD WILL YOU USE AND WHY
3TAND 4HE SITE IS NEAR A WORLD CLASS FISHING LODGE ! STAND OF MATURE OAK TREES IS FOUND ON THE NORTH SHORE OF THE LAKE 4HE SAWMILL WANTS TO HARVEST TREES AND PRODUCE OAK FLOORING
3TAND /N THE SOUTH SIDE OF A JACK PINE FOREST -R "ARKER IS BUILDING HIS RETIREMENT HOME (E OWNS THE LAND THAT THE TREES ARE GROWING ON AND DOES NOT WANT TO SEE ALL OF THEM HARVESTED 4HE TREES ARE MATURE WITH A FEW SHOWING SIGNS OF DECAY
&IG G -OST FOREST HARVESTING IS HIGHLY MECHANIZED 4HIS MACHINE IS A FELLER BUNCHER
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST &IG H 5SE THIS DIAGRAM TO ASSIST WITH YOU IN !CTIVITY 7HICH (ARVESTING -ETHOD IS THE BEST )T ILLUSTRATES THE THREE MOST COMMON HARVESTING TECHNIQUES USED IN FOREST OPERATIONS TODAY
#LEAR #UT
3TRIP #UT
3ELECTION #UT
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST &/2%34 02/$5#43
/UR FORESTS PROVIDE US WITH MANY PRODUCTS 4HE MOST OBVIOUS ARE PAPER OF MANY VARIETIES AND DIMENSIONAL LUMBER SO NAMED BECAUSE IT IS CUT TO A VARIETY OF DIMENSIONS SUCH AS BY BY BY AND SO ON 4HERE ARE MANY OTHER PRODUCTS THAT ARE MADE FROM MATERIALS THAT COME FROM THE FOREST &OR EXAMPLE YOU MAY BE WEARING A FOREST PRODUCT 2AYON IS A FIBER OBTAINED FROM TREES USED IN THE MANUFACTURING OF CLOTHING 4HERE ARE OVER WOOD AND PAPER PRODUCTS THAT MAKE OUR LIVES EACH DAY /UR FORESTS NEED TO BE SUSTAINABLY MANAGED TO CONTINUE PROVIDING THESE PRODUCTS FOR A GROWING WORLD POPULATION (ERE ARE JUST A FEW
"ERRIES JAMS JELLIES AND SYRUP 0EOPLE PICK CRANBERRIES CHOKECHERRIES AND BLUEBERRIES AND THEN PROCESS THEM INTO EDIBLE JAMS AND JELLIES -APLE SAP IS COLLECTED AND BOILED INTO SYRUP &IREWOOD 4ONGUE DEPRESSORS AND POPSICKLE STICKS THESE ARE MADE FROM BIRCH LOGS WHICH ARE PEELED INTO THIN SHEETS THEN SOAKED TO MAKE THEM SOFT ! MACHINE THEN STAMPS THEM OUT IN A COOKIE CUTTER FASHION #HRISTMAS TREES 3PECIALTY WOOD PRODUCTS SUCH AS TRIM FOR WOODWORKING MOLDINGS BASEBOARDS AND FLOORING !SH IS MACHINED INTO BASEBALL BATS AND HANDLES FOR TOOLS SINCE IT IS SO HARD AND DURABLE ,OGS FOR HOMES AND OTHER BUILDINGS *ACK PINE IS USED FOR MAKING RAILWAY TIES 0OPLAR IS USED FOR CRATING FURNITURE FRAMES AND PALLETS /3" OR hORIENTED STRAND BOARDv IS MADE FROM POPLAR CHIPS WHICH ARE GLUED UNDER HEAT AND PRESSURE TO MAKE SHEETS OF BUILDING MATERIAL OR PANELS
4HESE PRODUCTS COME FROM THE "OREAL &OREST AND HAVE A STEADY MARKET 4HEY HELP CREATE WEALTH AND EMPLOYMENT FOR MANY -ANITOBANS 4HE FOREST PRODUCES OTHER PRODUCTS THAT ARE NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE TO PUT A PRICE ON (OW DO YOU VALUE THE BEAUTY OF TREES IF YOU ARE A TOURIST (OW DO YOU VALUE THEIR IMPORTANCE IN PRODUCING OXYGEN (OW DO YOU PUT A PRICE ON THE ABILITY OF TREES TO CONSERVE SOIL AND PROTECT OUR WATERSHEDS (OW MUCH IS A TREE WORTH WHEN THEY LANDSCAPE YOUR YARD 4O CALCULATE A FEW OF THESE TRY !CTIVITY
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST !#4)6)49 42%%3 #!. $/ )4 *534 $/ 4(% -!4(
0URPOSE )N THIS ACTIVITY STUDENTS WILL USE THEIR MATH SKILLS TO SOLVE SOME PROBLEMS THAT CENTRE AROUND THE IMPORTANCE OF TREES TO OUR LIVES
/NE LARGE TREE CAN PROVIDE A DAYS OXYGEN FOR UP TO FOUR PEOPLE (OW MANY TREES ARE NEEDED TO PROVIDE ONE DAYS OXYGEN FOR YOUR ENTIRE CLASS (OW ABOUT YOUR ENTIRE SCHOOL
%VERGREEN TREES PLANTED IN A ROW CREATE A WINDBREAK ! WINDBREAK CAN REDUCE HOME HEATING COSTS BY TO PERCENT )F YOU PLANTED A WINDBREAK THAT WOULD PROVIDE A PERCENT SAVING YOU WOULD SAVE ON A HEATING BILL OF PER YEAR A (OW MUCH WOULD YOUR FINAL BILL BE B (OW MUCH MONEY WOULD YOU SAVE OVER FIVE YEARS C 7HAT OTHER BENEFITS WOULD THAT WINDBREAK PROVIDE
9OU NEED ABOUT FULL SIZED TREES TO ABSORB THE CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCED BY A TYPICAL CAR DRIVEN KM PER YEAR %STIMATE HOW MANY KILOMETRES YOUR FAMILY DRIVES PER YEAR $ONT FORGET TO INCLUDE THE MILEAGE ON ALL VEHICLES USED AT BOTH HOME AND WORK (OW MANY FULL SIZED TREES DOES YOUR FAMILY NEED TO ABSORB THE CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCED BY YOUR VEHICLES IN ONE YEAR
/NE HECTARE ACRES OF #HRISTMAS TREES PRODUCES ENOUGH OXYGEN TO SUPPORT PEOPLE #HRISTMAS TREES ARE HARVESTED WHEN THEY ARE YEARS OLD 4HIS MEANS THAT A #HRISTMAS TREE FARM CUTS ONLY PERCENT OF ITS CROP EACH YEAR LEAVING ANOTHER PERCENT GROWING A )F A FARMER HAS HECTARES ACRES OF TREES HOW MANY HECTARES ACRES OF TREES DOES HE NEED TO REPLANT AFTER EACH HARVEST B 4HE REMAINING TREES CAN MEET THE OXYGEN NEEDS OF HOW MANY PEOPLE C 7HY IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THIS INFORMATION AND THE INFORMATION GIVEN IN (INT 4HINK ABOUT THE DIFFERENT TREE TYPES
%ACH DAY A FULL SIZED TREE CAN ABSORB NEARLY PERCENT OF THE CARBON PRODUCED BY THE AVERAGE WELL MAINTAINED CAR (OW MANY TREES ARE NEEDED TO ABSORB THE DAILY CARBON FROM AUTOMOBILES
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST 4(% &5452% /& /52 &/2%343
4HERE ARE OVER BILLION PEOPLE ON OUR PLANET %VERY PERSON ON THE PLANET USES RESOURCES 3OME OF THESE RESOURCES ARE NON RENEWABLE SUCH AS FOSSIL FUELS /THER RESOURCES ARE RENEWABLE SUCH AS FORESTS OR FISHERIES 4HE KEY TO SUPPLYING OUR WORLD WITH FOREST RESOURCES LIES IN PROPER MANAGEMENT
)N THE -ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST AS IN ALL FORESTS NOT ALL TREES ARE AVAILABLE FOR HARVEST 3OME AREAS ARE TOO WET TOO ROCKY OR TOO STEEP TO HARVEST )N FACT ONLY OF FORESTED LAND IN -ANITOBA IS CONSIDERED PRODUCTIVE -ANY TREES WILL BURN IN WILDFIRES AND SOME WILL BE LOST TO INSECTS OR DISEASE 3OME AREAS ARE SET ASIDE FOR AS WILDERNESS PRESERVES 7E MUST WORK WITH A LIMITED FOREST RESOURCE AND USE IT WISELY 4HE KEY TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IS PROVIDING FOR OUR NEEDS TODAY WITHOUT COMPROMISING THE NEEDS OF THE NEXT GENERATION
7E HAVE ENOUGH FOREST RESOURCES IN -ANITOBA TO SUPPLY OUR OWN NEEDS -OST OF OUR PAPER LUMBER AND OTHER FOREST PRODUCTS ARE EXPORTED PRIMARILY TO THE 53 MARKET 4HIS CREATES YEAR ROUND EMPLOYMENT FOR CITIZENS OF -ANITOBA /UR SAWMILLS WOULD WORK FOR ONLY MONTHS OF THE YEAR IF WE ONLY SUPPLIED OUR OWN NEEDS AND THEN WOULD SHUT DOWN )T WOULD BE DIFFICULT FOR PEOPLE TO FIND EMPLOYMENT IN MANY OF OUR "OREAL &OREST COMMUNITIES IF IT WERENT FOR THE FOREST INDUSTRY
4O BALANCE INCREASING DEMANDS ON OUR FOREST RESOURCES THE FOREST INDUSTRY IS TRYING NEW METHODS OF GROWING AND USING TREES )N SOME CASES THIS MEANS GROWING BETTER TREES 5SING SEED STOCK FROM SUPERIOR OR PLUS TREES SEEDLINGS ARE RAISED WHICH WILL GROW FASTER AND STRAIGHTER WITH MORE RESISTANCE TO DISEASE )N OTHER CASES THIS COULD MEAN NEW WAYS OF SITE PREPARATION TO GIVE THE SEEDLINGS A BETTER CHANCE OF GETTING STARTED )N TERMS OF ACTUALLY USING THE TREES THERE IS MORE EMPHASIS ON WHOLE TREE UTILIZATION 4HIS MEANS THAT THERE IS LESS WOOD WASTED PARTICULARLY IN THE PRODUCTION OF WOOD CHIPS WHERE THE ENTIRE TREE IS USED 4HERE ARE ALSO MORE STRINGENT FOREST PRACTICES CODES WHICH CLEARLY SPELL OUT HOW MANY TREES MUST BE REPLANTED AFTER HARVEST /NCE HARVESTED A FOREST MUST BE RETURNED TO THE SAME FOREST TYPE THAT EXISTED BEFORE 4HE OVERALL OBJECTIVE IS TO MEET A STANDARD KNOWN AS &REE TO 'ROW WHERE INDIVIDUAL TREES HAVE THE SPACE REQUIRED FOR OPTIMAL GROWTH 4HERE ARE ALSO CERTIFICATION GUIDELINES IN PLACE 4HIS MEANS THAT THE FOREST PRODUCTS HAVE ORIGINATED IN A FOREST THAT WAS MANAGED FOR THE FUTURE AND THAT A SPECIFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN IS IN PLACE TO ENSURE THAT A NEW HEALTHY FOREST WILL REGENERATE AFTER HARVEST -ANY RETAIL LUMBER OUTLETS WILL ONLY STOCK WOOD ON THEIR SHELVES THAT HAVE A hCERTIFIED FOREST PRODUCTv STICKER ON IT 4HE CONSUMERS IN OTHER COUNTRIES HAVE DEMANDED THIS AND FOREST COMPANIES HAVE HAD NO CHOICE BUT TO COMPLY WITH THE STRICTER REGULATIONS THAT DETERMINE HOW THEY OPERATE 4HE MARKETPLACE HAS SPOKEN 4HE INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED STANDARDS SHOW THAT THE FOREST COMPANY DEMONSTRATES GOOD STEWARDSHIP IN TERMS OF HOW THEY MANAGE THE FOREST RESOURCE
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST 4O SUPPLEMENT THE SUPPLY OF TIMBER FROM #ROWN FORESTED LAND PRIVATE LANDOWNERS ARE NOW PUTTING THEIR WOODLOTS TO WORK !LTHOUGH ONLY OF OUR FORESTS ARE PRIVATELY OWNED ABOUT OF OUR TIMBER SUPPLY IS HARVESTED FROM THEM 4HERE ARE THOUSANDS OF HECTARES OF MANAGED WOODLOTS IN -ANITOBA WHICH PROVIDE WOOD TO THE LOCAL AND EXPORT MARKET -ANY SMALL SAWMILLS AND FIREWOOD COMPANIES DEPEND ON WOOD FROM THESE WOODLOTS -ANY ARE OPERATED UNDER A 7OODLOT -ANAGEMENT 0LAN WHICH ENSURES THAT THE WOOD SUPPLY WILL NOT BE DEPLETED AND THAT ALL HARVESTING AND REPLANTING IS DONE IN A SUSTAINABLE WAY
3O WHETHER WE LIVE IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY WE ALL DEPEND ON THE FOREST /NE IN EVERY JOBS IN -ANITOBA IS FOREST RELATED 4REES PROVIDE US WITH OXYGEN AND TAKE UP CARBON DIOXIDE 4HEY PROTECT OUR SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES (EALTHY FORESTS PROVIDE BIODIVERSITY AND BEAUTIFY THE LANDSCAPE )N OUR hNATURE STARVED WORLDv FORESTED PARKS AND CAMPGROUNDS PROVIDE A RETREAT FROM THE HECTIC PACE OF OUR DAILY LIVES )T IS UP TO ALL OF US TO DO WHAT WE CAN TO ENSURE THAT THEY CONTINUE TO FLOURISH 7ITH A GREATER UNDERSTANDING OF OUR FORESTS COMES A GREATER RESPECT FOR THIS MAGNIFICENT RESOURCE %VERYONE CAN DO THEIR SHARE BY
0LANTING TREES 5SING WOOD PRODUCTS WISELY FOR EXAMPLE BY RECYCLING OLD LUMBER .OT DEFACING OR DESTROYING TREES IN PARKS OR CAMPGROUNDS 2IDING !46S IN A SENSIBLE WAY THAT DOES NOT DESTROY NEWLY PLANTED OR REGENERATED AREAS 0REVENTING WILDFIRES .OT STORING ELM FIREWOOD WHICH CAN SPREAD DISEASE 3UPPORTING FOREST EDUCATION CENTRES #LEANING UP AFTER YOURSELF ON WILDERNESS CANOE OR CAMPING TRIPS
/UR FORESTS SEEM TO FACE AN UNCERTAIN FUTURE 4HE EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON FORESTS THE LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY THE EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON FORESTS AND THE PRESSURES OF DEVELOPMENT ON THE FOREST ARE AREAS OF CONCERN $ESPITE THAT OUR FORESTS CONTINUE TO MEET OUR NEEDS FOR PAPER LUMBER RECREATION AND WILDLIFE HABITAT
/UR FORESTS HAVE BEEN TRANSFORMED OVER THE YEARS SIMILAR TO THE CHANGE IN ATTITUDES OF PEOPLE TOWARD THE FOREST /NCE THOUGHT TO BE AN INFINITE RESOURCE WE NOW KNOW THAT THE FOREST IS A LIMITED RESOURCE 7E MUST LEARN TO BALANCE THE COMMODITY VALUE OF THE FOREST WITH ITS OTHER VALUES 4HIS MUST BECOME THE DUAL FOCUS FOR LAND STEWARDSHIP AND FOREST SUSTAINABILITY IN THE FUTURE
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST !#4)6)49 #!3% 345$9 h7),, 4(%2% "% %./5'( 7//$ v
"ACKGROUND .ATURAL RESOURCES NEED MANAGEMENT IF THEY ARE TO MEET OUT FUTURE NEEDS )N THIS CASE STUDY THE WOOD SUPPLY IS COMPARED TO THE DEMAND FOR WOOD 4HE SUPPLY OF WOOD COMES FROM TWO SOURCES n TREES WHICH ARE MATURE NOW AS WELL AS THOSE THAT ARE NEWLY PLANTED !GE CLASSES ARE FREQUENTLY USED BY FORESTERS TO DETERMINE WHICH TREES ARE READY FOR HARVEST #ONSIDER THE FOLLOWING GRAPH WHICH SHOWS THE INVENTORY OF TREES FOR AN ENTIRE PROVINCE
.OW EXAMINE THE GRAPH TO THE LEFT ,INE ! SHOWS HOW LONG THE OLDER EXISTING FORESTS ARE EXPECTED TO LAST ,INE " SHOWS THE RATE OF GROWTH FOR RECENTLY PLANTED TREES ,INE # SHOWS THE PUBLIC DEMAND FOR TIMBER PRODUCTS 5SING THIS INFORMATION ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
!CTIVITY 1UESTIONS
7HAT IS SIGNIFICANT ABOUT THE POINT WHERE LINE ! AND " MEET 3HADE IN THE AREA OF THE GRAPH THAT REPRESENTS A hTIMBER FAMINEv n WHERE DEMAND CANNOT BE MET BY SUPPLY 3UGGEST WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN IN THE EVENT OF A hTIMBER FAMINEv (OW COULD THE hHOLEv THAT YOU SHADED IN GET BIGGER ! GRAPHICAL SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM IS TO GET RID OF THE GAP OR hHOLEv BY MOVING THE LINES 5SING COLORED LINES SHOW HOW TO ELIMINATE THE GAP %XPLAIN HOW YOU WOULD ACTUALLY ACHIEVE THE CHANGES TO THE GRAPH 7HAT WOULD YOU HAVE TO DO IN THE FOREST TO ACCOMPLISH THESE CHANGES %XPLAIN WHY IT MIGHT BE DIFFICULT TO DO ANYTHING ABOUT CHANGING LINE #
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST !#4)6)49 &)%,$ 42)0 345$9 /& 4(% &/2%34
"ACKGROUND )N THIS FIELD PROJECT THE STUDENTS WILL SELECT A PARCEL OF FORESTED LAND AND COMPLETE A THOROUGH ASSESSMENT OF THE FOLLOWING A ALL COMPONENTS OF THE ECOSYSTEM n SOIL WATER nVEGETATION ANALYSES !CTIVITY IS PERHAPS A GOOD STARTING POINT BECAUSE ALL FORESTS NEED A SOIL BASE TO BEGIN LIFE B COMPARTMENTS WITHIN THE FOREST STAND n THEIR AGE CLASSES GENERAL VIGOR SPECIES WHICH FORM THE CANOPY AS WELL AS THE UNDERSTORY C WILDLIFE HABITAT n SPECIES OF ANIMALS SUCH AS BIRDS SMALL MAMMALS ETC AND THE NICHES THEY OCCUPY IN THE FOREST ! FOOD WEB WILL BE CONSTRUCTED (ABITAT FEATURES TO WATCH FOR ARE SNAGS DEN TREES BRUSH PILES PONDS SHRUBS WITH BERRIES OR OTHER FRUIT AND NUTS SUPERCANOPY TREES THAT STAND OUT ABOVE THE OTHERS D THE SILVICS OF THE SPECIES WHICH MAKE UP THE STAND ARE THEY DECIDUOUS OR CONIFEROUS (OW DO THEY REPRODUCE 3HADE TOLERANT OR INTOLERANT )S THE STAND OVERSTOCKED OR UNDERSTOCKED WITH TREES
4HE FOREST MAY BE FEW ACRES IN SIZE )T MAY BE ON PRIVATE LAND OR PUBLIC CROWN LAND )T MAY BE IN A CITY OR TOWN OR PERHAPS ON THE OUTSKIRTS 0LAN A CLASS OR TWO AHEAD TO HAVE A PRE FIELD TRIP SESSION IN WHICH GROUPS ARE CHOSEN TASKS ARE ASSIGNED AND THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF THE INVESTIGATION OF THE FOREST ARE ASSIGNED
!FTER THE ASSESSMENT OF THE FOREST A MANAGEMENT PLAN WILL BE CONSTRUCTED TO DEMONSTRATE HOW THE FOREST WILL BE MANAGED ON A SUSTAINABLE BASIS &OR EXAMPLE WHAT OBJECTIVES ARE THERE FOR THIS STAND )S IT BEST FOR RECREATION 7ILDLIFE HABITAT (OW WILL THESE OBJECTIVES BE MET )F TIMBER WILL BE HARVESTED WHICH METHOD WILL BE CHOSEN (OW WILL REFORESTATION TAKE PLACE 7HAT ARE THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS THAT WILL IMPACT ON THE MANAGEMENT DECISIONS 7HAT TREATMENTS SUCH AS THINNING WILL IMPROVE FOREST GROWTH 7HAT ARE SOME OR THE NON TIMBER VALUES THAT THE STAND HAS IE MAPLE SYRUP PRODUCTION BERRIES
5SING AN AERIAL PHOTOGRAPH CONSTRUCT A MAP OF THE FOREST STAND YOU HAVE CHOSEN /N THE MAP SHOW ALL TRAILS CREEKS ROADS ETC AS WELL AS LANDSCAPE FEATURES IE OLD GRAVEL PITS OLD FIELDS ETC -AKE A SKETCH OF SEVERAL TREES IN THE STAND THEIR LEAVES OR TWIGS IN WINTER -AKE BARK RUBBINGS TO SHOW THE TEXTURE OF THE BARK 3ELECT A FEW SEEDS OR CONES FROM THE TREE AND DESCRIBE HOW THE SEEDS ARE DISPERSED IN THE ECOSYSTEM
7HAT VALUES WOULD YOU AS AN INDIVIDUAL PLACE ON THIS FORESTED LAND 7HAT POTENTIAL DO YOU SEE IN IT ! CAMPGROUND ! WOODLOT FOR A SOURCE OF FIREWOOD ! PLACE TO VISIT AND CONNECT WITH NATURE ! SPIRITUAL RETREAT 7HAT DO THINK THIS LAND IS WORTH 7HAT WOULD YOU BE WILLING TO PAY FOR IT IF IT WAS FOR SALE 7HAT ARE SOME OF THE THREATS TO THE FORESTED SITE YOU CHOSE &IRE )NSECTS $EVELOPMENT (OW CAN THESE POTENTIAL THREATS BE DEALT WITH 0REPARE A REPORT ON THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM YOU HAVE CHOSEN AND SHARE IT WITH YOUR CLASSMATES
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #HAPTER 1UESTIONS (OW DID THE EARLY !BORIGINAL PEOPLE MAKE USE OF THE FOREST (OW DID EARLY %UROPEAN SETTLERS MAKE USE OF THE FOREST 7HO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CARE AND MANAGEMENT OF FORESTS ON #ROWN LAND IN -ANITOBA 7HAT IS A STUMPAGE FEE 7HAT IS AN !NNUAL !LLOWABLE #UT 7HAT IS SILVICULTURE 7HAT IS A MANAGEMENT PLAN 'IVE EXAMPLES OF SEVERAL DECISIONS WHICH MUST BE MADE UNDER %COSYSTEM "ASED -ANAGEMENT 7HAT STEPS ARE TAKEN BEFORE A STAND OF TREES IS HARVESTED 3UMMARIZE THE THREE MAIN HARVEST SYSTEMS USED IN -ANITOBAS FORESTS ,OOK AROUND YOUR CLASSROOM ,IST OBJECTS MADE FROM PRODUCTS THAT COME FROM THE FOREST 3UMMARIZE THREE CONSERVATION PROGRAMS THAT WILL LEAD TO HEALTHY FORESTS IN THE FUTURE ,IST THINGS AN INDIVIDUAL CAN DO TO HELP MAINTAIN HEALTHY FORESTS ,IST JOBS IN YOUR COMMUNITY THAT DEPEND DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY ON THE FOREST INDUSTRY
)DEAS &OR &URTHER 2ESEARCH
&IND OUT HOW MUCH LUMBER IS NEEDED TO BUILD A ONE STORY HOUSE METERS BY METERS IN SIZE (OW MANY TREES AVERAGING CM IN DIAMETER ARE NEEDED TO BUILD THIS HOUSE (INT TREES THIS SIZE WOULD MAKE CUBIC METERS OR ONE CORD IF THEY ARE METERS TALL &IND OUT HOW OTHER COUNTRIES MANAGE THEIR FOREST AND COMPARE THEIR MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS TO OURS 7HAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES 4AKE SOIL SAMPLES FROM YOUR AREA !DD ABOUT ML OF SOIL TO A LITRE OF WATER AND SHAKE 7HEN IT SETTLES OUT DESCRIBE THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS 2ESEARCH HOW THE SOILS IN YOUR AREA WERE FORMED 3ELECT A STAND OF TREES IN YOUR AREA )F THEY WERE ON LAND THAT BELONGED TO YOU HOW WOULD YOU MANAGE THEM
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST $EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM 3HELTERWOOD #UT
3YNONYM%XAMPLE
$EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM
#LEAR #UT
3YNONYM%XAMPLE
$EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM
$EFOLIATE
3YNONYM%XAMPLE
$EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM
0RESCRIBED "URN
3YNONYM%XAMPLE
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST $EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM 3ITE 0REPARATION
3YNONYM%XAMPLE
$EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM !NNUAL !LLOWABLE #UT
3YNONYM%XAMPLE
$EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM
"UFFER :ONE
3YNONYM%XAMPLE
$EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM
3ELECTION #UT
3YNONYM%XAMPLE
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #ONCEPT &RAME #ONCEPT %XAMPLES 3ILVICULTURE #YCLE #HARACTERISTICS
7HAT IS IT LIKE #AN YOU ILLUSTRATE IT
$EFINITION
#ONCEPT /VERVIEW 5SED BY PERMISSION OF ,YNDA -ATCHULLIS AND "ETTE -UELLER .ELLIE -C#LUNG #OLLEGIATE 0EMBINA 6ALLEY 3$ .O -ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #ONCEPT &RAME #ONCEPT %XAMPLES %COSYSTEM "ASED -ANAGEMENT
#HARACTERISTICS
7HAT IS IT LIKE #AN YOU ILLUSTRATE IT
$EFINITION
#ONCEPT /VERVIEW 5SED BY PERMISSION OF ,YNDA -ATCHULLIS AND "ETTE -UELLER .ELLIE -C#LUNG #OLLEGIATE 0EMBINA 6ALLEY 3$ .O -ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST 7ORD #YCLES
&IRE #ONTROL
)NVENTORY -APPING
7EEDING 0LANTING
)NSECT #ONTROL 4HINNING 3ITE 0REPARATION
3PACING (ARVESTING
$IRECTIONS 2EAD THE LIST OF WORDS IN THE CIRCLE ABOVE 3ELECT ONE WORD AND PLACE IT IN ANY OVAL )N THE NEXT OVAL PLACE ANOTHER WORD THAT IS RELATED TO THE FIRST 4HEY COULD BE SYNONYMS ANTONYMS STEPS IN A PROCESS EXAMPLES OF SOMETHING AND SO ON "E PREPARED TO FINISH THE STATEMENT h7ORD ! IS RELATED TO WORD " BECAUSE v 7RITE A NOTE ON THE BAND IN BETWEEN THE WORDS TO REMIND YOURSELF OF THE RELATIONSHIP #ONTINUE THIS PROCESS UNTIL YOU HAVE PLACED ALL THE WORDS 0LAN AHEAD THE LAST FEW WORDS WILL BE TRICKY TO PLACE
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #OMPARE 2ELATIONSHIP &RAME #OMPARE AND #ONTRAST
-AKE THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN #ONIFEROUS TREES SOFTWOODS AND DECIDUOUS TREES HARDWOODS
.ATURAL 2EGENERATION !RTIFICIAL 2EGENERATION
7RITE A SUMMARY STATEMENT
#ONCEPT /VERVIEW 5SED BY PERMISSION OF ,YNDA -ATCHULLIS AND "ETTE -UELLER .ELLIE -C#LUNG #OLLEGIATE 0EMBINA 6ALLEY 3$ .O
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #OMPARE 2ELATIONSHIP &RAME #OMPARE AND #ONTRAST
-AKE THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN #ONIFEROUS TREES SOFTWOODS AND DECIDUOUS TREES HARDWOODS
3ELECTION #UT #LEAR #UT
7RITE A SUMMARY STATEMENT
#ONCEPT /VERVIEW 5SED BY PERMISSION OF ,YNDA -ATCHULLIS AND "ETTE -UELLER .ELLIE -C#LUNG #OLLEGIATE 0EMBINA 6ALLEY 3$ .O
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST $ID YOU KNOW? !!SPEN TREES WHWHITE SPEN POPOPLAR REPROODUCE AAS CLCLONES DUPL AAND S ITE AA O ND A CE NES R SINGLE STAND CAN HAVE A MILLION TREES OR MORE ALL GENETICALLY IDENTICAL AND INTERCONNECTED BY THEIR ROOTS
$ID YOU KNOW
/F AALL THTHE BBUILDING L MAMATERIALS LU E UUSED BYY ILHHUMANS SED STEELSTEEL ?DING UTERIABBRICK MARICK NS L S CEMENT AND WOOD ONLY WOOD IS RENEWABLE AND CAPABLE OF INCREASING ITS RESERVES ANNUALLY
$ID YOU KNOW?
)N JUST ONE YEAR THE AVERAGE #ANADIAN CONSUMES ENOUGH WOOD TO MAKE UP A TREE FEET METERS TALL AND INCHES CM IN DIAMETER 4HAT WORKS OUT TO BE CUBIC FEET OF WOOD AND POUNDS KG OF PAPER
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #HAPTER !NSWER +EY
%ARLY ABORIGINALS USED THE FOREST AS A SOURCE OF FOOD CLOTHING SHELTER AND MEDICINE 4HE FOREST ALSO SUPPLIED FIREWOOD AND BUILDING MATERIALS FOR THINGS SUCH AS CANOES
%ARLY SETTLERS USED THE FOREST FOR BUILDING MATERIALS FOR THEIR HOMES &IREWOOD WAS ALSO OBTAINED -ANY OBTAINED FOOD SUCH AS BERRIES AND WILD GAME FROM THE FOREST 3OME TRAPPED TO EARN INCOME FROM THE FUR
4HE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT ISSUES &OREST -ANAGEMENT ,ICENSES &-, TO LARGE COMPANIES WHO MANAGE THE FOREST ON BEHALF OF ALL RESIDENTS IN THE PROVINCE )T IS UP TO THE GOVERNMENT TO ENSURE THAT THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS AS SET OUT IN THE LICENSE ARE FULFILLED BY THE PRIVATE COMPANY ! STUMPAGE FEE IS THE AMOUNT OF MONEY CHARGED BY THE PROVINCE FOR EVERY CUBIC METER OF WOOD HARVESTED ON #ROWN ,AND
!N !NNUAL !LLOWABLE #UT IS THE AMOUNT OF WOOD THAT CAN BE HARVESTED FROM THE FOREST EACH YEAR WITHOUT DEPLETING IT
3ILVICULTURE IS THE SCIENCE OF ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING FOREST STANDS TO MEET THE NEEDS AND VALUES OF SOCIETY ON A SUSTAINABLE BASIS
! MANAGEMENT PLAN IS A PRESCRIBED SERIES OF STEPS UNDERTAKEN TO ACHIEVE A CERTAIN GOAL FOR A FOREST SUCH AS A THINNING OPERATION TO ENHANCE THE GROWTH ON AN OVERSTOCKED SITE OR THE REMOVAL OF DISEASED TREES TO PROTECT THE REST OF THE STAND 4HE PLAN IS WRITTEN ACCORDING TO THE DESIRED OUTCOMES OF THE STAND SUCH AS THE IMPROVEMENT OF WILDLIFE HABITAT OR PROTECTION OF BIODIVERSITY *UST AS A DOCTOR PRESCRIBES EXERCISE AND A BALANCED DIET TO ACHIEVE GOOD HEALTH A FORESTER CAN PRODUCE A MANAGEMENT PLAN TO MEET A CERTAIN OUTCOME SUCH AS IMPROVING WILDLIFE HABITAT OR PRODUCE MAXIMUM AMOUNTS OF TIMBER
5NDER %COSYSTEM "ASED -ANAGEMENT ALL ASPECTS OF THE ECOSYSTEM ARE CONSIDERED BEFORE ANY DECISIONS ARE MADE &OR EXAMPLE WHEN A HARVEST IS PLANNED THE IMPACT ON SOIL WILDLIFE AND THE WATERSHED ARE ALL TAKEN INTO CONSIDERATION
"EFORE TREES ARE HARVESTED A PRE HARVEST SURVEY IS TAKEN TO ASSESS THE AMOUNT OF WOOD IN THE STAND 4HEN THE STAND IS IDENTIFIED AND MARKED OFF 4HEN THE HARVEST IS PLANNED TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION ANY SPECIAL RULES REGULATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL RESTRICTIONS FOR THAT PARTICULAR SITE &INALLY AN APPROPRIATE HARVEST SYSTEM IS CHOSEN 4HE ENTIRE PROCESS IS GOVERNED BY CONDITIONS SET OUT IN THE &OREST -ANAGEMENT ,ICENSE
4HE THREE MAIN HARVEST SYSTEMS ARE A 3HELTERWOOD CUT STRIPS OF TREES ARE CUT FROM A STAND 4HE YOUNG TREES ARE GIVEN PROTECTION BY THE LARGE TREES REMAINING IN THE UNCUT STRIPS B #LEAR CUT !N IRREGULARLY SHAPED OPENING IS CREATED IN THE FOREST IN ORDER TO REMOVE MOST OF THE MERCHANTABLE TREES 4HIS SYSTEM HAS EVOLVED IN SUCH A WAY THAT MANY TREES ARE LEFT STANDING IN CLUMPS IMITATING WHAT IS LEFT BEHIND AFTER A FIRE 4HE SITE IS THEN
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST -ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST RESTORED BY EITHER NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION C 3ELECTION CUT /NLY SPECIFIC TREES ARE HARVESTED 4HIS MAY CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE RESIDUAL YOUNGER TREES AS THEY ARE FELLED AND REMOVED AND THERE IS ALSO A RISK THAT THE BEST TREES WILL BE TAKEN A PROCESS KNOWN AS hHIGHGRADINGv WHICH CAN PRODUCED A STAND OF GENETICALLY INFERIOR TREES 9OUNG TREES WILL BEGIN TO GROW IN THE OPENINGS CREATED ON THE FOREST FLOOR TO FILL THEM IN LEADING TO AN hUNEVEN AGED STANDv
3EVERAL OBJECTS THAT MAY BE FOUND IN YOUR CLASSROOM ARE WOODEN METER STICKS SHELVING DOORS WINDOWS DESKS ALTHOUGH MOST ARE METAL WITH PERHAPS PARTICLE BOARD ON TOP WITH A LAMINATED SURFACE PLENTY OF PAPER CARDBOARD ETC
4HREE CONSERVATION PROGRAMS THAT WILL LEAD TO HEALTHY FORESTS ARE A )MPROVING THE GENETICS OF THE SEEDLINGS USED IN REFORESTATION B 3TRICT RULES FOR REFORESTATION C #ERTIFICATION GUIDELINES TO STRICT STANDARDS ARE FOLLOWED IN ALL FOREST PRACTICES
&IVE THINGS AN INDIVIDUAL CAN DO TO HELP MAINTAIN HEALTHY FORESTS ARE A 0LANT TREES B 5SE WOOD PRODUCTS WISELY C 2ESPECTING TREES IN PARKS AND NATURAL AREAS D "E CAREFUL ON !46S E 0REVENT WILDFIRES F $O NOT STORE ELM FIREWOOD WITH THE BARK ON AS IT MAY SPREAD DISEASE G %DUCATING OTHERS ABOUT THE FOREST H #LEAN UP AFTER YOURSELF IN THE PARKS CAMPGROUNDS AND ALL NATURAL AREAS
&IVE COMMUNITY JOBS MAY BE PARKS WORKERS FOREST HARVESTING LUMBER DEALER CARPENTER BUILDING CONTRACTOR TRUCKER TREE PLANTER SAWMILL WORKER PULP AND PAPER MILL WORKER GUIDING AND OUTFITTING COTTAGE DEVELOPER ETC
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST $EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM ! HARVESTING SYSTEM IN WHICH 3HELTERWOOD #UT ALTERNATE STRIPS OF TREES ARE CUT TO 3YNONYM%XAMPLE ALLOW FOR NATURAL REGENERATION
$EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM ! HARVESTING SYSTEM IN WHICH #LEAR #UT ALL OR MOST TREES ARE CLEARED FROM AN 3YNONYM%XAMPLE AREA AT ONE TIME
$EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM 4O REMOVE THE LEAFY GROWTH FROM $EFOLIATE VEGETATION 3YNONYM%XAMPLE
$EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM 4HE PLANNED USE OF A CONTROLLED FIRE TO 0RESCRIBED "URN ACCOMPLISH A FOREST MANAGEMENT GOAL 3YNONYM%XAMPLE IE SITE PREPARATION OR REMOVE DISEASED STAND
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST $EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM 0REPARING THE SOIL AFTER LOGGING 3ITE 0REPARATION OR A FOREST FIRE FOR REGENERATION 3YNONYM%XAMPLE
$EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM 4HE AMOUNT OF !NNUAL WOOD THAT CAN BE !LLOWABLE #UT HARVESTED IN AN AREA OF THE FOREST ON 3YNONYM%XAMPLE A SUSTAINED YIELD BASIS
$EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM !N AREA WHERE NO HARVESTING CAN TAKE "UFFER :ONE PLACE SUCH AS ALONG CREEKS OR RIVERS 3YNONYM%XAMPLE
$EFINITION 7ORD OR #ONCEPT $IAGRAM ! HARVESTING SYSTEM USED WHEN 3ELECTION #UT WORKING IN AN UNEVEN AGED STAND 3YNONYM%XAMPLE WHERE ONLY CERTAIN TREES ARE SELECTED AND LOGGED
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #ONCEPT &RAME #ONCEPT %XAMPLES 3ILVICULTURE #YCLE s FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN #HARACTERISTICS s WOODLOT MANAGEMENT PLAN s LONG TERM PLAN s ASSESS GROWTH CONDITIONS AND OTHER VARIABLES OF A FOREST s PRESCRIBES TREATMENTS AS NEEDED IE THINNING INSECT CONTROL s DESIGNED TO MAXIMIZE FOREST PRODUCTIVITY
7HAT IS IT LIKE #AN YOU ILLUSTRATE IT ,IKE PLANTING WEEDING AND HARVESTING A GARDEN
$EFINITION &OREST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM APPLIED TO A FOREST STAND DURING AN ENTIRE ROTATION
#ONCEPT /VERVIEW 5SED BY PERMISSION OF ,YNDA -ATCHULLIS AND "ETTE -UELLER .ELLIE -C#LUNG #OLLEGIATE 0EMBINA 6ALLEY 3$ .O -ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #ONCEPT &RAME #ONCEPT %XAMPLES %COSYSTEM "ASED -ANAGEMENT s &OREST MANAGEMENT PLANS ARE BROUGHT BEFORE THE PUBLIC #HARACTERISTICS AND .ATURAL 2ESOURCES s PLENTY OF CONSULTING AND OFFICIALS FOR CONSIDERING COLLABORATING WITH FOREST BEFORE THEY APPROVE STAKEHOLDERS s ALL ASPECTS OF ECOSYSTEM CONSIDERED IN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS
7HAT IS IT LIKE #AN YOU ILLUSTRATE IT )T IS LIKE A GROUP DECISION MAKING PROCESS
$EFINITION ! MANAGEMENT PRACTICE AND PHILOSOPHY AIMED AT PROTECTING THE INTEGRITY OF THE ECOSYSTEM WHILE PROVIDING RESOURCES OR OTHER VALUES FOR HUMANS
#ONCEPT /VERVIEW 5SED BY PERMISSION OF ,YNDA -ATCHULLIS AND "ETTE -UELLER .ELLIE -C#LUNG #OLLEGIATE 0EMBINA 6ALLEY 3$ .O -ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST 7ORD #YCLES
WHICH IS CREATES CONDITIONS FOLLOWED BY 3ITE 0REPARATION FOR
(ARVESTING 0LANTING
TAKES PLACE AND PRIOR TO THEN
)NVENTORY 7EEDING -APPING TAKES PLACE PROVIDING AND OPITMAL FINALLY 3PACING &IRE #ONTROL FOLLOWED BY AND 4HINNING )NSECT #ONTROL AND
$IRECTIONS 2EAD THE LIST OF WORDS IN THE CIRCLE ABOVE 3ELECT ONE WORD AND PLACE IT IN ANY OVAL )N THE NEXT OVAL PLACE ANOTHER WORD THAT IS RELATED TO THE FIRST 4HEY COULD BE SYNONYMS ANTONYMS STEPS IN A PROCESS EXAMPLES OF SOMETHING AND SO ON "E PREPARED TO FINISH THE STATEMENT h7ORD ! IS RELATED TO WORD " BECAUSE v 7RITE A NOTE ON THE BAND IN BETWEEN THE WORDS TO REMIND YOURSELF OF THE RELATIONSHIP #ONTINUE THIS PROCESS UNTIL YOU HAVE PLACED ALL THE WORDS 0LAN AHEAD THE LAST FEW WORDS WILL BE TRICKY TO PLACE
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #OMPARE 2ELATIONSHIP &RAME #OMPARE AND #ONTRAST
-AKE THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN .ATURAL 2EGENERATION AND !RTIFICIAL 2EGENERATION
.ATURAL 2EGENERATION $ECIDUOUS 4REE
s 3EEDS ON FOREST FLOOR GERMINATE s SEEDS OR SEEDLINGS BROUGHT s #REATES NEW FOREST OF SAME IN TO AREA TO BE SEEDED SPECIES OF TREES s #AN CREATE FOREST OF s ,ITTLE OR NO SITE ENTIRELY NEW SPECIES PREPARATION NEEDED s 3ITE PREPARATION GENERALLY REQUIRED
7RITE A SUMMARY STATEMENT
#ONCEPT /VERVIEW 5SED BY PERMISSION OF ,YNDA -ATCHULLIS AND "ETTE -UELLER .ELLIE -C#LUNG #OLLEGIATE 0EMBINA 6ALLEY 3$ .O
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #OMPARE 2ELATIONSHIP &RAME #OMPARE AND #ONTRAST
-AKE THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN 3ELECTION #UT AND #LEAR #UT
3ELECTION #UT #LEAR #UT
s &EW TREES ARE SELECTED AND s -OST TREES ARE SELECTED TAKEN AND TAKEN s 5SED IN UNEVEN AGED s 5SED IN EVEN AGED STAND STAND s 5SED MOSTLY IN SOFTWOOD s &AIRLY SLOW REGENERATION STANDS s 1UITE FAST REGENERATION
7RITE A SUMMARY STATEMENT
#ONIFEROUS TREES AND DECIDUOUS TREES DIFFER IN THEIR APPEARANCE THE WAY THEY REPRODUCE AND THE HARNESS OF THE CELLS WHICH FORM THEIR WOOD
#ONCEPT /VERVIEW 5SED BY PERMISSION OF ,YNDA -ATCHULLIS AND "ETTE -UELLER .ELLIE -C#LUNG #OLLEGIATE 0EMBINA 6ALLEY 3$ .O
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST !NSWERS TO ,EARNING !CTIVITIES
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST 4EACHERgS +EY 4O ,EARNING !CTIVITIES
,EARNING !CTIVITY /VERVIEW /F -ANITOBA &ORESTS
4HE INTENT OF THIS ACTIVITY IS TWOFOLD 4HE FIRST GENERAL OUTCOME IS TO HELP STUDENTS DEVELOP THE SKILL OF READING DATA CHARTS AND TABLES 4HE SECOND OUTCOME IS TO ALLOW STUDENTS TO CONCEPTUALIZE ABOUT THE SIZE AND EXTENT OF THE "OREAL &OREST ECOSYSTEM IN #ANADA AS WELL AS OUR OWN PROVINCE
#ANADA HAS MILLIONS HECTARES OF FORESTED LAND -ANITOBA HAS MILLION HECTARES )N #ANADA THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OWNS OF THE LAND THE PROVINCES OWN OF THE LAND AND PRIVATE CITIZENS OWN )N -ANITOBA THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OWNS THE PROVINCE ITSELF OWNS AND PRIVATE CITIZENS OWN )N #ANADA JOBS ARE DIRECTLY INVOLVED IN FORESTRY )N -ANITOBA PEOPLE ARE DIRECTLY EMPLOYED BY THE FOREST INDUSTRY %ACH YEAR IN #ANADA MILLION HECTARES ARE HARVESTED )N -ANITOBA HECTARES ARE HARVESTED %ACH YEAR IN #ANADA ABOUT MILLION HECTARES ARE DESTROYED DUE TO FIRE AND INSECTS )N -ANITOBA ABOUT HECTARES ARE DESTROYED DUE TO FIRE AND INSECTS .OTE IN BOTH CASES MUCH LARGER AREAS ARE DESTROYED BY FIRE AND INSECTS THAN HARVESTING )N -ANITOBA WAS ALLOWED TO CUT MILLION CUBIC METERS )N #ANADA THE ANNUAL ALLOWABLE CUT WAS MILLION CUBIC METERS )N -ANITOBA MILLION CUBIC METERS WAS HARVESTED )N #ANADA MILLION CUBIC METERS WAS CUT 4HE POINT HERE IS THAT WE ARE CUTTING LESS THAN WHAT WE HAVE CALCULATED TO BE SUSTAINABLE )N -ANITOBA AS WELL AS #ANADA AS A WHOLE WE LOSE FAR MORE HECTARES OF FOREST FROM INSECTS AND FIRE THAN WE DO FROM HARVESTING /NE HECTARE OF LAND IS AN AREA METERS BY METERS OR SQUARE METERS ! CUBIC METER IS ONE METER BY ONE METER BY ONE METER HINT ABOUT AND A HALF CUBIC METERS IS EQUAL TO ONE CORD 3OME JOBS INCLUDE LOGGERS TRUCKERS SAWMILL OPERATORS FOREST MANAGEMENT PROFESSIONALS FIRE FIGHTERS LUMBER DEALERS TREE PLANTERS PULP AND PAPER MILL WORKERS ETC
,EARNING !CTIVITY 7HO 7ANTS 7HAT &ROM 4HE &OREST
(UNTER PLENTY OF GAME TO HUNT &ISH PLENTY OF CLEAN FRESH WATER -OOSE LOTS OF TENDER TWIGS TO BROWSE ON AND GOOD PLACES TO HIDE FROM PREDATORS #OTTAGE /WNER NICE FORESTED VIEW OF THE LAKE ,OGGER LOTS OF STEADY WORK IN THE AREA !RTIST TO BE ABLE TO CAPTURE THE BEAUTY OF THE FOREST AND SHARE WITH OTHERS 4REE 0LANTER TO HAVE THE GROUND LEFT IN GOOD CONDITION FOR PLANTING NEW TREES 4OUR /PERATOR TO HAVE SPLENDID SCENERY TO ATTRACT TOURISTS .ATURALIST A FOREST WITH A GREAT VARIETY OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS TO VIEW AND STUDY ,OGGING #OMPANY -ANAGER TO HAVE STEADY SUPPLY OF TREES FOR THE FUTURE
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST 7OODPECKER PLENTY OF DEAD STANDING TREES TO PROVIDE FOOD AND SHELTER .ATIVE ELDER TO HAVE A SPIRITUAL CONNECTION WITH THE FOREST AND A SOURCE OF MEDICINAL HERBS AND OTHER PLANTS 7OLF PLENTY OF DEER AND MOOSE TO HUNT AND ROCKY DENS AND TO RAISE THEIR PUPS IN
,EARNING !CTIVITY 9OUR (OME "IOME
!NSWERS WILL VARY 4HE MAIN POINT HERE IS TO HAVE STUDENTS RECOGNIZE WHICH BIOME THEY LIVE IN AND WHERE IT IS IN RELATION TO THE OTHERS
,EARNING !CTIVITY )NVESTIGATING ! 2OTTING ,OG %COSYSTEM
4HE TOP OF THE LOG IS DRIER THAN THE BOTTOM SINCE IT IS EXPOSED TO PARTIAL SUNLIGHT AND DRYING WINDS 4HE BOTTOM ABSORBS WATER BY CAPILLARY ACTION 4HE TOP OF THE LOG IS DRIER AND SUNNIER )T CAN SUPPORT MOSSES AND OTHER PLANTS WHICH NEED SUNLIGHT FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS 4HE BOTTOM IS COOLER AND QUITE MOIST AND CAN SUSTAIN A VARIETY OF FUNGI )NSECTS AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES WILL USE BOTH MICROECOSYSTEMS TO MEET THEIR NEEDS ,ARGE ANIMALS SUCH AS BEARS AND SKUNKS WILL OFTEN RIP THESE APART TO FIND GRUBS BEETLES ANTS AND OTHER LIFE FORMS WHICH THEY WILL READILY DEVOUR $IAGRAMS WILL VARY 0RODUCERS ARE THE PLANTS THAT GROW ON THE ROTTEN LOG n SUCH AS MOSS AND EVEN SOME SMALL SEEDLINGS OF PLANTS (ERBIVORES INCLUDE SOME SPIDERS SUCH AS HARVESTMAN DADDY nLONG LEGS AND SOME BEETLES WHICH BORE THROUGH THE WOOD AS WELL AS CARPENTER WASPS WHICH ALSO BORE THROUGH WOOD #ARNIVORES INCLUDE A VARIETY OF BEETLES SPIDERS TOADS SNAKES AND SALAMANDERS WHICH WILL LIVE IN ON OR UNDER THE LOG 4HE DECOMPOSERS ARE THE FUNGI AND BACTERIA WHICH WILL EVENTUALLY CONSUME THE NUTRIENTS IN THE ROTTING LOG 5LTIMATELY THE BIOMASS OF THE LOG IS CONSUMED BY OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS BROKEN DOWN BY THE PROCESS OF DECAY BACTERIAL ATTACK UNTIL ALL OF THE ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE COMPLETELY RECYCLED BACK INTO THE ECOSYSTEM
,EARNING !CTIVITY ,ET 5S 3PRAY
#ERTAIN ORGANISMS HAVE THE ABILITY TO WITHSTAND WHAT TO OTHERS WOULD BE A LETHAL DOSE 4HERE ARE MANY THEORIES BEHIND THIS ALTHOUGH THEY NEED NOT BE EXPLORED AT THIS POINT 4HE MOST WIDELY ACCEPTED THEORY IS THAT PESTICIDE RESISTANCE EXISTS BECAUSE CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS IN THE POPULATION HAVE THE GENETIC MAKEUP NECESSARY TO RESIST ENTRY OF THE TOXIN INTO THEIR CELLS &OR A COMPLETE LISTING USE ANY SEARCH ENGINE AND ENTER $$4 *UST AS A KEY IS INTENDED TO USE IN A SPECIFIC LOCK CERTAIN MOLECULES CAN OR CANNOT ENTER A CELL BECAUSE OF THE SHAPE OF THEIR RECEPTOR SITES RELATIVE TO THE SHAPE OF THE MOLECULE ATTEMPTING TO GAIN ENTRY 0OSTER DESIGNS WILL VARY ! RUBRIC IS THE ASSESSMENT SECTION OF THE 3CIENCE 4EACHERS (ANDBOOK WILL BE USEFUL HERE CHEMISTS PETROLEUM WORKERS LAB TECHNICIANS PESTICIDE DEALERS SPRAY PLANE OPERATORS GROUND SPRAYING CREWS WAREHOUSINGDISTRIBUTION PERSONNEL
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST ,EARNING !CTIVITY +ING OF THE 2ING
!NSWERS WILL VARY 3UGGESTED TIP USE A MAGNIFYING GLASS !NSWERS WILL VARY !NSWERS WILL VARY /N SOME HARDWOODS THEY MAY BE AS SMALL AS MM 4RY USING A SET OF CALIPERS TO HELP MEASURE THE TINY ONES /N SOME SOFTWOODS SUCH AS TAMARACK ON A GOOD SITE THE RINGS MAY BE AS LARGE AS OR MM ! SOFTWOOD SPECIES GENERALLY HAS LARGER GROWTH RINGS SCALY BARK AND A RESINOUS ODOR ! HARDWOOD GENERALLY HAS SMALLER GROWTH RINGS AND A NON SCALY BARK 4O CONFUSE MATTERS MORE THERE ARE SOFT HARDWOODS LIKE POPLAR AND HARD SOFTWOODS SUCH AS TAMARACK 4HE WORDS HARD AND SOFT THEREFORE ARE QUITE RELATIVE ,OG ON TO THE %NVIRONMENT #ANADA WEBSITE FOR LONG TERM WEATHER DATA !NSWERS WILL VARY 2EFER TO FIGURE H FOR MORE INFORMATION !NSWERS WILL VARY 4HIS MIGHT MAKE A GOOD GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING ACTIVITY
,EARNING !CTIVITY ,EAF 4RANSPIRATION
)N ONE EXPERIMENT YOU MAY WISH TO COMPARE A LARGE OAK LEAF WITH A SMALL ONE )N ANOTHER EXPERIMENT YOU MAY WANT TO COMPARE TRANSPIRATION RATE IS BRIGHT LIGHT AND DIM LIGHT 9OU MAY ALSO COMPARE A SOFTWOOD TWIG WITH NEEDLES COMPARED TO A SIMILAR BIOMASS OF A DECIDUOUS LEAF
,EARNING !CTIVITY ! 3TUDY OF 3OIL (ORIZONS
!NSWERS TO THIS LAB WILL VARY 3TUDENTS CAN BRING IN SOIL SAMPLES FROM FIELDS GARDENS AND OTHER AREAS FOR TESTING IN THE SCIENCE LAB
,EARNING !CTIVITY %XTRACTING 3EED FROM *ACK 0INE #ONES
! COMMON BLOW DRYER WORKS WELL ABOUT WATTS OR SO )T SHOULD TAKE APPROXIMATELY MINUTES TO OPEN THE CONES 9OU WILL NOTICE A SLIGHT SWELLING OF THE CONE BEFORE IT OPENS !FTER A FIRE THE SEEDS WILL LAND IN THE WARM ASH COVERED SOIL AND GERMINATE TO PRODUCE TO SEEDLINGS PER HECTARE AND THE NEW FOREST IS BORN
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST ,EARNING !CTIVITY #ASE 3TUDY &OREST &IRE &ORECAST
!NSWERS WILL VARY )N WINTER MONTHS YOU MAY WISH TO REFER BACK TO THE PREVIOUS SUMMERS WEATHER DATA !NSWERS WILL VARY #ONTACT -ANITOBA #ONSERVATION FOR THE EXACT LOCATION IN YOUR AREA 4HE CONIFEROUS TREES ARE MOST VULNERABLE BECAUSE OF THE RESINS IN THE BARK AND NEEDLES WHICH IS HIGHLY FLAMMABLE )N EARLY SPRING LAKES MAY STILL BE COVERED WITH ICE MAKING IT DIFFICULT FOR WATER BOMBERS TO FIGHT FIRES 4HE PLANES ARE FILLED WITH TANKER TRUCKS ON THE RUNWAY UNDER SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES !NSWERS WILL VARY ,IMITATIONS ARE THE SIZE AND DEPTH OF THE LAKE WEATHER CONDITIONS AND THE AMOUNT OF SMOKE OBSCURING THEIR VISION #ONTACT YOUR NEAREST #ONSERVATION OFFICE FOR INFORMATION OR VISIT THEIR WEBSITE AT GOVMBCA "EING CAREFUL WITH FIRES AND WATCHING FOR EARLY INDICATIONS OF A FIRE SO THAT IT CAN BE REPORTED EARLY %VERY CITIZEN CAN BE A hFIRE PATROLv WHEN IN A FORESTED AREA 2EMOVE TREES FROM THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY OF THE CABIN #LEAN EAVES REGULARLY SO CHIMNEY SPARKS DONT IGNITE LEAVES IN THEM (AVE A SOURCE OF WATER AVAILABLE AND PERHAPS A PORTABLE PUMP IN CASE FIRE BREAKS OUT !N EARLY ATTACK IS THE MOST IMPORTANT STEP IN CONTROLLING A FIRE (AVE A hFIREBREAKv BUILT AROUND THE PROPERTY WHICH IS CLEARED OF ALL VEGETATION /VER THREE QUARTERS WOULD BE SHADED IN 0OSTER DESIGN WILL VARY 2UBRICS CAN BE USED FOR EVALUATION #ONTACT -ANITOBA #ONSERVATION FOR DATA !NSWERS WILL VARY !NSWERS WILL VARY 5SE ANY SEARCH ENGINE TO ACCESS FOREST FIRE FIGHTING INFORMATION &IRE CAN BE DEVASTATING IN THE SHORT TERM BUT IN THE LONG TERM MAY ACTUALLY IMPROVE THE HABITAT BECAUSE OF NEW GROWTH
,EARNING !CTIVITY 0AIR AND 3HARE !CTIVITY &OREST )NSECTS AND $ISEASES
!NSWERS WILL VARY
,EARNING !CTIVITY 1UICK &ROZEN #RITTERS
-OST PREY ANIMALS ESCAPE CAPTURE BY hFREEZINGv IN PLACE OR TAKING REFUGE WITHIN THE SAFE ZONE HULA HOOP !NSWERS WILL VARY -OST PREDATORS QUICKLY TIRE OF WAITING AND CONTINUE THEIR PURSUIT WITH ANOTHER PREY -OST INJURIES MEAN A LOSS OF STRENGTH OR STAMINA LEADING TO AN ABILITY TO FEED OR INCREASED VULNERABILITY TO PREDATION
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST (ABITAT LOSS CAUSES LOSS OF COVER INCREASING THE CHANCES OF PREY BEING EATEN BUT SINCE THE PREY EVENTUALLY LEAVES THE AREA THERE IS LITTLE FOOD FOR THE REMAINING PREDATORS ! DISEASE SUCH AS RABIES IN THE PREDATORS WOULD REDUCE THEIR NUMBERS AND INCREASE SURVIVAL OF THE PREY ! DISEASE IN THE PREY COULD LOWER THEIR NUMBERS SUFFICIENTLY TO JEOPARDIZE THE SURVIVAL OF THE PREDATORS UNLESS THEY SWITCH TO ANOTHER SOURCE OF FOOD 0REDATOR PREY RELATIONSHIPS LEAD TO WHAT IS OFTEN CALLED THE hBALANCE OF NATUREv AND PREVENT EITHER SPECIES FROM OVERPOPULATING /VERPOPULATION CAN CAUSE LONG TERM DAMAGE TO THE ECOSYSTEM IF PLANT LIFE IS OVERBROWSED
3UGGESTED VARIATION HAVE A FEW COLORED TOKENS INDICATING CONTAMINATION WITH A PESTICIDE !NY ORGANISM INGESTED THIS WOULD SUFFER A FATALITY !LSO ANY ANIMAL ACHIEVING THEIR hFEEDING QUOTAv FOR THE SEASON WILL SUCCESSFULLY REPRODUCE SO THEY CAN RETRIEVE ONE STUDENT FROM THE SIDELINES FOR THE NEXT ROUND
,EARNING !CTIVITY 'RAPHING 7OLF AND -OOSE 0OPULATIONS
7OLF $ENSITIES KM KM KM KM KM -OOSE $ENSITIES KM KM KM KM KM 4HE WOLF POPULATION DROPPED FROM DOWN TO 4HE MOOSE POPULATION DECLINED FROM TO OR ABOUT 4HE WOLVES DECLINED ANOTHER IN THAT TIME PERIOD 4HE MOOSE INCREASED FROM TO OR ABOUT 7OLF NUMBERS FLUCTUATE AND LAG SOMEWHAT BEHIND THE CHANGES IN THE MOOSE POPULATION A DECLINE IN FOOD SUPPLY DECLINE IN MOOSE NUMBERS B DECLINE IN PREDATORS INCREASE IN MOOSE NUMBERS C MORE WOLVES COULD REACH THE ISLAND AND INCREASE PREDATION ON THE MOOSE 'ENERALLY MOOSE WILL NOT CROSS SUCH OPEN EXPANSES OF ICE D NEW PLANT GROWTH IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS WOULD CAUSE A RISE IN THE MOOSE POPULATION 2ESEARCH SHOWS THAT MOST COWS PRODUCE MULTIPLE CALVES IN A NEWLY REGENERATING BURN SITE E THERE ARE TWO POSSIBLE SCENARIOS HERE &IRST THE DEER CAN TRANSMIT A PARASITE CALLED THE BRAINWORM TO THE MOOSE WHICH IS FATAL TO THEM AND COULD WIPE OUT THE ENTIRE ISLAND POPULATION 3ECONDLY THE DEER CAN MULTIPLY FASTER THAN THE MOOSE AND COULD OVERBROWSE THE VEGETATION ON THE ISLAND
'RAPH SHAPES WILL VARY BUT GENERALLY SHOW HOW CLOSELY THE PREDATOR NUMBERS FOLLOW THE POPULATION OF THE PREY
,EARNING !CTIVITY #ASE 3TUDY 7HICH (ARVEST -ETHOD IS "EST 3TAND CLEAR CUT n MOST ECONOMICAL WAY TO HARVEST SITE IS READY FOR PLANTING IMMEDIATELY 3TAND SELECTION CUT LEAST VISUAL IMPACT FOREST REMAINS INTACT 3TAND SHELTERWOOD CUT FOREST STILL HAS VISUAL APPEAL YET THE STRIPS WILL REGENERATE
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST ,EARNING !CTIVITY 4REES #AN $O )T *UST $O 4HE -ATH
TREES WOULD BE NEEDED A n B X C WILDLIFE AND BIRD HABITAT ANSWERS WILL VARY BUT SHOULD BE AROUND TREES A n HECTARES NEED REPLANTING B REMAINING TREES CAN MEET THE NEEDS OF PEOPLE C YOUNGER SMALLER TREES DO NOT SEQUESTER AS MUCH CARBON AS LARGER TREES TREES WOULD BE NEEDED SINCE THE EXTRA WOULD PICK UP THE CARBON THE OTHERS COULDNT
,EARNING !CTIVITY #ASE 3TUDY 7ILL 4HERE "E %NOUGH 7OOD
4HE INTERSECTION OF LINES ! AND " POINT OUT WHERE THE DECLINE IN THE EXISTING WOOD SUPPLY MATCHES THE INCREASE IN WOOD SUPPLY FROM THE NEWER TREES 4HE INVERTED TRIANGLE ABOVE THE INTERSECTING LINES ! AND " SHOULD BE SHADED IN $URING A TIMBER FAMINE PRICES WOULD SKYROCKET AND WOOD MUST BE IMPORTED 4HE HOLE COULD GET BIGGER IF WOOD DEMAND INCREASED OR THE SUPPLY DWINDLED DUE TO FIRE OR DISEASE -OVE LINES ! AND " UPWARD 4O ACCOMPLISH THIS YOU WOULD HAVE TO SLOW THE HARVEST OR USE THE WOOD SUPPLY MORE EFFICIENTLY THE INDUSTRY IS MOVING TOWARD WHOLE TREE UTILIZATION !LSO MASSIVE NEW TREE PLANTING PROJECTS MUST BE UNDERTAKEN )T IS DIFFICULT TO REDUCE THE DEMAND FOR WOOD FIBRE SINCE ECONOMIC GROWTH INCREASES ANNUALLY
,EARNING !CTIVITY &IELD 4RIP 3TUDY /F 4HE &OREST
3UGGESTED LOCATIONS 3ANDILANDS &OREST %DUCATION #ENTRE n (ADASHVILLE -ANITOBA PHONE -ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST n 0INE &ALLS -ANITOBA PHONE "IRDS (ILL 0ARK ,OCAL WOODLOT OWNERS n 7OODLOT !SSOCIATION OF -ANITOBA !TIKAMEG &OREST #ENTRE n 4HE 0AS !GASSIZ 0ROVINCIAL &OREST 3ANDILANDS 0ROVINCIAL &OREST MOST 0ROVINCIAL 0ARKS HAVE HIKING TRAILS FOR EASY ACCESS TO FOREST STANDS
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #AREER 0ROlLES #AREER )NFORMATION
.AME 6INCE +EENAN
/CCUPATION &ORESTER
%MPLOYED "Y 4EMBEC 0INE &ALLS /PERATIONS
%DUCATION AND 4RAINING &ORESTRY -ANAGEMENT WITH OVER YEARS EXPERIENCE IN FOREST MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES ON THE EAST SIDE OF ,AKE 7INNIPEG
9OUR *OB $ESCRIPTION 2ESPONSIBLE FOR THE PLANNING &OREST 2ENEWAL AND 'EOPGRAPHIC )NFORMATION 3YSTEM $EPARTMENTS FOR &OREST -ANAGEMENT ,ICENSE
2EWARDS OF 9OUR *OB 0ERSONAL SATISFACTION OF HELPING MANAGE A PRECIOUS RESOURCE AND MAINTAINING A FUNCTIONAL ECOSYSTEM IN AN INDUSTRIAL FOREST !LSO EDUCATING INTERESTED PARTIES REGARDING SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND RESULTS
'ENERAL #OMMENTS #ONTACT AT VINCEKEENAN TEMBECCOM OR FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #AREER )NFORMATION
.AME *ENNIFER ,IDGETT
/CCUPATION )NVENTORY ')3 &ORESTER
%MPLOYED "Y 4EMBEC &OREST 2ESOURCE -ANAGEMENT 0INE &ALLS /PERATIONS
%DUCATION AND 4RAINING (ONOURS "ACHELOR OF 3CIENCE IN &ORESTRY $EGREE OBTAINED AT ,AKEHEAD 5NIVERSITY IN 4HUNDER "AY /NTARIO ) AM RESPONSIBLE FOR MANAGING AND ANALYZING THE FOREST ENVIRONMENT VIRTUALLY USING SPATIAL LAYERS OF INFORMATION WHICH ) CAN COMBINE AND EXAMINE USING OUR 'EOGRAPHICAL )NFORMATION 3YSTEM ')3 4HIS TOOL GIVES US THE ABILITY TO ASK QUESTIONS AND THEREFORE HELPS US MAKE BETTER FOREST MANAGEMENT DECISIONS
9OUR *OB $ESCRIPTION 4HE ')3 AND LAYER INFORMATION IS USED TO s EXAMINE VARIOUS ASPECTS AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF OUR FOREST MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES AND PLANS s DEVELOP OUR FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANS s 0RODUCE MAPS SHOWING SUCH THINGS AS THE FOREST MANAGEMENT PLAN FOREST STANDS BY AGE AND TREE SPECIES AREAS PLANTED AND RECREATION VALUES s RUN COMPUTER MODELS SUCH AS WILDLIFE AND STORE INFORMATION ABOUT OUR FOREST MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
2EWARDS OF 9OUR *OB ) AM PROUD TO BE A FORESTER AND ) AM PROUD OF HOW WE MANAGE THE FOREST 4HE FOREST IS A COMPLEX SYSTEM AND THUS REQUIRES THAT WE NOT ONLY MANAGE THE FOREST FOR ITS TIMBER BUT ALSO FOR ITS OTHER RESOURCES SUCH AS WILDLIFE SOIL WATER RECREATION ETC )T ALSO REQUIRES THAT WE CONTINUALLY LEARN ABOUT THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM AND APPLYING THAT INFORMATION TO CONTINUALLY IMPROVE OUR FOREST MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES )T IS FOR THESE REASONS ) REALLY ENJOY MY JOB
'ENERAL #OMMENTS 4HIS IS A VERY REWARDING JOB CAREER 9OU ARE CONSTANTLY LEARNING NEW THINGS WHICH ARE CONSTANTLY IMPROVING FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANS AND ACTIVITIES
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #AREER )NFORMATION
.AME 3COTT ,ONGRIDGE
/CCUPATION &OREST 4ECHNICIAN
%MPLOYED "Y 4EMBEC &OREST 2ESOURCE -ANAGEMENT
%DUCATION AND 4RAINING ("3# &ORESTRY ,AKEHEAD 5NIVERSITY
9OUR *OB $ESCRIPTION 3UPERVISE HARVEST CONTRACTS INCLUDING ROAD CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE WOOD PROCESSING AND WOOD HAUL -AKE SURE WE ARE OPERATING WITHIN ALL LAWS AND REGULATIONS 0ERFORM REQUIRED BLOCK LAYOUT SUCH AS ROADS AND BUFFERS !SSIST )NVENTORY &ORESTER AND 0LANNING &ORESTER IN MAINTAINING ')3 DATABASES AND PRODUCING VARIOUS MAPS 0ERFORM SERVERAL SURVEYS SUCH AS 0RE (ARVEST !SSESSMENTS 2EGERATION 3URVEYS AND &REE TO 'ROW 3URVEYS -EET WITH VARIOUS OTHER FOREST USERS TO PLAN FOR THEIR INTERESTS !SSIST IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER WITH OTHER FORESTRY ASSOCIATIONS LIKE &%2)# -" -ODEL &OREST 6ARIOUS MISCELLANEOUS TASKS
2EWARDS OF 9OUR *OB 0ERSONAL SATISFACTION OF HELPING MANAGE A PRECIOUS RESOURCE ETC??-EET MANY DIFFERENT PEOPLE AND BUILD LASTING RELATIONSHIPS 3PEND THE MAJORITY OF MY TIME OUTDOORS IN THE FOREST
'ENERAL #OMMENTS
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #AREER )NFORMATION
.AME 2EBECCA -C+AY
/CCUPATION !BORIGINAL &ORESTRY $EVELOPMENT /FFICER
%MPLOYED "Y -ANITOBA $EPARTMENT OF #ONSERVATION &ORESTRY "RANCH
%DUCATION AND 4RAINING ) GRADUATED HIGH SCHOOL FROM -ILES -AC$ONNELL #OLLEGIATE 7INNIPEG ) THEN WENT TO THE 5NIVERSITY OF "RITISH #OLUMBIA IN 6ANCOUVER FOR A "ACHELOR OF 3CIENCE IN &ORESTRY "3C& ) HAVE BEEN TRAINED IN VARIOUS AREAS SUCH AS &IRST !ID "RUSH SAW SAFETY AND TREE PLANTING TO WORK IN VARIOUS AREAS OF FORESTRY
9OUR *OB $ESCRIPTION ) AM CURRENTLY WORKING AS AN !BORIGINAL &ORESTRY $EVELOPMENT /FFICER FOR THE -ANITOBA $EPARTMENT OF #ONSERVATION &ORESTRY "RANCH )N THIS POSITION ) AM PART OF THE 3USTAINABLE &ORESTRY 5NIT WHICH IS WORKING ON FORESTRY DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES THAT INVOLVE !BORIGINAL PEOPLE AND COMMUNITIES
2EWARDS OF 9OUR *OB 4HE BUILDING OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMMUNITIES AND FORESTRY BASED OPPORTUNITIES IS QUITE REWARDING ) FIND MYSELF INVOLVED WITH VARIOUS COMMUNITIES AND PEOPLE LEARNING ABOUT THE DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES OF THEIR INTERESTS AND GOALS
'ENERAL #OMMENTS !S AN !BORIGINAL PERSON WORKING IN FORESTRY ) AM CONSTANTLY LOOKING FOR A BALANCE BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC AND TRADITIONAL OBJECTIVES IN FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT )T IS CHALLENGING BUT NECESSARY TO HAVE THIS IN MIND WITH THE WORK THAT ) DO
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST "!3!, !2%! /& ! 42%% !PPENDIX 4HE AREA IN SQUARE METRES OF THE CROSS SECTION OF A TREE MEASURED METRES ABOVE &ORESTRY 4ALK THE GROUND ! 'LOSSARY OF #OMMON 4ERMS "!3!, !2%! /& ! &/2%34 /2 34!.$ 4HE AREA IN SQUARE METRES PER HECTARE OF THE !#2% CROSS SECTION OF ALL THE TREES MEASURED !N AREA OF LAND EQUAL TO SQUARE FEET OR METRES ABOVE THE GROUND HECTARES 2OUGHLY EQUAL TO FEET BY FEET OR ")/,/')#!, $)6%23)49 METRES BY METRES ")/$)6%23)49 4HE VARIETY AND VARIABILITY AMONG LIVING !$6!.#%$ 2%'%.%2!4)/. ORGANISMS AND ECOSYSTEMS 9OUNG TREES THAT HAVE REACHED EYE LEVEL OR )NCLUDES DIFFERENCES WITHIN AND BETWEEN ABOVE ECOSYSTEMS DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPECIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEMBERS OF THE SAME !'% #,!33 SPECIES ! CATEGORY THAT DESCRIBES TREES OR STANDS OF ! HIGH LEVEL OF DIVERSITY WITHIN A SPECIES TREES OF A SIMILAR AGE USUALLY WITHIN A RANGE WHICH IS KNOWN AS GENETIC DIVERSITY HELPS OF YEARS THE SPECIES SURVIVE MASSIVE CLIMATIC AND )N HARDWOOD STANDS AGE CLASS IS OFTEN ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES SUCH AS THOSE CREATED DETERMINED BY MEASURING THE DIAMETER OF A BY POLLUTION OR GLOBAL WARMING TREES TRUNK RATHER THAN ITS ACTUAL AGE %COSYSTEMS WITH A HIGH LEVEL OF DIVERSITY ARE 4HE FOLLOWING AGE CLASSES ARE COMMONLY USED MORE STABLE AND SUPPORT A GREATER NUMBER OF IN #ANADA LIFE FORMS SEEDLINGS TINY SPROUTS SAPLINGS TO CENTIMETRES ",/7$/7. POLEWOOD TO CENTIMETRES ! TREE OR GROUP OF TREES THAT HAS BEEN BLOWN SMALL SAWLOGS TO CENTIMETRES DOWN BY THE WIND MEDIUM SAWLOGS TO CENTIMETRES LARGE SAWLOGS GREATER THAN CENTIMETRES "2%!34 (%)'(4 ! SPOT ON A TREE THAT IS METRES ABOVE THE !,, !'%$ 34!.$ GROUND LEVEL ! STAND THAT CONTAINS TREES OF ALL AGES AND /FTEN THE PLACE AT WHICH A TREES DIAMETER IS SIZES MEASURED /N A SLOPE BREAST HEIGHT IS MEASURED ON THE !,4%2.!4% 2/7 0,!.4).' UPHILL SIDE OF THE TREE ! PLANTING ARRANGEMENT IN WHICH TWO DIFFERENT TREE SPECIES ARE PLANTED IN ALTERNATE ROWS /FTEN USED TO STUDY HOW ONE TREE SPECIES COMPETES WITH ANOTHER OR DEVELOP A MIXED SPECIES PLANTATION
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #!./09 #,%!2 #544).' !N ALMOST CONTINUOUS LAYER OF FOLIAGE FORMED ! LOGGING METHOD IN WHICH ALL THE TREES ARE BY THE CROWNS OF OLDER TREES CUT IN ONE HARVEST 3HADES THE LAYERS OF VEGETATION BELOW #/,/.):%2 #!./09 '!0 4HE FIRST SPECIES TO GROW IN AN OPEN AREA AFTER ! HOLE IN THE FOREST CANOPY THAT LETS LIGHT CLEAR CUTTING OR AFTER A NATURAL DISTURBANCE PENETRATE TO THE FOREST FLOOR SUCH AS FIRE #AUSED BY FALLEN TREES FIRE LOGGING DISEASE !LSO KNOWN AS PIONEER SPECIES COLONIZERS INSECTS WIND CUTTING OR OTHER DISTURBANCES THRIVE IN FULL SUNLIGHT 0ROVIDES THE OPEN SUNLIT CONDITIONS THAT #OLONIZERS LAUNCH THE PROCESS OF SUCCESSION MANY TREE SPECIES NEED TO GERMINATE AND BY CREATING THE CONDITIONS THAT OTHER SPECIES GROW NEED TO GROW #!6)49 42%% #/00)#% '2/74( ! STANDING TREE DEAD OR LIVE THAT HAS A HOLE .EW SHOOTS THAT GROW AT THE BASE OF A TREE IN OR HOLES WHERE WILDLIFE CAN MAKE NESTS OR RESPONSE TO STRESSES SUCH AS THE CUTTING OF DENS OR ESCAPE PREDATORS THE TREE ! FORM OF NATURAL REGENERATION THAT ALLOWS SOME SPECIES TO REPRODUCE WITHOUT SEEDS #/2$ ! UNIT OF MEASUREMENT FOR STACKED ROUND OR SPLIT WOOD /NE BUSH CORD HAS THE OUTER DIMENSIONS OF FOUR BY FOUR BY EIGHT FEET /NE FACE CORD HAS THE OUTER DIMENSIONS OF INCHES BY FOUR BY EIGHT FEET AND ONE THIRD OF A BUSH CORD #2/0 42%% ! TREE THAT IS SELECTED TO GROW UNTIL THE FINAL HARVEST 5SUALLY SELECTED FOR ITS LOCATION RATE OF GROWTH SPECIES AND STRAIGHTNESS #2/7. ! TREES LIVE BRANCHES AND FOLIAGE 7HEN THE CROWNS OF THE NEIGHBOURING TREES TOUCH THEY FORM A CANOPY #,%!2#54 ! LARGE OPENING CREATED BY CUTTING ALL THE $)!-%4%2 !4 "2%!34 (%)'(4 $"( TREES IN ONE HARVEST 4HE DIAMETER OF A TREE TRUNK MEASURED 5SUALLY REGENERATES TO AN EVEN AGED FOREST METRES ABOVE THE GROUND
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST $%!$ 7//$ ')2$,).' 4HE DECAYING LOGS THAT LIE ON THE FOREST FLOOR -ECHANICALLY CUTTING THE BARK AND UNDERLYING ALSO CALLED hCOARSE WOODY DEBRISv TISSUES ALL THE WAY AROUND THE TREE 0ROVIDES HABITAT FOR MANY LIFE FORMS AND A 4HE REMOVAL OF THE BARK BY RODENTS SUCH AS SOURCE OF SOIL NUTRIENTS MICE AND VOLES 0ROVIDES THE NUTRIENT RICH MOIST CONDITIONS /FTEN KILLS A TREE SOME TREE SPECIES NEED TO GERMINATE AND GROW '2/5.$ #/6%2 $%. 42%% 4HE LAYER OF LIFE THAT CARPETS THE FOREST FLOOR ! TREE HAVING A HOLLOW OR CAVITY USED BY )NCLUDES PLANTS MOSSES AND FUNGI ANIMALS FOR REFUGE OR HIBERNATION (!")4!4 $/-).!.4 30%#)%3 &OOD WATER SHELTER COVER AND OTHER ELEMENTS 4HE MOST NUMEROUS AND VIGOROUS SPECIES IN OF THE ENVIRONMENT THAT LIVING ORGANISMS AN AREA OF MIXED VEGETATION NEED TO SURVIVE %#/3934%- (!26%34).' !N INTERACTING SYSTEM OF LIVING ORGANISMS AND 4HE PROCESS OF CUTTING TREES TO MAKE WOOD THEIR ENVIRONMENT PRODUCTS OR FUELWOOD %6%. !'%$ &/2%34 ! FOREST IN WHICH ALL THE TREES ARE WITHIN (%#4!2% YEARS OF THE SAME AGE !N AREA OF LAND EQUAL TO SQUARE METRES METRES BY METRES &/2%34 3425#452% !N AREA OF LAND EQUAL TO ACRES 4HE AGES AND SIZES OF THE LAYERS OF PLANT VEGETATION WITHIN A FOREST ()'( '2!$).' ,AYERS MAY INCLUDE GROUND VEGETATION SHRUBS ! FORM OF LOGGING THAT REMOVES THE MOST YOUNG TREES CANOPY TREES AND SUPERCANOPY VALUABLE TREES AND LEAVES THE LESS VALUABLE TREES SPECIES TO GROW AND REGENERATE THE FOREST #HANGES THE SPECIES COMPOSITION IN A FOREST &2!'-%.4%$ ,!.$3#!0% #AN REDUCE THE FUTURE COMMERCIAL VALUE AND !N AREA OF LAND IN WHICH THE KIND OF NATURAL HEALTH OF THE FOREST VEGETATION THAT EXISTED BEFORE %UROPEAN SETTLEMENT HAS BEEN REDUCED TO SMALL -%2#(!.4!",% 7//$ DISCONNECTED PARCELS 4HE PART OF A TREE OR A STAND THAT IS OF &RAGMENTATION REDUCES OPPORTUNITIES FOR COMMERCIAL VALUE FOR PRODUCTS SUCH AS PLANTS AND ANIMALS TO REPRODUCE AND LUMBER AND VENEER EXCHANGE GENES $ETERMINED BY TREE SIZE AND QUALITY &RAGMENTATION CAUSES A LOSS OF GENETIC 5SUALLY A TREE MUST BE AT LEAST CENTIMETRES DIVERSITY SEE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY WHICH IN DIAMETER TO BE CONSIDERED MERCHANTABLE REDUCES A SPECIES CHANGE OF ADAPTING TO AND SURVIVING CLIMATIC CHANGES POLLUTION DISEASE -)#2/3)4% AND INSECT INFESTATIONS 4HE SITE OCCUPIED BY A TREE
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST THROUGH NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL MEANS -)#2/#,)-!4% 4REES NATURALLY REGENERATE BY PRODUCING SEEDS 4HE GROWING CONDITIONS IN A SMALL AREA OR BY COPPICE GROWTH )NCLUDES MANY ASPECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT 0EOPLE ARTIFICIALLY REGENERATE FORESTS BY SUCH AS TEMPERATURE HUMIDITY AND SOIL DISPERSING SEEDS PLANTING TREES OR STIMULATING CONDITIONS COPPICE GROWTH .523% #2/0 2%-/6!, #54 4REES THAT PROVIDE THE SHELTER SHADE AND 4HE SECOND CUT IN THE SHELTERWOOD SILVICULTURE MOIST CONDITIONS THAT OTHER SPECIES NEED TO SYSTEM GROW -ATURE TREES ARE HARVESTED AFTER YOUNG TREES ARE ESTABLISHED BELOW THEM .52'% ,/' )NCREASES THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL RATES OF ! DECAYING LOG ON THE GROUND THAT PROVIDES YOUNG TREES BY PROVIDING FULL SUNLIGHT THE MOIST FERTILE CONDITIONS SOME TREE SPECIES NEED TO GERMINATE AND GROW 3!,6!'% #54 4HE PROCESS OF HARVESTING DYING OR DEAD TREES /,$ '2/74( 5SED TO SALVAGE VALUABLE TIMBER AND FUELWOOD ! FOREST THAT HAS A LARGE NUMBER OF THE AND TO PREPARE SITES FOR REFORESTATION FEATURES FOUND IN THE FORESTS THAT GREW BEFORE /FTEN USED IN FORESTS THAT HAVE BEEN DAMAGED %UROPEAN SETTLEMENT BY INSECTS DISEASE OR FIRE OR TO RESTORE NATIVE 3OUTHERN /NTARIOS OLD GROWTH FORESTS VEGETATION TO SITES THAT WERE PLANTED IN THE CONTAINED A GREAT DIVERSITY OF HABITATS AND PAST WITH NON NATIVE SPECIES SPECIES AS WELL AS TREES OF MANY AGES AND SIZES 3%%$ #54 4HE FIRST CUT IN THE SHELTERWOOD SILVICULTURE /2'!.)# ,)44%2 SYSTEM 4HE LAYER OF DECOMPOSING LEAVES BARK TWIGS 2EMOVES ABOUT HALF OF THE MATURE TREES IN A AND OTHER ORGANIC DEBRIS THAT LIES ON THE STAND FOREST FLOOR #REATES SPACE SO THAT THE REMAINING TREES CAN DEVELOP LARGE CROWNS 025.).' 4REES WITH LARGE CROWNS PRODUCE MORE SEEDS 2EMOVING DEAD AND LIVING BRANCHES FROM TREES AND THE SHADE THAT MANY SPECIES NEED TO 2EDUCES THE SIZE OF THE KNOTS IN THE WOOD AND GERMINATE AND GROW INCREASES A TREES VALUE FOR WOOD PRODUCTS SUCH AS LUMBER AND VENEER 3),6)#5,452% 4HE SCIENCE OF GROWING TREES 2%&/2%34!4)/. %STABLISHING A NEW FOREST AFTER THE TREES ARE 3),6)#5,452% 3934%-3 CUT -ETHODS FOR GROWING HARVESTING AND REGENERATING TREES 2%'%.%2!4)/. 4HREE MAIN SYSTEMS ARE USED IN /NTARIO 9OUNG TREES NOUN OR THE PROCESS OF GROWING CLEARCUTTING SELECTION AND SHELTERWOOD YOUNG TREES VERB 4HE GROWTH OF YOUNG TREES CAN BE PROMOTED
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST TO DEVELOP LARGE CROWNS WHICH PROVIDE SEEDS #LEAR #UTTING AND SHADE FOR REGENERATION s !LL TREES IN A STAND ARE REMOVED AT THE s 3UBSEQUENT CUTS CALLED REMOVAL CUTS ARE SAME TIME CONDUCTED WHEN SAPLINGS ARE WELL ESTABLISHED s 4HE CLEARCUT AREA CAN BE PLANTED BENEATH THE MATURE TREES WITH SEEDLINGS AFTER THE HARVEST OR LEFT TO s "Y REMOVING THE MATURE TREES THE FINAL REGENERATE NATURALLY CUTS PROVIDE THE NEW GROWTH WITH SUNLIGHT AND ROOM TO GROW
3ELECTION 3YSTEM s )NDIVIDUAL TREES OR GROUPS OF MATURE AND 3.!' OR UNHEALTHY TREES ARE HARVESTED ! STANDING DEAD TREE THAT IS DECAYING s ,EAVES MOST OF THE TREES AND A VARIETY OF #AN PROVIDE HABITAT FOR MANY SPECIES AGE CLASSES TO GROW AND REGENERATE THE FOREST #AN BE A SAFETY HAZARD DURING LOGGING OPERATIONS 30%#)%3 ! GROUP OF PLANTS ANIMALS OR OTHER LIFE FORMS THAT CAN INTERBREED 34!.$ ! GROUP OF TREES THAT CAN BE DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHER VEGETATION BY ITS COMPOSITION AGE ARRANGEMENT OR CONDITION 35##%33)/. 4HE PROCESS OF CHANGE THAT OCCURS NATURALLY IN 3HELTERWOOD 3YSTEM A FOREST OVER TIME AS ONE COMMUNITY OF LIVING s -ATURE TREES ARE HARVESTED IN A SERIES OF ORGANISMS REPLACES ANOTHER TWO OR MORE CUTS )N SOUTHERN /NTARIO OPEN FIELDS AND MEADOWS s %NCOURAGES NATURAL REGENERATION IN THE OFTEN SUCCEED TO FORESTS OF INTOLERANT SPECIES SHELTER AND SHADE OF THE REMAINING TREES SEE TOLERANCE WHICH LATER EVOLVE INTO MIXED s 4HE FIRST CUT CALLED A SEED CUT REMOVES FORESTS ABOUT HALF OF THE LARGE TREES LEAVING THE REST
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST 4%.$).' #ARING FOR TREES #AN INCLUDE THINNING PRUNING AND OTHER MEASURES TO REDUCE COMPETITION )NCREASES SURVIVAL RATE GROWTH RATE AND COMMERCIAL VALUE OF TREES
4()..).' 2EMOVING SOME TREES FROM A STAND $ECREASES THE DENSITY OF A FOREST REDUCES COMPETITION AND GIVES THE REMAINING TREES ROOM TO GROW LARGER AND FASTER 4/,%2!.#% 4HE ABILITY OF A PLANT TO GERMINATE AND GROW IN SHADE 4OLERANT SPECIES SUCH AS MAPLE HEMLOCK AND BEECH CAN GROW IN SHADE -ID TOLERANT SPECIES SUCH AS OAK ASH AND WHITE PINE NEED SOME SUNLIGHT TO SURVIVE )NTOLERANT SPECIES SUCH AS WHITE BIRCH POPLAR AND BLACK CHERRY NEED FULL SUNLIGHT ALSO REFERRED TO AS PIONEER SPECIES 4HE GROWTH RATE OF ALL SPECIES INCLUDING TOLERANT SPECIES INCREASES WHEN THE PLANTS ARE EXPOSED TO MORE SUNLIGHT 5.$%20,!.4).' 0LANTING YOUNG TREES UNDER A CANOPY OF MATURE TREES 5.%6%. !'%$ &/2%34 ! FOREST WITH TREES OF ALL AGES AND SIZES USUALLY WITH AT LEAST THREE AGE CLASSES 7/,& 42%% ,ARGE TREE GENERALLY OF POOR FORM WITH A LARGE CROWN 0ROVIDES GOOD SHADE BUT CROWDS OUT YOUNG TREES
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST #REDITS
4HE 3TATE OF #ANADAS &ORESTS .ATURAL 2ESOURCES #ANADA #ANADIAN &OREST 3ERVICE
#ANADIAN &ORESTRY !SSOCIATION 4EACHING +IT ,EARNING FROM THE 0AST "UILDING FOR THE &UTURE
MAP COURTESY OF -ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST n #ARIBOU -ANAGEMENT #OMMITTEE
0ROVINCE OF 1UEBEC 3AFETY AND 7ILDLIFE #ONSERVATION %DUCATION 0ROGRAM 0%3#/&
0ROVINCE OF 1UEBEC 3AFETY AND 7ILDLIFE #ONSERVATION %DUCATION 0ROGRAM 0%3#/&
0ROVINCE OF 1UEBEC 3AFETY AND 7ILDLIFE #ONSERVATION %DUCATION 0ROGRAM 0%3#/&
ADAPTED FROM h0ROJECT 7ILDv #ANADIAN 7ILDLIFE &EDERATION
5NIVERSITY OF -ANITOBA &ACULTY OF !GRICULTURE 3OIL 3CIENCES $EPARTMENT ,AB -ANUAL
#ANADIAN &ORESTRY !SSOCIATION 4EACHING +IT #ANADAS &ORESTS 3OURCE OF ,IFE
&OREST -ANAGEMENT 'UIDE FOR .ATURAL $ISTURBANCE 0ATTERN %MULATION /NTARIO -INISTRY OF .ATURAL 2ESOURCES
h4HE -OOSE IN /NTARIOv "OOK PG /NTARIO -INISTRY OF .ATURAL 2ESOURCES
#ANADIAN &ORESTRY !SSOCIATION 4EACHING +IT #ANADAS &ORESTS ! "REATH OF &RESH !IR PG
&OCUS ON &ORESTS ! RESOURCE -ANUAL FOR )NTERMEDIATE AND 3ENIOR 4EACHERS ON &ORESTS AND &OREST -ANAGEMENT PG
#HAPTERS AND DIAGRAMS COURTESY OF THE AUTHOR .OVA 3COTIA $EPARTMENT OF .ATURAL 2ESOURCES 7OODLOT -ANAGEMENT (OME 3TUDY #OURSE AND #ANADIAN &ORESTRY !SSOCIATION 4EACHER +ITS
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST -ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST -ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST 0RINTED IN #ANADA
-ANITOBA -ODEL &OREST