Special Libraries, October-November 1974 Special Libraries Association

San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks

Special Libraries, 1974 Special Libraries, 1970s

10-1-1974 Special Libraries, October-November 1974 Special Libraries Association

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Recommended Citation Special Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, October-November 1974" (1974). Special Libraries, 1974. Book 8. http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1974/8

This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Libraries, 1970s at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Special Libraries, 1974 by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ecial libraries

October/November 1974, vol. 65, nos. 10111

0 Libraries as Businesses

0 Energy Information

Picture Professionalism

0 Pharmaceutical Journals

0 Microfilm and Retrieval Systems

Air-Age Globalism

SPLBA 65 (1 01 1 ? ) 409-488 (1 974) ISSN 00386723 The Technology Application Center of The University of New Mexico Telephone 505 /277-3622 ENERGY INFORMATION CENTER

Retrospective Bibliographies with Abstracts & Indexes with quarterly updates and annual cumulations

Presently available Proposed HEAT PIPE TECHNOLOGY GEOTHERMAL HYDROGEN ENERGY NUCLEAR NOISE POLLUTION OCEAN & TIDE REMOTE SENSING QUARTERLY MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS (MHD) COAL GASIFICATION In preparation ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION COAL OIL SHALE GAS TURBINE WASTE HEAT ENERGY STORAGE SOLAR WIND

Other ljibiographies 6 symposia WASTE GLASS UTILIZATION SYMPOSIUM ON UTILIZATION OF WASTE GLASS NATURAL RESOURCES ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS (bimonthly) ROLAMITE . . . Short courses conducted irregularly

The Technology Application Center provides literature search services for aca- demia, government and industry. Presently drawing on about fifty automated data bases, TAC performs retrospective and current awareness literature searches in the sciences, social sciences, humanities, business, and the arts. TAC is a primary distributor for the Gemini, Apollo, and Skylab photographs for NASA, has catalogues available of the photographs, and is developing Educational Kits from the photographs.

Technology Application Center Please send me information on the The University of New Mexico following: Albuquerque, N.M. 87131 Heat Pipe Technology - Attention: Richard A.V Diener Hydrogen - Noise Pollution - Name Remote Sensing Quarterly - Organization Other (specify) Literature searching - Address NASA photography - Educational Kits -

I Highly Recommended !

The Editorial Board: W J C BAl LAR Jr - Urbana H J EMELEUS FRS - Cambridge tSir Ronald NYHOLM FRS - London A F TROTMAN - DICKENSON - Cardiff (Executive Editor) r-- r-- INDEPENDENT OPINION 7 "Highly Recommended" by CHOICE, which wrote, "Since the length and cost are not prohibitive, this set of books should be well within the budget of most libraries. Not only will professional chemists find these books useful but students and other readers will find them a valuable reference source. These should be in every graduate and undergraduate library, as well as industrial libraries. Many professional chemists may even consider them for their personal libraries, " NEW TECHNICAL BOOKS asserts "the work deserves a place in all general xience collections." i Over 6000 pages in 5 volumes Sturdy library-standard bindings New Printing Now Available COMPLETE $500.00

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I i PERemon PRESS i Maxwell House, Fairview Park Headington Hill Hall i Elmsford, New York 10523 Oxford OX3 OBW, England i OCTOBER/NOVEMBER1974 special libraries vo~u.. 65, NUMBERS.,,

Letters Libraries Are Businesses, Too! Shirley Echelman The Energy Crisis and Information Virginia D. Caswell Picture Professionalism. Part I Renata V. Shaw Productive Journal Titles in the Pharmaceutical Industry Katherine C. Owen Microfilm Equipment and Retrieval Systems for Library Picture Collections William Saff ady Maps, Globes, and the "Cold War" Alan K. Henrikson Publications of Selected Rao Aluri and Information Analysis Centers Philip Yannarella Ron Coplen Publishing Industry Libraries Carol A. Nemeyer in the New York Metropolitan Area Jean R. Peters Corth's Commandments Annette Corth Science-Technology Libraries in Pakistan Syed Jalaluddin Haider

SLA News Bylaws Revision Adopted 479 Chapters & Divisions Integrated Information Unit in Unesco 479 SLA Grants-in-Aid Nominations for 1975 For Research 480 SLA Awards

Vistas Washington Letter 485 Coming Events 487 Pubs

Placement 22A Index to Advertisers

Editor: JANET D. BAILEY Assistant Editor: NANCY VICGIANO Advertising Sales: ANNABELLEQUICK Circulation: FREDERICKBAUM Special Libraries is published by Special Libraries Amxiation, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003. @ 1974 by Special Libraries Association. Monthly except double issue for May/June. Annual index in Decem- ber issue. Material protected by this copyright may be photocopied for the noncommercial purpose of scholarship or research. Second class postage paid at New York, N.Y., and at additional mailing offices. I The Directory of Published Proceedings

Series SEMT, Science/Engineering/Medicine/Technology Monthly edition and Annual Cumulative Volume

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Subscription Rates. Free to SLA members. Nonmem- Special Libraries Association assumes no responsi- bers, USA and Canada, $22.50 per calendar year; add bility for the statements and opinions advanced by $2.50 postage for other countries. Single copies (re- the contributors to the Association's publications. cent years) $2.75 except for September issue (Direc- Instructions for Contributors last appeared in Special tory) which is $12.00. Libraries 64 (no.9): p.413-414 (Sep 1973). A pub- Back Issues & Hard Cover Reprints: Inquire Kraus lications brochure is available from the Association's Reprint Corp., 16 East 46th St., New York, N. Y. New York offices. Editorial views do not necessarily represent the official position of Special Libraries AS- Microfilm & Microfiche Editions (1909 to date): Inquire University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. sociation. Acceptance of an advertisement does not imply endorsement of the product by Special Libraries Changes of Address. Allow six weeks for all changes Association. to become effective. All communications should include both old and new addresses (with ZIP Codes) Indexed in: Book Review Index, Business PerioJicals and should be accompanied by a mailing Iabel from a recent issue. Members should send their communica- Index, Information Science Abstracts, Historical Ab- stracts, Hospital Literature Index, Library Literarure, tions to the SLA Membership Department, 235 Park Library & lnformation Science Abstracts, Management Avenue South, New York, N. Y. 10003. Nonmember Index, Public Affairs Information Service and Science Subscribers should send their communications to the Citation Index. SLA Circulation Department, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N. Y. 10003. Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 90 days from date of mailing Membership plus the time normally required for postal delive~ of the issue and the claim. No claims are allowed because of failure to notify the Membership Depart- DUES. Member or Associate Member ment or the Circulation Department (see above) of $30; Student $8; Retired $10; Sustaining a change of address, or because copy is "missing from files." $100. Books In Print And, to check the publishers of such recently issued titles as Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, and Practices and Corporate Power in America . . . to find the complete in-print offerings of prolific writers like John Galbraith . . . to verify the current addresses of hundreds of I business publishers, you need BOOKSIN PRINT1974. Now in four, easier-to-handle volumes, BIP 1974 contains complete finding and ordering data on more than 435,000 books currently available from more than 3500 US. publishers. Order your copies today and get a full year's use. November. $64.50 per four-volume set, plus shipping and handling. R.R. Bowker Company, P.O. Box 1807, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. A Xerox Education Company.

XEROXO IS n trademark of XEROX CORPORATION XEROX LETTERS tion needed to call oneself "librarian" is to be hired as one. While I realize that many people not professionally trained in librarianship have be- An Addition come fine librarians through long experience on the job, the fact that untrained peo- Jo Epstein's article in Special Libraries ple are hired and immediately given the ["An Early Warning System for Monitoring title of "librarian" downgrades the profes- State Legislation." 65 (no.4): 161-1681 April sion by implying that no special training is 1974, is a thought-provoking one; however, necessary. Or is it that we librarians have though I do not wish to comment on her deluded ourselves by thinking that a mas- legislative sources for other states, I would ter's degree is necessary? like to take issue on those listed for Wash- The situation might be improved by the ington State. honest discussion of these problems and the In the first place, she has listed the Seat- introduction of courses in management into tle Chamber of Commerce, which is the last the library school curriculum. Management source we'd ever turn to, and has ignored, skills are required even in a one or two- among others, the Seattle Times, the Asso- person library and are essential if librarians ciation of Washington Cities, Washington are to interact as equals with other manage- State Research Council, and, last, but never men t professionals. least, the Washington State Library which Ruth Rosensweig is always on top of state legislation. Medical Library While "Status of House Bills" is prepared St. Joseph's Hospital by the Chief Clerk of the House of Repre- Paterson, N.J. 07503 sentatives, "Status of Senate Bills" is prepared by the Secretary of the Senate, Wash- ington State Legislature. Environmental Info Margaret E. Chalfant Seattle Public Library Marta Dosa's article in the April 1974 [65 Seattle, Wash. 98104 (no.4): 189-1931 Special Libraries "An In- tegrating ~p~r&achto Environmental Infor- mation," discussed "disciplines and profes- A Comment sional approaches" to envGonmenta1 data. A notable omission is professional ap- I couldn't agree more with your editorial proaches in fish and wildlife management. in the April 1974 issue. The question of why Animals have long been considered prime librarianship is a disadvantaged profession biological indicators of environmental qual- -if indeed it is recognized as a profession ity, ever since canaries were used in mines. at all-has always bothered me. Today they constitute man's early warning In my own field of hospital librarianship, system, forecasting environmental crises. the problem has become obvious in several Fish and wildlife literature is covered by ways. For example, preliminary results of a abstracting services such as Sport Fishery recent survey of 223 personnel that staff Abstracts and Wildlife Review; by libraries New Jersey hospital libraries revealed that such as the National Library of Natural Re- only 17 had a Master's degree. sources, and the research libiaries of the U.S. About a month ago, I received a letter Fish and Wildlife Service; and by data from a person who stated that she was in bases such as that of the Denver Public charge of setting up a medical and nursing Library's Fish and Wildlife Reference staff library but she "unfortunately" had Service. no training in library work. She therefore The Reference Service may be an example requested that I send her some information of the "hidden collections" referred to by that would be helpful in setting up a library. Ms. Dosa. Although it has been a computer- This situation is entirely too common in based information retrieval system for eight the hospital medical library field. (Since years, it is not yet well-known outside the this person is a nurse, I was tempted to ask community of "cooperators" using the serv- her if she could send me information so ice. The data base covers, selectively, that that I could become a nurse.) In contrast portion of the fish and wildlife literature t~ professions such as nursing, teaching, or produced under two multi-million-dollar engineering, it seems that the only qualifica- state-level research programs: the Anadro- mous Sport Fish Conservation Program, and though budget money is allowed, although the Federal Aid in Sport Fish and Wildlife the top department manager never enters Restoration Program. the library, never converses with the librar- As Project Leader of the Fish and Wild- ian to find out the quality of the work life Reference Service, I welcome all attempts done, he thinks it not necessary to allow the to develop models for cross-disciplinary in- librarian a continuing education, it's despair formation seeking, to follow non-conven- making. tional channels for finding information, and It has been quoted to me that "I don't to bring environmental information under want my men sitting in the library, reading" bibliographic control as well as to facilitate in spite of notice after notice explaining access to this information. that all one needs do, to get library help, The Special Libraries Association has is to pick up the phone. One then needs to taken an active role in these activities, from go about attaining the ends of the library publications to workshops, to development in devious ways, which is no end disturb- of the Natural Resources Division, and to ing. cooperation among all environmentally ori- You know, dear Editor, a few years of ented SLA Divisions. With this type of this, beats one down. Don't say, "change activity going on, the future looks good for your job," you can get locked in with pen- environmental information services. sions and age; and one does have the few bright spots, when a devoted user says, "that's Barbara L. Wagner Library Reference Service exactly what I wanted! Thanks so much." Federal Aid in Fish and Wildlife Anonymous* Denver Public Library Denver, Colo. 80223 * Although Special Libraries does not normally print anonymous letters to the editor, in view Frustrated of the nature of this letter we have agreed to the author's request for anonymity. Ed. I am highly disturbed about the last para- graph in your April, 1974 editorial. We hear, over and over again, that we must sell, sell, sell. We try, try and try, again. Does it ever occur to you, that most FACTS ABOUT of us do this every day of our working lives, FACS and that, eventually, one becomes extremely Fact 1: FACS stands for Faxon's fatigued, overwhelmed and discouraged by Automated Claim System the constant mental block of male domi- Fact 2: FACS is a new automated nated managements in industry. The old system intended to make life a lot easier for you. image of the librarian, I am convinced, is Fact 3: To place a claim, all you bred into children of yesterday and today; do is complete and return our thus no matter how understanding and re- claim notice form. We then acti- ceptive managers may be, they can never vate our computer to process the really overcome the view of the "little old claim to the publisher with complete order and payment informa- ladv" librarian. tion included. I am sure that the progress and use of Fact 4: You receive a quarterly the library in an organization depend report of all your claim request solely upon the manager directly in charge activity. of a library. If he is enlightened about li- Fact 5: This is only one reason, braries, and uses them, the librarian bene- among many, why you should choose Faxon, the world's only fits immensely. If, on the other hand, the fully automated library magazine librarian, in transferring to another divi- subscription agency. For partic- sion, is placed in the computer for salary ulars, write tor a copy of our payments as a clerical by that manager, Service Brochure and annual Librarians' Guide to Periodicals. doesn't this indicate the idea of the place Or call toll-free : 1-800-225-7894. of the library in the organization in that man's mind? Only salary surveys whose results show what the management wishes to

~ -7--- -- see are accepted for use. When one is not 15 Southwest Park permitted to attend SLA Conferences, even Westwood. Massachusetts 02090

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Available from SLA .. . Continuing Education Needs of Special Librarians SLA State-of-the-Art Review No.3 Lawrence A. Allen

The research literature in continuing education needs of special librarians is reviewed in order to determine what gaps exist in the literature and to make recommendations to fill these gaps. The recommendations are divided into categories depending on whether the needs of the learner or the needs of the organization are primarily concerned.

Special Libraries Association 235 Park Avenue South, New York 10003 Once upon a time, a librarian adopted The librarian was in distress, about to a serial. In the beginning it was a thin, be swallowed up by the paper monsters, innocent-looking animal. But soon it started when who should come to the rescue to multiply at an alarming rate. The more but MIGHTY MICROFILM! serials there were, the more time, space, Gallantly, Microfilm explained how and money they demanded for proper acquiring and keeping serials in microform care. And gradually, they turned into could tame the animals - and save seemingly uncontrollable beasts. money, too. Microfilm pointed out that First, most serials had to be bound. he wasn't expensive, required no binding, A simple matter when there weren't made a home in small spaces, and didn't too many. But a financial nightmare for damage easily. "You sound too good the growing family. to be true," the librarian exclaimed. Then there was storage. As the swelling "Where can I find out more about you?" menagerie usurped more space, the And Microfilm advised the librarian to librarian realized how many thousands of write to Xerox University Microfilms, dollars the animals devoured - just sitting because they have the largest, most well- on the shelves. rounded serials collection available And sadly, the beasts were subject anywhere in microform. And they can to abuse. Patrons scribbled in them, give expert advice on serials management. ripped the pages out, and even filched The librarian got their catalog - converted entire volumes. The librarian had to replace to Microfilm - and the two of them the victims - and sometimes paid dearly. lived happily ever after.

Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road XEROX Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 XEROX" is a trademark ot XEROX CORPORATION. PUBLICATIONS FROM

YEARBOOK OF THE UNITED NATIONS 1971 "At a time when the Unlted Nations 1s approach- ing its goal of full unlversal~tyof membershlp," says Unlted Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldhetm in h~sforeword to this volume, "and when its work affects virtually all human actlvl- ties, the role of the Yearbook of the United Nations 15 more important than ever." This is the 25th volume of the only slngle-volume serles g~vingan annual, fully indexed. compact but comprehensive account-organized by subject-of the activitles of the United Nations and the inter-governmental organizations related to ~t.The Yearbook is designed as a tool for use by diplomats and other public officials, by wr~ters,scholars and educators, by librar~ans. journalists and others seeking a fuller understanding of the work of the United Nations famlly of organizations. Order No. E 73.1.1 Clothbound $35.00

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This Lockheed tool helps libraries tame it and tap it. Keeping pace with the outpouring of the world's best technical and scientific brains has been almost impossible in many fields. Now libraries can provide a low-cost, easy-to-use way of controlling and tapping this deluge of information. With Lockheed's Dialog retrieval system, the world's most important data bases can be searched for as little as $10. Or even less. Dialog data bases include: Psychological Abstracts; INSPEC (Science Abstracts); the complete National Technical l nformation Center files; PANDEX/TRANSDEX Current Index to Scientific and Technical Literature; National Agricultural Library CAI N file; COMPENDEX (Engineering Index); and Chemical Market Abstracts plus other data bases in the hard and social sciences. Almost 3,000,000 citations and abstracts all told. Dialog is easy to use. It only takes a terminal and a telephone.And it only takes a letter or a phone call to get more information. Contact Barbara Ellis, (415) 493-4411, Ext. 45635, Dept. 15-50, Bldg. 201, 3251 Hanover St., Palo Alto, Ca. 94304. In Washington, D.C., phone R. Caputo, (202) 872-5971; in New York, R. Donati, (212) 682-4630. See Dialog at the 1974 ASlS Annual Meeting in Atlanta. LOCKHEED INFORMAnON SYSTEMS Libraries Are Businesses, Too!

Shirley Echelman Chemical Bank Research Library, New York, N.Y. 10015

The working environment of the spe- cussion is the corporate business library, cia1 library is discussed, along with the because that is the type with which the library's relationship to the larger institu- author is most familiar; but most of the tional environment of which it is an in- points made here can be applied to tegral part. The framework for this dis- many other kinds of libraries as well.

TOBE successful the business librarian For example, my library reports to the must learn to speak and understand the Vice-president for Economic Research, language of business. He must do this who reports to the Vice-chairman of the not only to be able to serve his constitu- Board of Directors. Dependence upon a ents, but also to function as an accepted "trickle down" process for keeping the member of the professional and man- library informed about company plans agerial staff of a modern corporation. In and policies will eventually result in in- other words, if the librarian wants his formation service which is irrelevant to boss to understand and support the com- the company's needs. I know of a num- pany library, he had better be prepared ber of cases in which haphazard informa- to discuss his own work in his boss's tion flows to the company library have terms. resulted in cuts in staff, services, and budget; and eventually in situations in Organizational Policy and Goals which the company's employees begin to bypass their own library completely in The purpose of a corporate library is the urgent search for information. At to provide information that supports the that point, the library becomes a decora- company's work and furthers its goals. tive flower in the corporate buttonhole- In order to do this, the library must have certain to wither and be discarded. a close identification with, and knowledge of, the parent organization-its The Chief Librarian in Business structure, personnel, products, policies, plans, and the political interaction of The primary responsibility of the cor- people and departments. For this reason, porate chief librarian is to establish and the library should be situated high maintain liaison with other department enough in the corporation's organization and division managers, to ascertain needs chart so that it is perceived as a part of and evaluate trends, and to direct the the "management support structure," work of the library so that it meets cur- especially in terms of receiving informa- rent needs and is prepared for changes tion about the company and its plans. in direction before they occur. The second responsibility of the chief Second-self-confidence. This includes librarian is to manage the operations of enough belief in one's own judgment to the library; and this responsibility in- hire the best people one can find and cludes personnel management, financial then leave them free to do their Jiobs. management, plant and product manage- Too many managers, and this includes ment and product marketing manage- all kinds of managers, do not know the ment. It is therefore clear that the chief difference between supervision and nag- librarian must have strong management ging. The fear of delegating responsi- skills and a personality which is suitable billty and of being held accountable for to a managerial role. Unfortunately, mistakes is at the root of much undue those skills most essential for success in managerial interference in staff work, running a corporate library are often not and it is also at the root of a lot of staff part of the curriculum of the graduate dissatisfaction. Self-confidence, of course, library school. In fact, they are usually is considerably buoyed by a good grasp taught in the business school; and it of management skills and these can be would seem to be enormously useful for learned. the library science student who is con- Third-flexibility. I refer here to that sidering a special library career to have quality which allows one to be per- credited access to business school courses suaded by fact and reason, but not too such as the following: finance, account- easily. The flexibility of shoe leather ing, personnel management and corpo- rather than that of the cooked noodle. rate planning. The manager may enter a situation in While skills and techniques such as which he thinks he has an absolutelv those mentioned above can be learned. clear view of what is going to occur. certain personality qualities just as es- However, a rigid adherence to that vi- sential for the library manager are much sion often means that adequate solutions harder to acquire. Psychologists think are bypassed if they do not quite fit the that these traits have normally been original view. woven into the fabric of the personality Fourth-a highly developed sense of by early adolescence, long before anyone humor. Not much elaboration is neces- thinks about applying to a library sary on this point. After you encounter school. The following list results from your fifth corporate executive in as many my own observations of colleagues who days who asks sweetly when the library are especially successful at their jobs. An- is going to buy the latest porno classic, other person, observing the same group, you will know exactly what I mean. might add to or subtract from the list; The fifth and sixth qualities are com- but the differences would probably not plementary, but not quite the same. be very great. They are patience and high frustration First-an analytical intelligence. This threshold. Working through a problem, includes the capacity for walking a prob- be it the year's budget or the floor plan lem through your mind, step by step, ex- of a new library, with colleagues whose amining each step as it is made, and ar- interests may differ greatly fFom yours, riving at a conclusion based on careful whose job it may be to keep your budget examination of all available possibilities. down .while you are convinced that it This is a very different way of approach- must rise, for example, can be an ex- ing a problem from that employed by a cruciating exercise in patience. And person with a creative intelligence. Cre- since the nature of the corporate expe- kive intelligence, that ability to make rience is to balance departmental against leaps of imagination and understanding, overall goals, frustration is a frequent often produces a fine reference librarian, occurrence. more often a painter or a mathematician The secret of a successful manager is but a strong dose of analytical intelli- that he is able to employ intelligence, gence is much more important for a li- self-confidence, patience and good humor brary manager. to minimize the frustrations of corporate reality and to maximize the satisfactions women, and one is led to speculate about of his job and those of his staff members. whether the women managers are fight- ing any harder for staff raises than their The Management of Personnel male counterparts. It is very important to establish a re- While the size and quality of the col- lationship of trust among all members lection in relation to the number of users of the staff. The quality of each staff determines the excellence of an academic member's work impinges directly on the library, the mark of a first-rate special library is always an intelligent, well- work of everyone in the library. The li- trained, reference-oriented staff. All staff brarians must be able to trust the filing members must be versed in the vocabu- accuracy of the clerks; the clerks must lary of business and of the specific areas have confidence that the filing system is of enterprise in which the corporation is an efficient container for their work; and involved. At Chemical Bank, we do not that, if it is not, their recommendations have to know how to make a Eurodollar for change will be considered with re- loan, but we are all expected to under- spect by the professional staff. The tech- stand what a Eurodollar is. In many spe- nical processing people must have the cial libraries, reference librarians and assurance that their output is useful and catalogers are the same people, since a relevant and that they are getting suffi- majority of these libraries have less than cient feedback from the reference staff ten employees, including clerks and pro- about new subjects and terminology and fessionals. Therefore, flexibility is an es- time-tables for ordering and processing. sential quality for staff members as well The reference staff must be convinced as for the library manager. that the information available in the There are two schools of thought on library is well-organized, adequately how to get the best staff. The first is to classified and cataloged, filed away in a hire the most experienced people you timely fashion, and generally available can find and do as little in-house train- for reference use whenever it is required. ing as possible. The second is to hire The whole staff needs to have confi- bright but relatively inexperienced peo- dence that the chief librarian under- ple and do a great deal of in-house train- stands and relates to their day-to-day ing. The first method costs the library problems, and that he will support and more in salaries at the outset, and the advance the library's "cause" in the second costs more in training expense larger environment of the parent orga- and time but less in salaries. Actually, nization. Last but not least, the library most libraries combine the two methods manager must be able to trust that the in various ways; although in my opinion, work of the library is proceeding apace the smaller a library is, the less it can and that snags and snares will be afford to rely on in-house training. brought to his office when and as they The chief librarian is responsible for occur. Please do not think that all this supervision of the staff and for such per- "trust" just happens. On the contrary, sonnel functions as salary administration it is planted in a soil fertilized with ex- and promotion reviews. A good man- perience, training, intelligence, careful ager,-while remaining as objective as supervision and candor; and it grows possible, must be prepared to do battle slowly. But once grown, it is a sturdy in support of his staff. As the 1975 SLA and fruitful plant-rare, but a joy to see. Salary Suruey demonstrates, librarians are underpaid in relation to most other Financial Management scientific and technical professions, and women librarians are still earning only In most corporate libraries, the re- about 75% of male librarians' salaries. sponsibility for budgeting and expense A substantial number of special library control is borne by the chief librarian. managers as well as employees are He may call upon various staff members to supply information for the budgeting ager to have the plan firmly in mind process, and the heads d various depart- when the budget is prepared. ments within the library may be respon- Expense control flows naturally from sible for their departmental expendi- a well-prepared budget. It is merely a tures; but the final responsibility is his. matter of comparing actual expenditures If the manager is not responsible for fi- with budgeted amounts in each budget nancial management, he is not truly in category, and making adjustments in control of the library. current expenditures so that the budget The budgeting process--one of the is adhered to. This can be a very deli- most painful tasks I know-usually be- cate balancing act, but it is not unduly gins with the gathering of information difficult if the groundwork (the budget) on the current year's expenditures for has been well-prepared. periodicals, standing orders, monographs, microforms, computer use, sup- Plant and Product Management plies, salaries, etc. To this is added all available information about expected The final product of a special library price increases, new materials and serv- is a specific answer to a specific question. ices to be ordered, necessary additional All of the tools at the librarian's com- equipment and furniture, and an esti- mand-the catalog, the files, the refer- mate about what the inflation factor is ence collection, interlibrary connections, likely to be. knowledge of published and unpub- The framework for the budget is set lished sources of information (both in- by the company's controller. Each depart- side and outside the company), the li- ment manager normally uses a similar brarian's own training, experiences, and set of forms in preparing his budget. Ex- intelligence-are employed to one pur- penses are usually projected on a quar- pose, i.e., finding the answer. terly basis. Some companies, however, The question may be long or short, require only a single projection for the specific or broad; it may be answerable year; the author's company requires by a single figure or name, or it may re- month-by-month projections. quire a multi-page bibliography, or the Once the budget is prepared with jus- translation of several articles from Japa- tifying documentation for all projected nese into English. The answer may even increases, it is presented to the chief li- be that there is no available information brarian's supervisor. In some companies, on the subject. the budget may go through various levels In this respect more than any other, of management up to and including a the special library differs substantially budget committee composed of the chair- from the academic and public library. man of the board, the president, and the The academic or public librarian ful- controller. At any of these levels, the fills an instructive function by acquaint- chief librarian must be prepared to de- ing users with the organization of the fend the budget as presented, or to pro- catalog and the coI1ection; and by help- vide additional documentation to the ing them to cast off on voyages of dis- reviewers. To reiterate, it is a painful covery in the world of literature and process. The reward is that, by the time thought. The special library client does the chief librarian has gotten two suc- not expect to be instructed; he expects cessive budgets approved, he knows just to be informed. It is the special librar- about everything there is to know about ian's job to search the catalog and the how his department operates. collection for the needed information. The yearly budget should be presented Often, the librarian is asked to conduct in the context of a long-range plan for a complete literature search on a particu- the library which is in line with corpo- lar topic; but the client might just as rate plans and goals. This may be formal easily request that several "relevant" ar- or informal, depending on the company; ticles be found, the decision as to rele- but it is important for the library man- vance being left to the librarian. In fact, this is the more common case in a tool in business just as surely as a my library. lathe is. Therefore, special libraries are often Efficient management of information organized in nonorthodox ways, with must be predicated on the primary im- information retrieval thesauri (other- portance of reference service. No matter wise known as subject authority files) how many other jobs there are to be bearing little resemblance to classic lists done, the staff should understand and ac- such as Sears or Library of Congress. cept that answering clients' information Great reliance is placed on informal needs comes first. Acquisition, catalog- connections with other librarians; and ing, filing, indexing are all support func- the mutual exchange of information and tions for reference work. Both accuracy easy interlibrary loan arrangements are and speed are important, although expe- the hallmark of the special library. rienced librarians often make a judg- Keeping all of the above in mind, ment about whether a request with a how does the chief librarian manage the rush label need really be rush priority, library's product efficiently? Since infor- based on previous experience with the mation service is an art and not a sci- same client. ence, there is no single answer to this Emphasis must be placed on exhaus- question. However, there are several as- tive search techniques before the deci- pects which I would like to explore sion is made that no information is briefly. available. My first supervisor instructed The size of the collection is minimallv me that the library must "never say that important to the quality of information there is no answer." Of course, that's service. No special library could ever utopian, but it's not a bad idea to aim ho~eto have all the resources it needs at such an attitude. The least the librar- in-house. In certain situations, excellent ian can do is to direct the client to an reference service can be provided, tem- expert in the field who might be able to porarily at least, by librarians armed come up with an answer. chiefly with a good working knowledge In order to foster a professional atti- of nearby libraries in similar fields of tude toward information service, the endeavor, a small reference collection, staff should be given ample opportunity and a telephone equipped with a leased for interaction with other professionals long-distance (WATS) line. Of course, -both librarians and subject specialists. interlibrary reference and loan services Attendance at meetings and conferences are reciprdcal; and such a library must is to be encouraged, and should be fi- be able to return these services at some nanced by the company if at all possible. time in the foreseeable future. Information sources change constantly, Although collection size per se is of and the librarian needs to be in touch minimal importance, it is of great im- with current improvements in order to portance that the library be housed in provide top quality service. spacious and comfortable surroundings. To expect the staff to produce quality Marketing the Information Service work when they are housed in badly lit, crowded, or otherwise inadequate quar- Every resource and process in the busi- ters is unreasonable; and it is part of the ness world has a monetarv value: and chief librarian's responsibility to con- businessmen are used to the idea that vince management of that fact and to raw materials, accounting and legal serv- plan for and oversee the establishment ices, money borrowed from banks, and of an adequate physical plant in which advertising on television all cost money. the library can operate. Unfortunately, It is therefore often a surprise to find a the library is often competing with other, lack of understanding that information, more directly profitable departments for also, is a scarce and expensive commod- space; but that should not deter the li- itv. One of the most difficult iobs of the brary manager. After all, information is business librarian, it seems, is to convince the company's management that reliable and respected reference service. good information service is worth the A researcher or corporate officer for money. Many library managers try to whom you have answered a difficult circumvent this problem by making do question is your best salesman. Each with less than they really need in order reference request answered quickly and to do the job. correctly is a building block in the li- In my opinion, the correct way to brary's marketing campaign. tackle the problem is to market the library's services aggressively. Some library Conclusion marketing tools are awareness bulletins, guides to the collection, slide shows of Although this discussion was intended the library to be used at meetings, etc. to concern itself with the environment The library should keep statistics on ref- of the special library and its relationship erence questions, materials on loan, to the institution in which it operates, number of visitors daily, and any other it actually has focused on the librarian statistics that might be useful. These in a corporate environment. As librar- need not be elaborate, they may be col- ians in the business world, therefore, we lected on a random-sample basis; but will be regarded as professionals and they should be collected and summarized paid professional salaries in direct pro- regularly, because they can be a for- portion to our ability to perform that midable tool in convincing management function for which we are uniquely of the value of library service. suited and trained; and that function is The senior staff members should dis- the management of information. cuss the library's service and its relation to the company as a whole at orienta- Received for review Jul 22, 1974. Manu- tion seminars, divisional meetings and script accepted for publication Aug 5, wherever else they can get time on the 1974. Presented as a John Cotton Dana program. lecture Apr 5, 1974, at Dalhousie Uni- Most important of all marketing tools versity and Apr 24, 1974, at SUNYI at the library's command, however, is a Geneseo. The Energy Crisis and Information

Virginia D. Caswell University of California, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, Calif. 94550

The Interest in Information There is a great deal of interest in energy information and a great deal of In comparing conditions today with the national and international commit- federal money being poured into energy ments to environmental matters, we find research and development. To aid the this interesting fact: the Energy Crisis harried librarian seeking information on has precipitated an almost immediate these subjects, proposed congressional concern for the "collection, analysis, and legislation is reviewed along with avail- interpretation of information and data able sources of information on energy. relating to energy resources" (3). Perhaps the stage was set for this interest in information when, during his message to Congress on Apr 18, 1973, on "THEREis no fire without some smoke" energy policy, President Nixon specifi- -according to an old proverb. By the cally stated that "the Department [of same logic, where there are ten billion the Interior] was to develop a capacity dollars in federal funds to be spent for for gathering and analysis of energy energy research and development there data" (4). With this directive, Interior is a lot of action-and this is a twentieth Secretary Morton created five new en- century fact of life. ergy-related offices, one of which was the While still reeling from the onslaught Office of Energy Data and Analysis. This of the Environmental Decade and its office "will be the focal point within the mountain of information, we have sud- federal government for energy data and denly been dropped into the Energy information," and "its information sys- Crisis. This latest crisis promises to tem will be tailored to meet the needs of outdo both the Space Program and the government decision makers and will de- Environmental Decade in the aggregate velop the capability to make policy im- of information produced. To survive as plication studies and forecasts of energy users of this information, as decision- supply and demand" (5). and policy-makers at all levels of govern- In August 1973 Representative Mc- ment, and as locaters of this information, Cormack of Washington introduced bill we shall have to scramble to keep up. H.R. 9974 into the House of Representa- Predictions that the future is informa- tives (3). While calling for the establish- tion (1) and that "information is the key ment of a Department of Energy, the bill to the wise management of our future" provided for a "national program for (2) have almost become a reality. dissemination of scientific and technical 415 information." This was followed in Sep- of them." In summary, it is stated that tember by a bill, introduced by Repre- "the purpose of this bill is to provide sentative Charles Vanik of Ohio, for the for the improved collection, organiza- Solar Energy Development Act of 1973 tion, coordination and dissemination of (6). Section Four of this bill called for energy information by a National En- the establishment of a Solar Energy Data ergy Information System. The bureau Bank by the National Science Founda- will have the authority to collect and tion "to serve as a technical and scien- coordinate energy information from the tific library and evaluation center with public domain . . . information col- respect to the development and use of lected now by some 64 Federal agencies solar energy" (7). In introducing this . . . and essential information available bill, Representative Vanik recognized only from private industry and/or its that a "formidable obstacle to the im- trade association." Hearings on S. 2782 plementation of solar technologies is the have been held, and in July 1974 it was lack of a central clearinghouse .for stud- undergoing an executive review by the ies, reports, case histories and evaluative congressional committee. Ultimately, it information. The data bank will not will go to the Senate floor for debate only collect vital information from and, if passed, will go on to the House worldwide sources but will also facili- of Representatives. tate its dissemination." Since its introduction, the proposals of the Vanik bill Information Sources Available Now have been largely incorporated into the McCormack bill, which was reported as The situation is not hopeless because being "in conference" in July of 1974. a national energy data bank does not In October 1973 an Atomic Energy exist now. As is the case with the en- Commission draft proposal for an En- vironmental literature, our information ergy Data Bank was informally pre- resources are "fragmented" with all the sented to the AEC Librarians' Workshop attendant problems of duplication at Oak Ridge, Tennessee (8). The draft among abstracting services, incompati- proposes "the establishment of an en- bility of data bases, and the multidisci- ergy documentation data bank making plinary explosion of published informa- full use of existing resources, including tion (10). On the brighter side, as was services available from the private sec- pointed out in the AEC's draft pro- tor," and it points out "an evident need posal, "it was found that a very high for an energy literature data base of percentage of the energy-related litera- sufficient dimension to provide biblio- ture . . . some 90% . . . is already be- graphic support for a massive energy re- ing covered by existing abstracting and search and development effort." It con- indexing services" (8). If this is true, cludes, rightfully, that "as far as is what are the 90% and what do they known no such comprehensive system cover? exists." The plan was approved by the commission and is being implemented. Abstracting Services If Senators Nelson and Jackson are successful, we shall soon have a National To begin with the obvious, there are Energy Information System. A bill, S. the extensive indexing and abstracting 2782, was introduced in December 1973 services that exist to help us in the estab- to provide for the establishment of the lished branches of science and technol- Bureau of Energy Information (9). This ogy and that cover some aspects of the agency, the "co-equal sister agency of the energy problem: Chemical Abstracts, Bureau of the Census" will operate Nuclear Science Abstracts, Engineering within the Department of Commerce Index, Electrical and Electronics Engi- and "will draw on the work of public neering Abstracts, Government Research and private energy information gather- Abstracts, NASA's Scientific and Tech- ers and analyzers without displacing any nical Aerospace Abstracts, and the Geo- logical Society of America's Bibliography leum Derivatives and Related Products) and Index of Geology. For congressional into a new Section 51 entitled Fossil hearings and related information the Fuels Derivatives, and Related Products. Monthly Catalog of US. Government The present Section 76, Nuclear Tech- Publications and the Congressional In- nology, will continue to include abstracts formation Service can be consulted. Cur- on nuclear fusion, radiation, and re- rent awareness of the daily news is pro- actors. vided by the New York Times Index; and for energy information related to the A Energy Abstracts environment, we can review Air Pollu- Engineering Index, Inc., 345 East tion Abstracts, Environment Abstracts, 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017 Water Pollution Abstracts, and the Me- Initiated in April 1974 these abstracts teorological and Geoastrophysical Ab- will be available in a complete set or in stracts. However, there are a number of any one of five designated subsets: En- abstracting services specifically oriented ergy Conversion; Energy Utilization; En- toward the energy literature, and a look ergy Sources; Energy Conservation; and at these in some detail is worthwhile. Energy Production, Transmission, and Distribution. The complete set costs A API Abstracts of Refining Literature $187.50 for nine issues (April-December American Petroleum Institute, 127 1 1974), while the costs of the individual Avenue of the Americas, New York, categories vary. N.Y. 10020 The Energy Index This service, covering world-wide lit- A Environment Information Center, erature, supplies four publications on a Inc., 134 East 39th Street, New York, subscription basis: N.Y. 10016 Petroleum Refining and Petro- Published in December 1973, this serv- chemical Abstracts (weekly) ice indexes information on the energy Abstracts of Air and Water Con- issue that has appeared in the past three servation Literature and Patents years. Plans have been made to update (weekly) this service annually with a new volume Abstracts of Transportation and to be published in December each year. Storage Literature and Patents The prepublication price of the initial (monthly) volume was listed as $37.50. Abstracts of Petroleum Substitutes Literature (monthly) A Energy Review Energy Research Corporation, 6 East A Chemical Abstracts. Energy Abstracts Valerio, Santa Barbara, Calif. 93101 in Chemical Abstracts This bimonthly digestlreview service Chemical Abstracts Service, The was published for the first time early in Ohio State University, Columbus, 1974 and will cover books, conference Ohio 43210 proceedings, and nonbook materials, as Beginning in July 1974 the contents well as articles from a wide number of of Chemical Abstracts will be rear- periodicals. The subscription rate is ranged for better access to the energy- $35/year for charter subscribers. related abstracts. A new Section 52 entitled Electrochemical, Radiational, and A Fuel Abstracts and Current Titles Thermal Energy, will include all chem- Tile Institute of Fuel, 18 Devonshire ical and chemical engineering aspects of Street, Portland Place, London, W.N. nonfossil energy sources other than nu- 2AU, England clear fuels, propellants, and explosives. These abstracts, published monthly, The present Section 52 (Coal and Coal include information in twenty-two sub- Derivatives) will be combined with the ject categories: natural solid fuels; solid present Section 51 (Petroleum, Petro- fuels; derived solid fuels; natural liquid fuels; liquid fuels; derived liquid fuels; Information Bulletin: Coal Proc- natural gaseous fuels; gaseous fuels; de- essing and Combustion (10 per rived gaseous fuels; by-products deriva- year) ble from fuels; lubricants; nuclear fuels These series of abstracts are prepared and power; electric power generation; principally for use within the National steam raising; engines (including steam Coal Board. However, they are also sent engines); combustion; industrial fur- to other organizations with similar in- naceslkilns, incinerators, and driers; re- terests at their discretion. (Private com- fractories and their utilization; space munication from the National Coal heating and cooling; pollution; funda- Board.) mental science relating to fuel technology; analysis, testing, measurement and A NSF-RANN Energy Abstracts instruments. The subscription rate is Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak f 30/year, including indexes and postage. Ridge, Tenn., Miriam P. Guthrie, Editor A Gas Abstracts Institute of Gas Technology, 3424 The National Science Foundation, Re- South State Street, Chicago, Ill. 60616 search Applied to National Needs Pro- gram sponsors this monthly abstract These abstracts include information journal of energy research. The objective in nine subject categories: management oE the publication is "to disseminate as techniques; supply, production, and rapidly as possible the published results processing; transmission; storage and of work performed under the Energy Re- peakshaving; distribution; utilization; search and Analysis category of RANN. appliances and equipment; instrumenta- Other energy research results will be cov- tion and analytical methods; LP gas op- ered as far as possible." The abstracts in- eration. Published monthly at a sub- clude research on such topics as: energy scription rate of $35/year, including the resources; electric power generation; sup cumulative index. ply and demand; transmission; uncon- A International Petroleum Abstracts ventional energy sources; environmental Applied Science Publishers, Ltd., effects caused by the production of en- Ripple Road, Barking, Essex, Eng- ergy; and energy use in relation to trans- land portation. Individual issues are available Formerly entitled Abstracts of the Zn- from the National Technical Informa- stitute of Petroleum, this quarterly serv- tion Service, Springfield, Va. 22151. ice is available at an annual fee of f 8.00. A Petroleum Abstracts Principal subjects include: oil field ex- The University of Tulsa, Department ploration; transport and storage; refin- of Information Services. Tulsa, Okla. ery operations; corrosion; products; en- 74110 gines and automotive equipment; safety precautions; economics and marketing; Petroleum Abstracts review, on a pollution; education and training; mis- weekly basis, the global literature of in- cellaneous subjects. terest to the petroleum industry. A machine-readable data base of the abstracts A National Coal Board Abstracts exists for retrospective searching. The National Coal Board, Research and subscription rate must be established on Development Department, Coal an individual basis. House, Lyon Road, Harrow, Middle- sex, England A Weekly Government Abstracts: En- Abstracts A: Technical Coal Press ergy (monthly) National Technical Information Serv- Abstracts B: Coal and Mining Ge- ice, Springfield, Va. 22151 ology (bi-monthly) This weekly announcement contains Abstracts D: Fluid Mechanics (bi- reports on energy sources; energy use; monthly) supply and demand; power and heat generation; energy conversion and stor- Energy Today age; energy transmission; fuel conversion Published by Trends Publishing, Inc., processes; and energy policies, regula- National Press Building, Washington, tions and studies. An annual subscrip- D.C. 20004, on a bimonthly basis. The tion costs $22.50. subscription rate is $90/year first class A Weekly Government Abstracts: Nat- surface mail and $95/year for domestic ural ~esources air mail. National Technical Information Serv- Energy Users Report ice, Springfield, Va. 22151 This is a weekly publication of the This abstracting service includes re- Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1231 port literature in the following subject 25th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. categories: mineral industries, natural 20037. The cost of a subscription is resources management, natural resource $184/year. reviews, geology and geophysics, and hy- drology and limnology. A subscription PUR Energy and Environment Emer- costs $22.50/year. gency Control Seruice Inaugurated in January 1974, this Newsletter /Digest Services service issues bulletins at least every two weeks and more often if necessary. While abstracting and indexing It is published by Public Utilities Re- sources are helpful for retrospective as- ports, Inc., 1828 L Street, N.W., Suite pects of the energy literature, the news- 502, Washington, D.C. 20036 at a cost letter/dig&t services are our most val- of $30/month. uable sources of up-to-date information. While they ordinarily provide little in- Weekly Energy Report depth coverage, they are extremely Published by Weekly Energy Report, worth while for up-to-the-minute report- 1238 National Press Building, Washing- ing of new legislation, appointments of ton, D.C. 20004. An annual subscription personnel, and similar information. The costs $250. following is not to be considered as a comprehensive list, but as a list of serv- Energy Information in Conclusion ices available at the time of this writing. As can be seen, we are not destitute Energy Digest when it comes to sources of information Previously entitled Energy Conversion on the Energy Crisis. A number of the Digest, it is published twice monthly by abstracting services have their biblio- Scope Publications, Inc., 1120 National graphic information available both on Press Building, Washington, D.C. 20004 machine-readable tapes and in a conven- and is available by subscription at $1251 tional format. However, it cannot be year. denied that these diverse elements can be better coordinated for more efficient Energy Management use. Whether a National Energy Infor- Issued in a loose-leaf format on a mation System will evolve remains to be weekly basis, this is a publication of the seen; it may meet the same fate as the Commerce Clearing House, Inc., 4025 National Environmental Data System, W. Peterson Avenue, Chicago, Ill. 60646. which died of a presidential veto. In the A subscription can be obtained at a cost meantime, we can use the sources avail- of $160/year, or $144/year for two years. able to us and hope for a better day. Energy Resources Report Acknowledgment A weekly newsletter published by Business Publishers, Inc., P.O. Box 1067 The work for this paper was done un- Blair Station, Silver Spring, Md., at a der the auspices of the U.S. Atomic En- subscription rate of $l2O/year. ergy Commission. Literature Cited 7. Congress, 93rd. First Session, House of Representatives / H.R. 10479. (A bill to 1. Henry, Nicholas / The Future as In- authorize and direct the Secretary of formation. Futures 5 (no.4): 392-400 Commerce to study applications of solar (Aug 1973). energy, to establish a system of grants 2. "Information for a Changing Society," for solar energy research, and to estab- Paris, Organization for Economic Coop- lish the Solar Energy Data Bank.) Sep eration and Development, 1971. 24, 1973. 3. Congress, 93rd. First Session, House of 8. "OIS Plan for Indexing Energy Litera- Representatives / "Energy Reorganiza- ture." Atomic Energy Commission, Of- tion Act of 1973." H.R. 9974. (A bill to fice of Information Services, Draft pro- establish a Department of Energy, Au- posal, Jul 5, 1973. Unpublished. gust 3, 1973.) 9. Congressional Record S22002422014 4. Nixon, Richard M. / "Energy Policy." (Dec 6, 1973). (U.S. Senate, S. 2782, a (The President's message to Congress bill to establish a National Energy In- announcing Executive actions and pro- formation System.) posing enactment of bills to provide 10. Caswell, Virginia D. / "Environmental for energy needs, April 18, 1973.) Information-Can We Get There?" Weekly Compilation of Presidential Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, UCRL- Documents 9 (no.16) (Apr 23, 1973). 75126, Oct 4, 1973. 5. "Interior streamlines energy organization." Public Utilities Fortnightly p.30 (Jun 7, 1973). 6. Vanik, Charles / "Introduction of the Solar Energy Development Act of 1973." Received for review May 20, 1974. Re- Congressional Record E6002-E6004 (Sep vised manuscript accepted for publica- 24, 1973). tion Aug 5,1974. Picture Professionalism. Part I

Renata V. Shaw

Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C.

Figure 1. Picture professionalism is a new con- Newspaper photographers at Vanderbilt-Sz6chenyi wedding, New York City, January 1908. Photograph cept among specialists in this field. Pic- by Bain News Service. Prints and Photographs Divi- ture librarianship is described in its sion, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. many facets to clarify the present state of the profession and to form a basis for a set of standards.

HERMANGRIMM, the German art historian, was the first university professor to use slides of works of art in his lectures at the University of Berlin in 1892. This daring innovation caused a stir in the scholarly world. The professor was criticized for using lantern slides to teach a serious subject! This anecdote is retold because it vividly illustrates a still currently encoun- tered point of view. Even today in certain circles there is something not quite "serious" about the use of visual docu- world of communications has undergone mentation in research. Any scholarly text a process of technical and social change. will be backed by supportive footnotes; In the late 19th century newspapers however, the pictures used by the same started cautiously using direct photo- author may lack proper identification graphic illustrations in their pages in- and documentary accuracy. stead of having to rely on wood engrav- Picture librarianship as a special field ings based on photographs. In the of library science encourages a profes- beginning of the new process it was con- sional approach toward visual documents sidered unartistic and it therefore met and considers these research materials of with resistance from newspaper editors. equal importance with manuscripts, But with time the ease and speed of the maps, music, or any other primary photographic process emerged victorious. sources of scholarship. Journalistic photography was then in Visual documentation has branched its infancy. Newspapers acquired their into several new professional fields in pictures from independent photogra- the twentieth century because the whole phers or agencies which in turn purchased their photographs from any Figure 2. available source. Documentary pictures Your Red Cross needs you1 Poster by James Montgom- were of necessity static, utilitarian, and, ery Flagg. Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. I in most cases. unimaginative. The demand for iews pictures and the improvement of photographic and printing technology developed side by side during the first decades of the twentieth century. During World War I photojournalism gained greatly in importance.- Although cameras were still cumbersome to transport and rapid movement could not be caught on film, people were able to follow the war through photographs published in daily papers and particularly in weekly journals. Governments used pictures for patriotic propaganda, for information and for gathering intelligence. Weeklies such as the Illustrated London News covered the war in photographs as well as on the spot journalistic sketches. Aerial photography of battle scenes gave the people at home a bird's- eye view of troop movements which en- abled them to follow the advance of their armies. Newspaper editors treated individual photographs mainly as isolated illustrations of s~ecificmoments. Portraits of prominent men killed in the war were graphs more natural and caused people printed in rows upon rows of similar to be caught off guard in casual unposed poses. Action photographs were also un- situations. imaginatively lined up without any The picture press became firmly estab- thought to page layout to dramatize the lished in the Western countries in the most simificantD events. 1920's. German picture magazines were At the turn of the century color il- the first ones to fully exploit the new in- lustrations appeared on the cover of vention of quick photography. The Ber- Christmas issues or special commemora- liner Zllustrierte and the Munchner Zl- tive magazines for historic oc- lustrierte Presse delighted their readers casions. Routine use of color in weekly with informal photographs of the activi- magazines came much later. Only after ties of the great of the day. The French the Second World War, when color film magazine Vu presented in-depth cover- and printing technology again could fo- age of events in picture essays. This new cus on commercial magazines did these format was continued in England by the start using color routinely in illustra- Picture Post and in the United States by tions as well as pictorial advertisements. Life founded in 1936. The 1925 invention of a lightweight, Magazines derived their income from small and fast camera changed the char- advertisers who used commercial art to acter of the photographic image. A roll convince readers of the excellence of film containing 36 exposures made it their products. Pictorial advertisements possible for the professional, and soon vied for the attention of the reader with also the amateur, to take photographs other illustrations because these were fairly unobtrusively. This made photo- cleverly interspersed among the regular magazine features. Advertising agencies Figure 3. created pictorial identities for their Picture Research in the Prints and Photographs Read- clients so that an image was automati- ing Room, Library of Congress, April 1972. Photo- graph by the Information Office, Library of Congress, cally associated with a product. The Washington, D.C. often repeated picture re-enforced the message of the advertiser. Photography and commercial art have almost imperceptively changed the visual world of twentieth century man. Without fully analyzing the implications of the picture explosion every field of human endeavor has been subtly changed by the visual approach. Wherever we look around us today pictures play a vital role in society. Their language has now become so di- versified that individual collections have been forced to create organizational schemes and retrieval systems adapted specifically to the visual approach to knowledge. We have today a professional group of picture specialists working in libraries, historical societies, government agencies, Figure 4. international organizations, and pub- Whooping Cranes. Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, Texas. Photograph by Luther C. Goldman, Bureau of lishing houses. Some of these profes- Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Photographic Collection, sionals have received part of their train- Washington, D.C. ing in library schools but most of their knowledge is based on an on-the-job experience because the schools of library science have largely ignored the field of picture librarianship.

Picture Librarianship The duties of the picture librarian may include picture acquisition, selection, processing, reference work, preservation, and administration of the collections. Although some duties parallel those in book collections, there are many special problems directly related to the pic- . . ture format. We will discuss the different message across. Examples of this type of aspects of picture professionalism start- agency in the Federal Government are ing with picture acquisition. the U.S. Army Photographic Agency, the Many picture collections owe their ex- Department of Housing and Urban De- istence so clearly to an agency whose velopment Photograph Collection, the mission they must document and sup- Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife port that their acquisitions work con- Photographic Collection, or the Photo sists of serving directly the promotional File of the Agency for International De- goals of the agency. The picture librar- velopment. ian absorbs the culture of his agency and Private, commercial, as well as edu- acquires pictures which help to get the cational organizations also have picture Figure 5. Figure 6. Products of the Bombay Plant of Union Carbide India, Overland Mail Coach in the Wells Fargo Bank History Ltd. include such basic chemicals and plastics as acetic Room, 1970. Photograph by Cal-Pictures. Wells Forgo acid and polyethylene, 1974. Photograph by Union Bank History Room, San Francisco, Calif. Carbide Corporation, New York, N.Y.

to a background in the history of visual communication and a knowledge of available sources for pictures outside one's own organization. Pictures are acquired by purchase, exchange, gift, or solicitation. Organiza- tions employing staff artists or photographers can have their pictures made to collections, and these are often also ar- order on professional assignment and ranged to serve the needs of their clients should thus be in the position to choose very specifically. Their acquisitions are their pictures to meet their specific very closely dependent on the goals of needs. the organization. Examples of these pic- It is a more co~nplicatedtask to judge ture collections are those of the Union the contents and research value of a col- Carbide Corporation, Wells Fargo Bank, lection offered for sale. The purchaser and the National Audubon Society. must make a thorough study of the pic- When the relationship between the tures offered to him because he must picture collection and the agency it judge not only the subject matter but serves is one of mutual re-enforcement of also the technical quality of the items. identical goals, the picture specialist is If the collection consists of photographs, necessarily also a subject specialist in a the original negatives often form part field such as military history, natural re- of the collection. If these are nitrate sources, technology, communications, art negatives, the purchaser has to be pre- history, or almost any other discipline pared to store these in air conditioned which lends itself to visual interpreta- vaults. He will also eventually want to tion. convert the whole collection to safety Acquisitions are thus based on a film. If all of these additional costs in- knowledge of a subject field in addition curred by the purchaser make the whole Figure 7. Bollman Suspension and T~uedBridge, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Savage, Md., 1970. Photograph by Wm. Ed- mund Barrett. Historic American Engineering Record, National Park Service, Department of the Interior, Warhlng- ton, D.C.

collection too expensive for him to main- in unopened boxes somewhere in a stor- tain, he should decide against the pur- age area! The donor may also show his chase of the collection. displeasure if the collection has been Gifts and exchange agreements can dispersed against his will. Therefore, it also lead the acquisitions librarian into is important to discuss the arrangement unforeseen Pictures which are of the collection at the time it changes "free" because they are offered as gifts hands. If the conditions imposed by the or on an exchange basis may need ex- donor do not suit the library, the pic- pensive remounting, re-jacketing, or cap- tures should not be accepted. tioning before they can be integrated A picture librarian should make so- into the existing picture collections. This licitation for pictures an integral part of processing work may be quite beyond his work. There are many sad stories the capacity of the limited size of the told about picture collections contained staff of the picture collection. Therefore, in newspaper morgues, individual pho- care has to be taken to study the gift or tographer's personal files and in the exchange offer thoroughly in advance. hands of gifted amateurs lost to posterity The donor of the gift will also in- because nobody was aware of the value variably return to visit "his collection." of these materials to the modern picture It is most embarrassing for the recipient researcher. The general public should of the pictures if the donor discovers that be educated to judge the significance of his has been neglected and remains visual documents in order to realize that Figure 8. Figure 9. Picture Specialist Looking at Slides Selected for Active "X-Rays" Etching and Aquatint by John Sloan, 1926. Files, 1974. Copyright, National Geographic Magazine, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md. Washington, D.C.

there may be a library, historical society, or other agency in their own community vitally interested in old drawings, prints, and photographs. In this age of historic preservation of individual buildings and whole neigh- Scientific picture collections serving borhoods, much useful information is the general public, such as those of the gleaned from the study of old photo- National Air and Space Agency in Wash- graphs in local picture files. ington, D.C.I consist of photographs carefully selected to make space explora- tion exciting and intelligible to the lay- Picture Selection man. It would be an impossible task for Before accepting a collection from the average user to make sense of the any source, the picture librarian should complete collection in Houston where always insist upon the right to make a he would have to consult files containing selection of the best pictures in the col- every picture ever taken during Amer- lection. Otherwise he may get stuck with ica's space flights. duplicates, technically inferior photo- The National Geographic Society also graphs, or innumerable stock pictures of practices photograph selection based on sweet babies, darling kittens, and bath- the judgment of picture professionals. ing beauties. The best pictures from any one assign- Intelligent picture selection implies a ment are kept in special files. The re- clear understanding of one's own col- jected ones are arranged in back-up files lection and its gaps and a firm determina- for possible future use. However, these tion to exclude irrelevant or unsuitable do not receive the same cataloging as pictures. Even a "universal" picture col- those pictures kept in the active files. lection should only include a manage- Picture collections may be primarily able assortment of pictures in any one scientific (American Chemical Society), category. technical (Naval Historical Center), edu- Figure 10. Mount Vernon in 1792. Oil Painting, Anonymous. Mount Vernon Ladies Association Research and Reference Li- brary, Mount Vernon, Va.

Figure 11. Saguaro Cactus. Saguaro National Monument, Ari- zona. Photograph by Fred Mang, Jr. National Park Service, Washington, D.C. cational (National Library of Medicine), cultural (Mount Vernon Ladies Associa- tion Research and Reference Library), recreational (National Park Service) or artistic (National Collection of Fine Arts). Most collections consist of pictures where more than one of these functions overlap. In selecting pictures the librarian has to remember constantly the criteria of selection for his particular spe- cialization and exclude unsuitable materials. Technical excellence is also an important selection tool. There are, neverthe- less, cases where a less than perfect picture will document a person, a locality or an event not otherwise covered by the collection. In such instances a poor picture is preferable to no picture at all. Occasionally potential donors put re- strictions on their picture collections. This adds the inconvenience of ascer- Figure 12. taining rights and permissions questions Subject Heading Card, Prints and Photographs Divi- every time a picture is used. It also fre- sion, Library of Congress. quently entails charging a special permissions fee for every image reproduced WEST from the collection. If the fee goes into a me also COWBOYS revolving fund to maintain the collec- DANCE HALLS tion, the added work in writing out spe- EXECUTIONS AND HANGINGS cial orders can be justified. But if the fee BISON HUNTING BY WHITE MEN CONESTOGA WAGONS is simply channeled back to the donor, MASSACRES the collection administrator should PACK TRAINS TRADING POSTS weigh the pros and cons of accepting the WELLS FARGO collection in the first place. Another important aspect of selection is the potential space needed for the col- Figure 13. lection. If the pictures consist of large Projected Paper Mill in Finland Showing Site for Which recruiting posters, map drawers will be Loan Is Being Sought from the Wald Bank, 1961. Photograph by Pietinen. World Bank Group Photo needed for their storage. Only a collec- Library, Washington, D.C. tion with considerable room and a chance for expansion should accept collections of pictures in oversize formats. If the posters are truly huge, they will have to be photographed so that users can work with small easily handled photographs rather than the unwieldy originals. Color slides also demand special storage drawers and air-conditioned stacks. A selections librarian should not start a slide collection without studying the special demands made on the staff by color slides which demand more attention in daily usage than black and white photographs.

Picture Processing changes and a continuously expanding subject heading list. The author will not devote much Another important feature is consist- space to the subject of picture processing ency and accuracy in captions. Nothing since this was discussed in her two ar- is more frustrating to a reader than a ticles on "Picture Organization" pub- picture which lacks proper identification lished in Special Libraries in October or only has a partial caption. and November of 1972. Yet it should be An ideal system for the organization of realized that pictures can be arranged in photographs, prints, or other visual ma- self-indexing files, they can be given indi- terials cannot be created on a national vidual cataloging, or they can be di- basis because the emphasis of every pic- vided into batches and then cataloged in ture collection is different. groups. The collections of the National Ar- The most important thing is to main- chives and of the Library of Congress are tain an authority file for subject head- universal in scope and thus encompass ings and their breakdowns so that an nearly every subject and medium used orderly process of continuous develop for visual information. It is hard to cre- ment can take place regardless of staff ate suitable subject headings for these enormous visual collections because the subject headings. Frequent updating of original information received with the headings is typical of this collection be- pictures varies so greatly in emphasis cause new nomenclature enters the chem- and specificity. ical field continuously. Small, specialized collections can ap- Picture work demands from the cata- proach their cataloging problems from a loging staff a true understanding of the more flexible, individualistic and subject special nature of visual media. The staff centered viewpoint. The World Bank should be encouraged to supplement and Group Photo Library documents the ac- refine any existing lists of subject head- tivities of three international banks for ings created for books and design their reconstruction and development. A typi- own headings based on the needs of their cal documentary photograph is devoted own special clientele. to the "loan signing" ceremony between If all catalogers were encouraged to the officials of the bank and the repre- spend some part of their working time sentative of a country receiving the loan. helping researchers in a picture collec- Next to this picture are filed photo- tion, they would gain insight into the graphs showing the realization of the problems created for reference staff by project for which the loan was granted. inadequate and incomplete cataloging. This type of highly individualistic sub- First-hand experience with picture reject arrangement is feasible in a photo- searchers and their problems will im- graph collection closely tied in with in- prove the present state of picture proc- formation in daily press releases and am- essing. ple documentation from official reports of the agency. The American Chemical Society pic- Received for review Jun 28, 1974. Man- ture collection uses the Chemical Engi- uscript accepted for publication Jul 10, neering Thesaurus as a basis for their 1974. Productive Journal Titles in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Katherine C. Owen Warner-Lambert Research Institute, Morris Plains, N.J. 07950

A major responsibility of an indus- journal titles cited on their own product trial pharmaceutical information service bibliographies. These data were used to is the compilation of drug product bib- identify and rank the 572 journal titles liographies. Fifteen libraries in the phar- which account for 90% of the citations maceutical industry submitted counts of on drug product bibliographies.

THEPHARMACEUTICAL industry Table 1. has traditionally spent a great deal of Librclvy Number of Titles Number of Entries effort in finding, recording, indexing, and retrieving published literature on drug products. Each company maintains comprehensive bibliographies on its own products. These bibliographies used in all company departments (marketing, research, professional services, etc.) are available to the practicing physician and other members of the health care profession for the ultimate benefit of the patient. In the case of new drugs, product bibliographies are also required by regulations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. No other industry group, at least in the United States, has the obligation to report to a regulatory agency on current literature as does the counts of the journal titles appearing on pharmaceutical industry. product bibliographies for a three-year What journal titles are likely to yield period 1969-71 as shown in Table 1. items for these product bibliographies? From these data it was hoped to provide It is to this question that the present lists of those journals most productive study addresses itself. The idea for the of such literature. study survey originated with the Phar- The original list of journals compiled maceutical Division, Special Libraries from the reports of the cooperating li- Association. braries contained 2,230 journal titles; journal name changes, mergers of titles, etc., produced a total of 2,017 for analy- Methods sis. These 2,017 journal titles accounted All Pharmaceutical Division members for 33,119 product related papers. representing 65 industrial libraries were For deep analysis, a list of the top invited to participate and a group of 15 ranking 200 journals was constructed and libraries cooperated in providing actual appears as List 1 and accounted for Table 2. fewer papers than Diseases of the Ner- vous System and each entry from the for- Cumulated Number of mer journal carries greater weight than % of Items from Number of Journal an entry from the latter journal. In some Product Bibliographies Journal Titles Titles cases we determined rank by manual &lo% ...... count of a year's issues of a journal title 11-20% ...... 21-30% ...... when it was not part of the JCR record. 31-40% ...... 41-50% ...... 5160% ...... Results 61-70% ...... 72.6% (List 1) ...... List 1 contains the following addi- 72.7-80% ...... tional information: JCR rank (revised, 81-90% (Lists 1 & 2) .... see below); coverage by indexing/ 91-100% ...... abstracting services including Interna- List 1 =the top ranking 200 journal titles of this study. tional Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Index Medicus, Excerpta Medica, and listing in List 2 = 372 additional iournal titles which combined with List 1 provided 90% of bibliographic Brandon (3); and Food and Drug Ad- items cited. ministration Designated Journals (4). JCR ranks the importance of 1,000 scientific journal titles based on fre- quency of citation. These journals range 24,036 (72.6%) of the 33,119 product pa- from Journal of the American Chemical pers submitted. Each journal title on Society, rank 1 down to the 1,000th title List 1 had 33 or more entries. List 2 Genetica. After we ranked each of the gives, in alphabetical order, an addi- journal titles in List 1, a comparison of tional 372 journal titles which produced the JCR rank number for the journal large numbers of entries but thk journal was made (a total of 143 journal titles titles are not ranked. Each journal title appeared on both lists); this comparison on List 2 accounted for 7-33 entries. showed that there was a rank varying Lists 1 and 2 account for 29,807 papers from 3 on the JCR list to 962. Because or 90% of 33,119 papers. Table 2 breaks of this spread, the JCR rankings were down the number of journal titles which renumbered from 1 (Journal of Biologi- account for varying percentages of items cal Chemistry) to 143 (Minnesota Medi- from the product bibliographies. cine) for ease in comparing the two lists. Comparisons of rank or coverage by The closest rank correspondence be- several indexinglabstracting services tween the two lists was Journal of the available to pharmaceutical information American Pharmaceutical Association groups were made. To determine rank, which ranked 116 on both lists: the the number of entries for each iournal widest rank variation was Biochemical title was arranged in descending order. Biophysical Research Communications If, as happened frequently, two or more ranked 191 on our list vs. 18 on the re- journals produced the same number of vised JCR list. entries, rank was determined by use of Brandon (3) biennially lists books and Journal Citation Reports (I), referred to journals to be used as a selection aid by hereafter as JCR. One way of evaluating the small medical library. The 1973 re- the importance of a specific periodical is vision contains 136 journal titles. Sixty- to use Garfield's Impact Factor (2). This nine of his journals can be found on our factor is a ratio of the number .of cita- top 200 list (34.5%). Our list shows tions divided by the total number of ar- heavy coverage in the pharmaceutical ticles. For example, PsychopharmacoEogia sciences, an area we would not expect to and Diseases of the Neroous System pro- find covered completely in Brandon. duced the same number of entries (217) Coverage by International Pharma- in our listing but use of JCR indicated ceutical Abstracts included 87.5% of the that Psychopharmacologia published far journal titles on List 1 and 46% of titles on List 2 for an overall percentage of library which has been further refined by 60.37, from both Lists 1 and 2. Index Rasile and Smith (6) to produce the 90% Medicus covers 91.5(y0 of the journal pharmaceutical library. One of the in- titles on List 1 and 77.1% of List 2 titles, teresting observations made in this study with a combined percentage of 82.2%. is the relatively large number (572) of The highest percentage coverage appears journal titles required to account for to be that by Excerpta Medica services 90% of citations reported. Sengupta (7) which was 957, in the case of List 1 analyzed the literature of biochemistry journals arid 867, for List 2 with a com- reporting only 80 journal titles that ac- bined coverage of 89%. The FDA List of counted for 90% of citations in a three- Designated Journals (4) covers 71% of year run of Annual Reuiew of Biochem- the titles reported in List 1; titles in List istry. Clearly the pharmaceutical indus- 2 were not checked against the FDA list. try library cannot exist with a ". . . hand- Although 57 of our top journal titles ful of journals (say at the most 50-100) do not appear on the ICR list d 1,000 which contain 90% or more of the sig- titles, the JCR list covers a full range of nificant literature. . . ." scientific disciplines, not a specialized Results of studies by Whittle (8) at journal title list such as ours. If we look Edinburgh University's Central Medical at the first 200 titles on the JCR list, 128 Library and by Fleming and Kilgour (9) of the journal titles there do not appear at Columbia and Yale Medical Libraries on our complete list of 2,017. It should more closely match our findings. The be emphasized that while JCR listed Edinburgh study was based on the jour- 71.5% of our Liit 1 and 32.3% from List nal requirements necessary for a medical 2, the Institute for Scientific Informa- school library; the medical school staff tion, with Current Contents Life Sci- identified 523 journals that met 90% of ences and Current Contents Clinical their needs. The Columbia-Yale list was Practice, today covers 91.57, of the jour- based upon recorded usage (a count of nals on List 1 and 66.67, of List 2 jour- charge slips) of more than 1,900 titles nal titles. available at Columbia and 1,551 titles One of the libraries cooperating in available at Yale. It was found that 262 providing data for this sui-vey submitted journals supplied 807, of usage and 423 entries from 996 different journal titles titles supplied 907,. Thus the 907, fig- of the original list of 2,017; this library's ure of 523 journals from the Whittle list of. subscriptions was available for study and Columbia-Yale's figure of 423 study. Of the top 200 journals this li- titles compare with 572 titles identified brary actually subscribed to 163 of List in the present study as the 907, most 1 journal titles (82.5%) and in the case productive of product papers recorded of List 2, the library received 149 of the by the pharmaceutical industry. At the 372 journal titles (407,). Combining 507, level of usage, Fleming and Kilgour both lists, the library received 312 of 572 identified 67 most heavily used journal journals (54.57,). titles and our figures list 69 journals. Comparing the two lists of journal titles, Discussion 25 titles are common to both. An analysis of journal titles in a study It is apparent that secondary services such as this can show the relative impor- including Current Contents, Index Med- tance of a grouping of journals such as icus, Excerpta Medica, and International foreign language titles (Arzneimittel- Pharmaceutical Abstracts or outside Forschung, rank 8 and Deutsch Medizi- scanning services are necessary to pro- nische Wochenschrift rank 10, for exam- vide more complete coverage of the prod- ple) or the state medical journals. uct literature than is obtainable with Twenty-eight state medical journals on one's own resources. The goal of 90% List 1 or 2 produced 795 bibliographic "completeness," .to which many of us items; 4 journal titles were on the top aspire, can be traced to Bourne's (5) 907, 200 journal list-California Medicine, Alinnesota Medicine, New York State not this is by internal scantling, use of a Journal of Medicine, and Northzuest scanning service, or the fruitful second- Medicine. ary services including Index Medicus, One unanswered question is whether International Pharmaceutical Abstrncts, several libraries submitted the same ar- and the publications of Excerpta Medica ticle as a bibliographic item; i.e., did a and Institute for Scientific Information. paper dealing with both Ledermycin (Lederle) and Darvon (Lilly) skew re- Acknowledgments sults in our study? We have found on We gratefully acknowledge the assistance our own company's bibliographies that given by the staffs of the library and infor- 15% of references appear on two or mation groups from the following compa- more product bibliographies. Would it nies who supplied counts from their prod- have changed the results if actual cita- uct bibliographies: Bristol-Myers I'roducts, tions were matched with duplicates and CIBA-Geigy, Knoll Pharmaceutical Co., Eli then counted once against a journal Lilly and Company, McNeil Laboratories, 8c title? Inc., Miles Laboratories, Inc., Parke-Davis Co., Pennwalt Corporation, Riker Labora- The value of a study such as this is not tories, Inc., A. H. Robins Company, lnc., so much its use as a purchasing or stor- Schering Corp., G. I). Searle Sc Co., Upjohn age guide but to be sure the important Co., Vitamins Inc.. and Warner-Lamhert journals are being covered-whether or Company.

List 1. Inter- JCR'~ notional Ronk Rank FDA Pharma- Present (rev.) List Excerpta Brandon ceutical Index Study Ref. (1) Ref. (4) Medica Ref. (3) Abstracts Medicus .-- BRIT MED J J AMER MED ASS LANCET N ENGL J MED MED J AUST AMER J OBSTET GYNECOL CURR THER RES ARLNEIM FORSCH ARCH INT PHARMACODYN THER DEUT MED WOCHENSCHR J PHARM SCI BRIT J PHARMACOL J PHARM PHARMACOL J PHARMACOL EXP THER FED PROC ARCH INTERN MED CLlN PHARMACOL THEP PRACTITIONER ANN INTERN MED ARCH DERMATOL PROC SOC EXP BlOL MED PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIA DIS NERV SYST NATURE CLlN RES EUR J PHARMACOL MED KLIN' (MUNICH) J CLlN ENDOCRINOL TOXICOL APPL PHARMACOL ANESTH ANALG (CLEVELAND) Inter- JCR~~ national Rank Rank FDA Phanna- Present (rev.) List Excerpta Bmdon ceutical Index Study Ref. (1) Ref. (4) Medica Ref. (3) Abstracts Medicus

BIOCHEM PHARMACOL ACTA MED SCAND PHARMACOLOGIST GASTROENTEROLOGY J CLlN PHARMACOL J NEW DRUG J INFEC DIS J PEDIAT CAN MED ASS J N Y STATE J MED OBSTET GYNECOL S MED J ACTA ENDOCRINOL (COPENHAGEN) CLlN MED APPL MlCROBlOL FERT STBRIL MUENCHEN MED WOCHENSCHR J LAB CLlN MED DIABETES LIFE SCI J CLlN INVEST AMER J PSYCHIAT AMER J CLlN PATHOL BRlT J DERMATOL ANN N Y ACAD SCI POSTGRAD MED J AMER VET MED ASS CONTRACEPTION SCHWEIZ MED WOCHENSCHR NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERGS ARCH PHARMAKOL CANCER ME0 WELT PEDIATRICS AMER HEART J J AMER GERIAT SOC BRIT J ANAESTH ACTA PHYSIOL SCAND MINERVA MED MED CLlN N AMER AMER J MED SCI AMER J PHYSIOL PRESSE MED AMER J MED EUR J CLlN PHARMACOL CLlN CHEM J UROL ENDOCRlNOLOGY ANN ALLERGY AMER J DIG DIS ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT ARCH SURG ANESTHESIOLOGY NEUROPHARMACOLOGY CIRCULATION AMER J OPHTHALMOL J REPROD FERT AMER J CLlN NUTR ARCH OPHTHALMOL RADIOLOGY GAZ MED FR BIOCHIM BIOPHYS ACTA CLlN TRIALS J ANTIBIOTIKI (MOSCOW) J NUCL MED NED TIJDSCHR GENEESK J BACTERIOL EXPERlENTlA ACTA PHARMACOL TOXICOL 434 Inter- JCR~~ national Rank Ronk FDA Phanno- Present (rev.) List Excerpta Brandon ceutical Index Study Ref. (1) Ref. (4) Medica Ref. (3) Abstracts Medicus

BRIT J CLlN PRACT HOSPITAL (RIO DE JANEIRO) POSTGRAD MED J BLOOD NEUROLOGY ANAESTHESIST MlNN MED J ENDOCRINOL AMER J DIS CHILD THERAPIE DRUG INTEL CLlN PHARM BRlT J PSYCHIAT AMER REV RESPIRAT DIS PSYCHOSOMATICS J PHYSIOL SCIENCE JAP J PHARMACOL CANCER RES J AMER PHARM ASS CALIF MED PROC NAT ACAD SCI USA BRlT J VENER DIS J ALLERGY PRAXIS GUT J MED CHEM ANN SURG BIOCHEM J ARS MED (NIVELLES) TIDSSKR NOR LAEGEFOREN J CHROMATOGR GERIATRICS KLlN WOCHENSCHR ANTlMlCROB AG CHEMOTHER WlEN MED WOCHENSCHR AMER J CARDIOL HORM METAB RES MED TIMES METAB CLlN EXP FARMAKOL TOKSIKOL J INVEST DERMATOL THERAPIEWOCHE INT ARCH ALLERGY APPL IMMUNOL ARCH NEUROL C R SOC BlOL PROC ROY SOC MED HOSP FORMULARY MANAGE MOD TREAT CHEST SURGERY MED LETT SURG GYNECOL OBSTET AMER J SURG ACTA DERMATOL-VENEREOL CAN ANESTH SOC J J CLlN PATHOL BOLL SOC ITAL BlOL SPER AMER FAM PHYS CLlN TER DRUG THER BULL ClRC RES ORAL SURG ORAL MED ORAL PATH01 SCAND J CLlN LAB INVEST J BlOL CHEM J EXP MED S AFR MED J Inter- JCR~~ national Rank Rank FDA Pharma- Present (rev.) List Excerpta Brandon ceutical Index Study Ref. (1) Ref. (4) Medica Ref. (3) Abstracts Medicus CLlN SCI I64 ARCH OTOLARYNGOL I65 CLlN PEDIAT 166 INT J CLlN PHARMACOL THER I67 PHARM J 168 EYE EAR NOSE THROAT MONTHLY I69 CAN J PHYSIOL PHARMACOL 170 PHARMACOLOGY 171 JAP J ANTlBlOT 172 ENDOKRINOLOGIE 173 GER MED MON 1 74 PATIENT CARE MYKOSEN BRIT MED BULL CUTIS PFLUEGERS ARCH THROMB DlATH HAEMORRH STEROIDS JAP J ANESTHESIOL LAEKARTIDNINGEN LlLLE MED ARCH PHARM (WEINHEIM) FORTSCHR MED MED WORLD NEWS Z ALLGEMEINMED NORD MED ARK ARTHRITIS RHEUM BIOCHEM BIOPHYS RES COMMUN ANESTH ANALG REANIM CHEMOTHERAPY (BASEL) NORTHWEST MED SEM HOP ACTA ANAESTHESIOL INT J FERT DERMATOLOGICA EUR J BIOCHEM ACTlV NERY SUPER

List 2.

ACTA ALLERGOL AMER J MED TECHNO1 ACTA ANAESTHESIOL SCAND AMER J NURSING ACTA BlOL MED GER AMER J PATHOL ACTA CHEM SCAND AMER J PHARM ACTA NEUROL SCAND AMER J ROENTGENOL ACTA OBSTET GYNAECOL JAP AMER J TROP MED HYG ACTA OBSTET GYNECOL SCAND AMER J VET RES ACTA PAEDIAT SCAND AMER SURG ACTA PATHOL MlCROBlOL SCAND ANAESTHESIA ACTA PEDIAT ESPAN ANAL BIOCHEM ACTA PHARM HUNG ANAL CHEM ACTA PHARM SUECICA ANAL CHlM ACTA ACTA PHYSIOL ACAD SCI HUNG ANGIOLOGY ACTA PHYSIOL PHARMACOL NEER ANN ANESTH FR ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND ANN BlOL CLlN (PARIS) ACTA UROL BELG ANN CLlN BIOCHEM ADV AGE ANN ENDOCRINOL AERZTL PRAX ANN INST PASTEUR PARIS AGR BlOL CHEM ANN MED EXP BlOL FENN AGRESSOLOGIE ANN MED PHYS AKUSH GINEKOL (MOSCOW) ANN MED-PSYCHOL AMER DRUGGIST ANN PEDIAT AMER J GASTROENTEROL ANN PHARM FR AMER J HOSP PHARM ANN REV MED 436 ANN RHEUM DIS DERMATOL WOCHENSCHR ANTISEPTIC DERMATO-VENEROLOGICA APPL THER DEUT APOTH ZTG ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS DEUT GESUNDHEITSW ARCH DERMATOL SYPHILOL DEUT MED J ARCH DIS CHILDHOOD DIABETOLOGIA ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH DIA MED ARCH IMMUNOL THER EXP DIGESTION ARCH INVEST MED DIS ABSTR B ARCH KINDERHEILK DlSS PHARM PHARMACOL ARCH KLlN EXP DERMATOL D 0 ARCH KLlN EXP OHREN NASEN DRUG COSMET IND KEHLKOPFHEILK DRUGS ARCH PATHOL DRUG THER ARCH TOXIKOL (MOSCOW) DRUG TRADE NEWS ARlZ MED DUODECIM (HELSINKI) ARQ BRASIL CARDIOL EKSP KHlR ANESTEZIOL ATHEROSCLEROSIS ELECTROENCEPHALOGR CLlN AUSTRALAS ANN MED NEUROPHYSIOL AUSTRALAS J PHARM EMERGENCY MED BACTERIOL PROC ENCEPHALE BIOCHEMISTRY ENDOKRYNOL POL BlOL PSYCHIAT EPlLEPSlA BlOL REPROD EUR J TOXICOL BIOPOLYMERS EXP CELL RES BIULL EKSP BlOL MED EXP NEUROL BOLL CHlM FARM FARMACIA (BUCHAREST) BORDEAUX MED FARMACO ED PRAT BRAIN RES FARMACO ED SCI BRlT HEART J FARM POL BRIT J EXP PATHOL FARM ZH (KIEV) BRIT J HAEMATOL FDA (FOOD DRUG ADMIN) PAP BRlT J OPHTHALMOL FOLIA ENDOCRINOL BRlT J SURG FOLIA PHARMACOL JAP BRUXELLES MED FOOD COSMET TOXICOL BULL NY ACAD MED GEBURTSH FRAUENHEILK BULL SOC FR DERMATOL SYPHlLlGR GINECOL OBSTET MEX BULL WHO HAREFUAH CA HAUTARZT CAH ANESTHESIOL HEADACHE CAH MED LYON HELV MED ACTA CAN J BIOCHEM HELV PHYSIOL PHARMACOL ACTA CAN J PHARM SCI HNO (HALS-NASEN-OHRENAERZTE) CAN PHARM J HOPPE-SEYLER'S Z PHYSIOL CHEM CAN PSYCHIAT ASS J HORM BEHAV CARDIOVASC RES HOSP MANAGE CAS LEK CESK HOSP MED CESK EPIDEMIOL MIKROBIOL IMUNOL HOSP PHARM CESK PEDIAT HOSP PRACT CHEM COMMUN HSMHA HEALTH REP CHEM DRUG ILL MED J CHEM ENG NEWS IMMUNOLOGY CHEM PHARM BULL INDIAN J EXP BlOL CHICAGO TRlB INDIAN J MED RES CHlM THER INDIAN J MED SCI CHIRURG INDIAN PRACT CLEVELAND CLlN QUART INFECT IMMUN CLlN BIOCHEM INT ANESTH CLlN CLlN CHlM ACTA INT DRUG THFR NEWSLETT CLlN ENDOCRINOL INTERNIST CLlN EXP IMMUNOL INT J APPL RADIATION ISOTOPES CLlN OBSTET GYNECOL INT J DERMATOL CLlN PEDIAT (BOLOGNA) INT J NEUROPSYCHIAT CLlN TOXICOL INT PHARMACOPSYCHIAT (BASEL) COMP BIOCHEM PHYSIOL INT SURG COMPR PSYCHIAT INT Z VITAMINFORSCH CONCOURS MED IS J MED SCI CONN MED J AMER ASS NURSE ANESTH CONSUM REP J AMER CHEM SOC C R H ACAD SCI SER D J AMER DENT ASS DEL MED J J AMER DIET ASS OCTOBER/NOVEMBER1974 J AMER OSTEOPATH ASS MlCH MED J AMER PODIAT ASS MlCROBlOL PARAZITOL EPlDEMlOL J ANlM SC1 MIL MED JAP ClRC J MINERVA ANESTHESIOL JAP J FERT STERIL MINERVA CARDIOANGIOL JAP J UROL MINERVA DERMATOL J APPL PHYSIOL MINERV'A PEDIAT J ASS OFFIC ANAL CHEM MOD MED J BONE JOINT SURG AMER VOL MOD VET PRACT J CHEM SOC MOL PHARMACOL J CHRONIC DIS MO MED J COMP PHYSIOL PSYCHOL MONATSSCHR KINDERHEILK J DAIRY SCI MT SINAI J MED J DENT RES NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN J FLA MED ASS NERVENARZT J FORENSIC SCI NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY J HETEROCYCL CHEM NORD PSYKIAT T J IMMUNOL NUTR REV J INDIANA MED ASS N Z MED J J INDIAN MED ASS OBSTET GINECOL J IOWA MED SOC OHIO STATE MED J J IR MED ASS OPUSC MED J KANS MED SOC ORV HETlL J KY MED ASS PA MED J LABEL COMPOUNDS PATHOL BlOL J LA MED SOC PEDIAT CLlN N AMER J LIPID RES PHARMACOL PHYSICIANS J MAINE MED ASS PHARMACOL RES COMMUN J MED ASS GA PHARMACOL REV J MED LYON PHARMAKOPSYCHIAT J MED SOC N J NEUROPSYCHOPHARMAKOL J MISS STATE MED ASS PHARMAZIE J MOL BlOL PHARM IND J NAT CANCER INST PHARM PRAX J NERV MENT DIS PHARM TIMES J NEUROCHEM PHARM WEEKBL J NEUROL NEUROSURG PSYCHIAT PHARM ZTG J NUTR J OBSTET GYNAECOL BRIT POLlCLlN SEZ PRAT COMMONW POL TYG LEK J OCCUP MED PRAKT TI ERARZT JOHNS HOPKINS MED J PRENSA MED ARGENT J ORAL SURG PRENSA MED MEX J ORG CHEM PRESCRIBER'S J J PATHOL BACTERIOL PROC AMER ASS CANCER RES J PERIODONTOL PROC ANN CONF US PUB HEALTH J PHARM SOC JAP SERV COOP STUDY J PSYCHIAT RES PROC ROY SOC SER B J REPROD MED PROC WEST PHARMACOL SOC J SOC COSMET CHEM PROGR BRAIN RES J VlROL PROGR MED KARDlOLOGllA PSYCHOL REP KHlRURGl lA (MOSCOW) PSYCHOPHARMACOL BULL KLlN MED PURE APPL CHEM LAB ANlM CARE QUART J MED LAB INVEST RES COMMUN CHEM PATHOL LIPIDS PHARMACOL LYON MED REV ALLERGY MAROC MED REV BRASIL ANESTH MARSEILLE MED REV BRASIL MED MAY0 CLlN PROC REV CLlN ESPAN MED ANN D C REV EUR ETUDES CLlN BlOL MED COUNTERPOINT REV NEUROL MED HYG REV PRAT MED INTERNA RN MED MONATSSCHR ROCKY MT MED J MED PROC SCAND J GASTROENTEROL MED SCI SCAND J INFECT DIS MED TODAY SCHWEIZ APOTH ZTG MED TRlB SCOT MED J MED TROP (MARSEILLE) S DAK J MED MED WET SEMINA MED MFG CHEM SEM THER 438 SOUTHWEST MED VERH DEUT GES KRIESLAUFFORSCH SOV MED VESTN DERMATOL VENEROL SURG BUS VESTN KHlR SURG CLlN N AMER VET MED SURG FORUM VET REC TAEGLICHE PRAX VlATA MED TER ARKH VIE MED TERATOLOGY WEST AFR MED J TETRAHEDRON LETT WlAD PARAZYTOL TEX MED WlEN KLlN WOCHENSCHR WlEN Z INN MED IHRE GRENZGEB THERAPEUTICS WIS MED J THERAPEUTIQUE Z AERZTL FORTBILD (JENA) THER GEGENW ZENTRALBL BAKTERIOL (ORIG) THER UMSCH ZENTRALBL GYNAEKOL TOHOKU J EXP MED Z GEBURTSH GYNAEKOL TRANS AMER ACAD OPHTHALMOL Z GESAMTE EXP MED TRlB MED Z GESAMTE INN MED IHRE GRENZGEB UGESKR LAEGER Z HAUT GESCHLECHTS KR UNION MED CAN ZH NEVROPATOL PSlKHlAT IM UROLOGE S S KORSAKOVA VA MED MON Z KRIESLAUFFORSCH

Literature Cited 6. Basile, Victor A. and R. W. Smith / Evolving the 90% Pharmaceutical Li- 1. JCR is a product of the Institute for brary. Special Libraries 61 (no.2): 81-86 Scientific Information; it is a "collection (Feb 1970). of statistical tables (for 1,000 journals) 7. Sengupta, I. N. / Recent Growth of the that make it possible to examine a num- Literature of Biochemistry and Changes ber of important characteristics of indi- in Ranking of Periodicals. Journal of vidual journals that can be considered Documentation 29 (no.2): 192-21 1 (Jun indicators of their usefulness to the scien- 1973). tific community." 8. Whittle, Elizabeth D. / Requirements 2. Garfield, E. / Citations To Divided-by- for the Journal Holdings of a Medical Items-Published Gives Journal Impact School Library; Edinburgh Survey. British Factor; IS1 Lists the Top Fifty High- Journal of Medical Education 6 (no.4): Impact Journals of Science. Current Con- 306-310 (Dec 1972). tents 15 (no.8): 6-9 (Feb 23, 1972). 9. Fleming, Thomas P. and F. C. Kilgour / 3. Brandon, Alfred N. / Selected List of Moderately and Heavily Used Biomedi- Books and Journals for the Small hledi- cal Journals. Bulletin of the Medical Li- cal Library. Bulletin of the Medical Li- brary Association 52 (no.1): 234-241 (Jan brary Association 61 (no.2): 179-200 (Apr 1964). 1973). 4. CFK Title 2l:Pt. 130.38; 32 F.R. 8087 for review May 1974. (Jun 6, 1967). 5, Bourne, Charles P. / Some User Re. manuscript accepted for pubzica- ouirements Stated Quantitatively- in tion 5, 1974. Terms of the 90y0 Library. In Kent, A,, ed. / Electronic Information Handling. Katherine C. Owen is manager, Library Washington, Spartan Books, 1965, 11.90- Services, Warner-Larnbert Research Insti- 100. tute, Morris Plains, N.J. Microfilm Equipment and Retrieval Systems for Library Picture Collections

William Saff ady Wayne State University, Detroit, Mich. 48202

Microfilm is a viable medium for the ture collections can be retrieved via sev- storage, preservation, retrieval and re- eral techniques. Unitized microforms, production of materials in library pic- especially film jackets and aperture ture collections. Good, inexpensive cam- cards lend themselves especially well to eras enable picture librarians to film picture collection applications, and, for their collections, and readerlprinters can libraries with large budgets, random ac- provide quick paper copy reproductions cess retrieval systems can satisfy even the for picture searchers. Microfilmed pic- most complex search requirements.

PHOTOGRAPHS,drawings and other good reason. Microfilm can drastically graphic materials can be a valuable in- reduce storage space requirements. It formation resource, but librarians re- remains the medium of choice for the sponsible for the maintenance of picture long-term preservation of library ma- collections face special problems. Proper terials, and microforms are compatible storage conditions, especially where with a wide variety of retrieval systems large collections are involved, require a and techniques. Moreover, readerlprint- considerable amount of dedicated space, ers can make high quality, inexpensive expensive filing equipment, and specially reproductions of halftone and contin- designed environmental controls. Pic- uous-tone illustrations in response to pictures frequently require restorative treat- ture searchers' requests. Yet, despite the ment, and even those in good shape can promise of such substantial advantages, deteriorate quickly under constant han- the microfilming of picture collections dling. Requests made by picture search- has seldom received extensive considera- ers must be filled quickly, but many tion in library literature. Special Librar- electrostatic copiers cannot make recog- ies last printed a full-scale discussion of nizable copies of halftone or continuous- the subiect in 1956 (2) and since that I I tone illustrations, while the cost and time the state of the micrographics art slowness of conventional photographic has changed dramatically. This article reproduction can prove prohibitive. discusses currently available microfilm Microfilm is increasingly mentioned as equipment and retrieval systems suitable an alternative to conventional ways of for use in library picture collection ap- handling these problems (I) and with plica tions. 440 Microfilm Cameras case with sixteen millimeter- planetary cameras, the Filemaster requires a con- Although some lil~rariesmay prefer to scientious rather than a technically set up a contract with a microfilm service skilled operator. company like University Microfilms, li- For picture collectio~ls with smaller brarians who want to film their own pic- budgets but similar needs, 1)oth Eastman ture collections will find that the micro- Kodak and the SM Company offer inex- graphics inclustsy offers them a choice of pensive 16 mm 1>1;11leti1rycameras. The several very good cameras. Because of the Recordak Starfile Model KV-2 features need to reproduce fine details with a standard automatic exposure control and minimum loss of resolution, librarians a choice of two pre-sel reduction ratios considering the microfilming of a pic- (22 to 1 and 27 to 1). The 3M DRC uses ture collection should choose a planetary cartridge film for incread operator con- rather than a rotary camera. Planetary venience and is compatible with inter- cameras photograph stationary objects changeable camera lenses in several re- positioned on a flat bed, while rotary or duction ratios. Both products retail for flow-type cameras film documents re- around $1,000, again with rental and flected from mirrors as they move lease terms available, and, like the Bell through a transport mechanism (3). and Howell Filemaster, both will make There are three basic types of planetary high-quality microreproductions of half- cameras: those that produce 16 mm roll tone and continuous-tone illustrations. film, those that produce 35 mm roll film, Turning- to 35 mm planetary cameras, and those that xoduce 105 mm micro- librarians can expect to pay more for fiche. Special planetary cameras, like the larger equipment. The Recordak Micro- 3M Model 2000 and the GAF Model file Model MRD-2, the most popular MBK, produce 35 mm aperture cards. In camera in library. applications-- involving evaluating and selecting a microfilm newspapers, bound volumes, and large camera, librarians should give careful documents, features standard automatic attention to ease of operation, suitability exposure control, reduction ratios rang- of the equipment for a library environ- ing from 5 to 1 through 27 to 1, and a ment, interchangeability of reduction pllkographic surface approximately ratios, and the availability of special fea- twenty-six by thirty-seven inches in size. tures, like automatic exposure control, The MKD-2 sells for around $5,000. that decrease operator responsibility. ltek makes two planetary cameras, Mod- Sixteen millimeter planetary cameras els 1400 and 1410, that expose 35 mm combine high resolution with ease of op- film at reduction ratios from 12 to 1 eration in a size well-suited to an office through 20 to 1 and accommodate docu- environment. The Bell and Howell File- ments up to 25 in. by 32 in. in size. master, for example, features four stand- Automatic exposure control is sta~ldartl ard reduction ratios (21 to 1, 25 to 1, 27 and the retail price is around $4,000. to 1, and 29 to l), a large photographic Like the MRD-2, it is a high quality surface capable of accommodating orig- piece of equipn~entcapable of making inals up to twelve by seventeen inches in excellent microreproductions of the ma- size, a high quality optical system made terials found in -library picture collec- by Minolta of Japan, and an automatic tions. Yet, except where lower reduction exposure control that compensates for ratios or a larger photographic surface variations in originals. Bell and Howell are essential, it is difficult. to see the ad- claims minimum resolution of 120 lines vantage of 35 mm planetary cameras per millimeter at all reduction ratios, over the less expensive 16 mm models in making the Filemaster the qualitative most picture collection applications. equivalent of considerably more expen- Moreover, and this will be noted again sive cameras. Retail purchase price is un- further on, 35 mm microfilm is not com- der two thousand dollars, with rental and patible with a wide range of retrieval lease terms available. As is generally the techniques. Step and repeat cameras expose 105 velop an image on specially sensitized mm microfilm that can be cut to produce paper, will do a good job of reproducing microfiche. The high price of step and microfilmed halftone and continuous- repeat equipment-almost invariably in tone illustrations and are generally less excess of $10,000-puts it well outside of expensive than stabilized silver equip serious consideration by all but the most ment. The 3M Company recently intro- affluent libraries. Since microfiche can duced a matted finish dry silver paper be created from 16 mm roll film pro- that librarians should find especially duced on the less expensive equipment satisfactory for the reproduction of pho- already described, it is again difficult to tographs. Xerographic and electrofax see the advantage of step and repeat readerlprinters employ variants of the cameras for most picture collections. electrostatic process used in office copiers. Regardless of the camera selected, best A charged photoreceptive surface is ex- resolution can usually be obtained posed to light reflected from the docu- through the use of low contrast film that ment to be copied, in this case a micro- facilitates the capture of the gray scale in image of a picture. Charges are photographs. Librarians considering the dissipated in areas of the photoreceptor microfilming of photograph collections corresponding to light areas of the orig- should consult with film specialists on inal, leaving a latent image that is made the staffs of various vendors to determine visible through the application of pow- which products best meet their require- dered or liquid toner. In the xero- ments. graphic or indirect electrostatic process, the latent image is first developed on an intermediate surface, usually a selenium Reader/ Printers drum, and then transferred to an ordi- Most readers suitable for use with nary sheet of paper. In the electrofax or microfilmed books and documents will direct electrostatic process, the photo- adequately display microfilmed pictures. receptor, consisting of paper coated with More detailed consideration needs to be zinc oxide in a resin binder, is the copy. given, however, to the selection of equip- The Xerox Microprinter, the only ment for making hard copy reproduc- readerlprinter currently using the xero- tions from the film itself. Classified ac- graphic process, is essentially a Xerox cording to the printing process em- 720 Copier with a microfilm viewing ployed, there are four basic types of module. It has the same limitations as reader/printers currently available for the 720 in reproducing halftone and library use: stabilized silver, dry silver, continuous-tone illustrations and is, xerographic, and electrofax (4). therefore, unsuitable for the reproduc- Stabilized silver reader/printers, like tion of microfilmed picture collections. the Itek Model 18-24RF, employ a vari- Electrofax readerlprinters, like their ant of the conventional silver halide pho- copier counterparts, generally do a little tographic process that shortens the time better than xerographic equipment in required for the development of an reproducing photographs and solid image by rendering silver grains inert areas, but they rarely approach the qual- rather than removing them from the ity of reproduction obtained from dry finished print. Stabilized silver prints of silver reader/ printers. microfilmed photographs are especially A word needs to be said here about sharp and clear, with a minimum loss of the relationship between film polarity detail. Although the process is consid- and readerlprinter output. The stabi- erably less expensive and much faster lized silver and dry silver processes are than conventional photographic repro- sign-reversing, that is they will make a duction, stabilized silver equipment and positive appearing paper print from print costs are higher than those of other negative appearing microfilm and a neg- processes. The 3M 500 Series dry silver ative appearing paper print from posi- readerlprinters, which use heat to de- tive appearing microfilm. Because picture searchers understandably prefer to Aperture cards, the only microform view positive appearing microimages of that combines the advantages of human- photographs and drawings, librarians us- eye readable information on tab-sized ing stabilized silver or dry silver reader/ cards with the space savings of micro- printers will require negative microimages on 35 mm film chips, can be an forms for printing and duplicate positive extremely attractive medium for micro- microforms for viewing. Xerographic filmed picture collections. The face of and electrofax readerlprinters will make the card can be designed to allow space positive appearing prints from both neg- for all of the meaningful information ative and positive appearing microfilm. needed to identify the microimages in the aperture, and the cards themselves can be either filed manually or key- Retrieval Systems punched and machine sorted. For librar- Design of a retrieval system begins ians who want to combine the updating with the selection of an appropriate capability of microfilm jackets with the microform. Each of the microforms has aperture card format, the Microseal Cor- advantages and disadvantages that hold poration makes a jacket card that will as true for applications involving pic- accept stripped 16 mm roll microfilm. tures as those involving textual records. Turning to more sophisticated and Of the roll formats, 16 mm microfilm. more expensive retrieval systems, East- loaded onto open spools or into car- man Kodak's Miracode, the subject of tridges or cassettes, is compatible with a considerable interest among librarians variety of retrieval techniques ranging (5), uses photo-optical binary codes on from simple odometer indexing to so- film to allow random access to micro- phisticated computer-based systems. images stored on 16 mm microfilm car- Thirtv-five millimeter roll microfilm is tridges. Originals, filmed on a 16 mm much less versatile and limits the user planetary camera modified with a special to flash target or odometer indexing re- encoding attachment, can be retrieved trieval. Thirty-five millimeter cartridges from a microfilm file in a matter of sec- help to minimize some of the inconven- onds, even when fairly complex search ience of open spool film, but suitable criteria are employed. The Miracode reviewers are not readily available. trieval terminal is equipped with an Difficulties involved in the updating electrofax printer for reproduction of of microfilm files are a general drawback displayed microimages. Miracode equip- of roll formats. This problem can be ment is presently being used to randomly alleviated by stripping and inserting roll access microfilmed picture collections at film into microfilm jackets. One or more the Army Photographic Agency, the jackets can be established for each file Broadcast Pioneers Library, and the in the picture collection and new images NBC News Film Library. can be added as they are filmed. With a One of the potential disadvantages of little planning, pictures that might be Miracode is the necessity of grouping re- filed in more than one place can be la ted items together within cartridges filmed as often as necessary and inserted to lessen the size of the store that must be into several jackets. The jacket format is searched in response to a request. Newly especially well-suited to" picture collec- filmed images must be spliced onto ap- tions with an existing satisfactory filing propriate cartridges. The 3M Company's system. In such applications, jackets af- Microdisc System eliminates this group- fer space-saving miniaturization with a ing and splicing requirement by separat- minimal reorientation of work proce- ing the filmed images from the retrieval dures. Although jackets are more expen- codes. Microdisc combines a special-pro- sive to produce than roll microfilm, gram minicomputer, an input/output jacket readerlprinters are generally less terminal with cathode ray tube display, expensive than their roll film counter- and a 3M Page Search dry silver reader/ parts. printer in an integrated configuration that allows random access to a 16 mm about the paper on which the print was microfilm cartridge file. Like Miracode, made. Microfilmed paintings reveal noth- Microdisc enables the user to employ ing about brush strokes and artistic tex- complex descriptors and search criteria. ture. Picture librarians for whom these Unlike Miracode, index information is limitations are unimportant can, how- stored on magnetic disc raiher than film. ever, choose from several good, relatively In response to searchers' requests, the inexpensive microfilm cameras, and can cathode ray tube will display ihe precise experience definite advantages from cartridge and frame location of any mi- readerlprinter reproduction of micro- croimage. Opaque document marks, or film pictures. Depending on available blips, under each filmed image guide the funds, impressive improvements can also Page Search retrieval unit to the appro- be made in the retrieval of specific items priate frame. Originals can be micro- from the collection. filmed on any of-the 16 mm cameras already described. Literature Cited Both Miracode and Microdisc involve a considerable capital investment. A Shaw, Renata V. / Picture Searching: 1. Miracode installation will cost about Techniques. Special Libraries 62 (no.12): 524-528 (Dec 1971). $35,000, including camera and printing Henebry, Agnes / Preservation of Photo- retrieval terminal. A Microdisc configu- graphs on Microfilm: An Experiment. ration, including camera and reader/ Special Libraries 46 (no.10): 451454 printer, could run as high as $70,000. (Dec 1956). On the technical operation of microfilm cameras, see Brunner, Alexander / Basic Conclusion Technology. In Compact Efficiency: Pro- ceedings of the Twenty-Second Annual It should be noted that, while micro- Conference and Exposition of the Na- film offers library picture collections tional Microfilm Association, Silver prospects of significant reductions in re- Spring, Md., National Microfilm Associa- quired storage space, improved retrieval tion. 1973. techniques, and more convenient paper 4. On the processes used in readerjprinters, see Hawken, William R. / Copying copy reproduction capability, it is not Methods Manual. Chicago. Library Tech- without limitations. An effective micro- nology Program and the American Li- film system, even those employing man- brary Association, 1966. ual retrieval techniques, can necessitate 5. Williams, Bernard J. S. / Miniaturized conversion expenses beyond the budget Communications. London, The Library of many libraries. In addition, microfilm Association, 1970. 190p. cannot help picture collections whose patrons have an interest in the pictures Received for review Mar 18, 1974. Re- themselves rather than their subjects. Mi- uised manuscript accepted for publica- crofilmed photographs reveal nothing tion May 9,1974. Maps, Globes, and the "Cold War"

Alan K. Henrikson

Tufts University, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Medford, Mass.

Paradoxically, rather than confirming R A revolution occurred during the Americans' sense of the immensity of the 1940s in the way Americans visually earth, these extended operations had in imagined and graphically represented the the last analysis a foreshortening effect: world. Their new outlook, "Air-Age the world was made to seem smaller and Globalism," fundamentally affected sub- more compact. What had formerly seemed to them an "open-space" system sequent American-Soviet relations. The became, despite hopeful glimpses of a role of the geographers and cartogra- new unlimited global horizon, a "closed- phers in shaping this altered view is space" system. This new awareness of the emphasized. proximity of states had a profound impact, not only upon military strategy and diplomacy but upon the very conceptual context of statecraft. How this change in HOWIT HAPPENED that the Second geographical psychology came about and World War, an ostensible victory for in- how it was related to the frequently ternational peace and cooperation, was noted "revolution" in American foreign followed almost immediately by a "Cold policy during the Second World War War" between the major victorious Al- and early Cold War years will be ex- lies-the United States and the Soviet plored below, with special attention to Union-remains one of the great his- the distinctive and insufficiently appre- torical puzzles of our time. Since the ;.e- ciated role played in this overall con- cent rocl lama ti on of an era of "d&ente" ceptual transformation by the work of its interest has, if anything, increased. geographers and cartographers. Curiously, in the many attempts that have been made to solve it, relatively From Continentalism to Globalism little attention has been paid to what was to many contemporaries, particu- The "primal event" in this develop larlv ~mericins.the most remarkable ment of a new world view was the Dec feature of the great international strug- 7, 1941, Japanese attack on Pearl Har- gle of the 1940s: its vast geographical bor, a traumatic shock tha~momen- scope. In countering the aggressions of tarily disoriented Americans and per- Germany, Italy, and Japan and, subse- mitted the formation of a wholly new quently, in "containing" the expansive geographical outlook. In mentally ad- tendencies of Soviet Russia, the United justing to this overwhelming blow, States sent its forces to the far corners Americans did something far more proof the earth. For the first time in history found than simply adopt a new moral- the scope of U.S. military and political political attitude, a new policy, forsak- activity was literally world-wide. ing "isolationism" for "international- ism." They re-imagined the very physi- Despite all of their emphasis on agil- cal context within which this policy ity of the visual imagination, the need would be conducted. One may better for a multi-map perspective, and avoid- characterize their change of outlook as ance of a fixed outlook, Harrison and an abandonment of "continentalism" for the other new geographers and cartog- "globalism," words with much more raphers of World War I1 shared at bot- vivid spatial connotations. tom a definite substantive conception The key factor in giving this altered of the world. They were in fact, if not picture of the world coherence and defi- admittedly, holders of a special vision, nition was the development of a new way a view of the earth and its surrounding of representing the earth's geostrategic space that might conveniently be termed "Air-Age Globalism." What, exactly, pattern graphically-a new cartography were the specific characteristics of this to complement the so-called "new geog- new world image? raphy" that came into fashion during the war years. To create such a restructured world- The Spherical World image was not the conscious purpose of First and foremost, the earth was rec- most World War I1 cartographers. Many ognized as being "round." The word were concerned only with trying to pro- "recognized" is used here deliberately, duce maps that would be scientifically for Air-Age Globalists sometimes im- more accurate or operationally more use- plied that they were simply acknowledg- ful. There was for some, however, a ing the full implications of a truth that more general goal. Their aim, as the had once been known but had been ef- noted cartographer, Richard Edes Harri- fectively forgotten. "If you look through son, phrased it, was to impart a "geo- a good collection of old maps," wrote graphical sense." Harrison, who through the famous scientist and explorer, Dr. his celebrated maps in Fortune and later Vilhjalmur Stefansson, in Life, the sales of his maps to the U.S. you learn it is only during the last hundred armed forces, and his technical advice to years, approximately since 1850, that Euro- the Geographer of the State Department peans, and their intellectual cousins, the and to the Office of Strategic Services be- Americans, have been thinking of the earth came perhaps the most influential of the as if it were flat, from which have come wartime cartographic innovators, taught such strange ideas as that the nearest way much geographical wisdom himself. It to China from the United States is west, that was not his intention to convert people it is logical to fly the Pacific on your way to China, and that places like the Hawaiian to a particular substantive view of the Islands lie on a nearly direct road between world. Reacting against the excessive use the two countries. of certain standard map projections whose distortions had become so familiar The source of these misapprehensions, as to assume the likeness of geographic it was commonly asserted during the "truth," he did not want to create an war years, was the Mercator projection, alternative orthodoxy. He sought in- the venerable map that had dominated stead to enable and to encourage peo- geographica1 education and strategic ple to look at the world "flexibly," from thinking since the eighteenth century. In many different points of view and on a February 1943 the New York Times variety of map grids. He seemed to want went so far as to declare editorially: "the them to be able to see it completely time has come to discard it for some- without preconceptions-an impossible thing that represents continents and di- aim, it could be argued, for without rections less deceptively." The rejection some fixed point of reference a viewer could not be complete, however. Because would be completely disoriented and compass directions and true shapes can thus unable properly to "see" anything be discerned on a Mercator chart, the at all. Times admitted, it would always be useful for short-range navigation. A cylin- precision was President Roosevelt. As drical projection, with its line of tan- Commander-in-Chief of the American gency conventionally at the Equator, armed forces, he was given as a Christ- is most useful in the zones normally mas present in 1942 a huge 50-inch globe, used by intercontinental shipping. the largest detailed military globe ever "Mercator's world." commented Harri- made. Not mounted in the standard way son in an article written in collaboration on a fixed or swiveled axis, the Presi- with the political scientist, Robert dent's globe was cradled so as to be capa- Strausz-Hup6, "is the world of sea ble of "universal" movement at the flip power." It is no accident that Mercator of a hand-ideal for achieving a Har- maps were the ones used by the high risonian "flexible" world view. Prime priest of the sea-power faith, the Ameri- Minister Churchill, who might otherwise can naval strategist and scholar, Alfred have felt deprived, got one of these mar- Thayer Mahan. This in part explains velous instruments too. why the main U.S. naval base in the Pa- cific Ocean was located at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii instead of, say, at Dutch Har- The Unified World bor in the Aleutians in accord with the prophetic geostrategic visions of Secre- As Americans extended their ken tary of State William H. Seward or Gen- around the spherical earth, they grad- eral William E. ("Billy") Mitchell. ually came to a new awareness of the Mahan, with his Mercator-conditioned world's continuity and unity, a second focus on the sea lanes, considered the characteristic feature of Air-Age Glob- Hawaiian Islands vital to the security of alism. There were preexisting intellec- America's west coast, even though they tual foundations for this quasi-visual lie entirely south of the United States on perception: the old liberal economic about the same latitude as Mexico City. doctrine of international interdepend- In order to avoid the strategic fallacies ence, which had been reinforced by the of the flat-earth "Mercator mind." experience of involvement in the First Americans were sometimes advised to World War and the Great Depression, give up looking at deceitful maps alto- and the newer doctrine of the "indivisi- gether and instead to contemplate their bility of peace," which had been popu- household globes, using of string larized by the collective-security speeches rather than rulers for measurement and of Woodrow Wilson and Maxim Lit- direction finding. The globe was charac- vinov. These notions were mixed to- terized, misleadingly, as the only "true" gether, with an Air-Age twist, by Wen- representation of the world. Although dell L. Willkie, the defeated Republican globes do give a more or less correct im- Presidential candidate who was invited pression of the earth's basic shape- by President Roosevelt to make a round- oblate spheroid-they do not necessarily the-world trip in 1942 in the interest of give a more satisfactory picture of the United Nations solidarity. The trip, a earth's surface than properly selected 49-day, 3 1,000-mile journey aboard an maps do. Because of practical and eco- aircraft named The Gulliver, persuaded nomic limitations on their size. most Willkie of the need for truly global post- globes are far too small to show mean- war planning for peace. "When I say ingful detail. that peace must be planned on a world Nonetheless, globes rather than maps basis," he explained in his widely read were increasingly regarded as the proper report, One World (1943), conceptual and physical base on which I mean quite literally that it must embrace to trace the movements of the war and the earth. Continents and oceans are plainly to delineate the contours of the peace. only parts of a whole, seen, as I have seen Among the few planners who had ac- them, from the air. England and America cess to a globe large enough to plot are parts. Russia and China, Egypt, Syria strategy and draw boundaries with any and Turkey, Iraq and Iran are also parts. And it is inescapable that there can be no The aerial outlook was also important peace for any part of the world unless the to cartographers. One of the first map de- foundations of peace are made secure signers to exploit the new vantage point throughout all parts of the world. was Harrison, on whose striking pano- Willkie's world-image was actually a ramic perspective maps the earth is seen transitional one, halfway between the at oblique angles from points hundreds older land-sea dualism and the newer of miles up-as if photographed from a air monism. To pure Air-Age Globalists satellite (Figure 1). the world had no "parts" at all. They Not surprisingly, Harrison's strato- pictured it as a smooth, seamless ball, a spheric point-of-view maps were found monosphere, no longer divided into con- useful by the American military in train- tinents and oceans or into Eastern and ing reconnaissance and bomber pilots. Western "Hemispheres." This monistic is maps have helped air students; right concept was startlingly illustrated by "air up to the Sputnik era, achieve the facil- maps" on which all topographical fea- ity which a postwar U.S. Air Force man- tures and political boundaries were ual terms "automatic visualization." erased, leaving only points representing This ability mentally to "picture" geo- major cities with airports. Even an "air graphical relationships was particularly globe" appeared: from the design of an valuable during the early World War I1 air map used by American Airlines in its years, when American airmen had to fly newspaper advertisements, Rand Mc- over regions of the earth that had never Nally and Company created a 12-inch been aerially photographed. globe with land and sea undifferentiated The ascension to a new physical angle on a dotted surface of uniform blue. of vision upon the globe was just one consequence of the- "air-conditioning" The Four-Dimensional World Americans underwent during the Second World War. An equally significant ef- One of the causes of the fading of geo- fect was the habit, Sopied frbm aviators graphical features and boundary lines by many in the public at large, especially was the attainment of a new angle of young people, of translating space into vision upon the world. It was increas- time, of measuring geographical distance ingly seen "from above," through the not in land-miles but in flying-hours. subtle lens of the air. This adoption of Thinking in ordinary mileage terms was an aerial perspective was a third distinc- "all right in a two-dimensional world of tive feature of Air-Age Globalism, one length and breadth," allowed Professor that had far-reaching implications for Engelhardt, "but in a Global World that geography and cartography as well as for has shrunk so much under the impact of global strategy and diplomacy. Survey- the Air Age, we must think in terms of ing the earth from the sky did not simply the third dimension of height and the make it appear more holistic and uni- fourth dimension of time." According to form. The experience (real or imagined) Congresswoman Clare Boothe Luce, a converted a two-dimensional surface, as leading celebrant of American air power, represented on conventional maps and almost everyone in the country -under even globes, into a three-dimensional en- the age of thirty already thought in vironment. A new geographical element those terms. Young people know about now had to be considered: the atmos- flying-time distances, she told her senior phere. As N. L. Engelhardt, Jr., a geog- Congressional colleagues in February rapher at Columbia University's Teach- 1943, because they "keep up on these ers College, wrote: "Around this earth is things." They knew, for instance, that a great ocean-an ocean of air." This General Henry H. ("Hap") Arnold had medium, which greatly facilitated war- recently flown from ~ustraliato San time communication and transportation, Francisco in 35 hours 53 minutes. was henceforward deemed essential to Because less time was required to tra- the study of geography. verse the world, Air-Age logic ran, the Figure 1. The Earth from a New Vantage Point-the Air. Courtesy ot Richard Edes Harrison and Fortune world itself was smaller. "In the propor- jection, not only because it can portray tion that travel time by airplane has the whole world continuously but be- been reduced," argued the authors of a cause from the center it alone gives both high-school geography textbook, Our true direction and accurate (as well as Air-Age World, "continental stretches shortest) distance (Figure 2). The cen- have been compressed, ocean expanses ter, though usually placed at the North have shrunk to the dimensions of straits, Pole, can be located at any point. From and islands dotting the ocean have be- it the radiating azimuths are great-circle come stepping stones." This miniaturiza- routes. Circles can be drawn around cen- tion of the globe was often expressed pic- tral points to represent the operating torially in maps and thematic carto- ranges of aircraft and radio stations. grams. One of Engelhardt's illustrations, A defect of the azimuthal equidistant a typical if extreme case of time-factor projection, to uncritical Air-Age enthusi- compression, was a drawing showing the asts one of its virtues, was that its scal- earth resting in the palm of a hand. ing system enlarged the periphery and made the central portion, e.g., the Arctic The North Polar World Circle, appear misleadingly small. "This property is made to order for the Mer- This brings us to a fourth distinctive feature of the Air-Age Globalist's out- catorphobes," pointed out Richard Har- look, one closely related to his aerial rison in a letter replying to the New perspective: "polar centrism." The York Times' criticism, "because in a Northern Hemisphere, the convex arena comparison of routes involving different encompassing most of the globe-sweep- latitudes the northerly route is always ing spectacle that was the Second World favored by the distortion of this projec- War, could best be viewed not from low tion, much as the lower latitude is fa- along the line of the Equator but from vored on Mercator." the lofty vantage of the North Pole. As more and more Americans were Thus it became increasingly the fashion persuaded that they ought to look at the in the years after Pearl Harbor to center world only from the prospect of the world maps at that point. In no other North Pole, they became susceptible to way could the war so readily be seen as the view, which had some isolated advo- a unified whole. cates, e.g., Billy Mitchell, even before the The type of map changed as well as war, that the northern cap of the globe its center of focus. For obtaining a would be the world's next critical zone. global view, it was judged, the most Through using their polar azimuthal suitable kind of map was not the cylin- equidistant maps, people became newly drical but the azimuthal, or zenithal, in and acutely aware of the proximity of which the surface features of the earth North America to northern Eurasia, the are projected from a selected point onto vital "Heartland" in the well-known a plane. terminology and theory of the British po- The attraction of azimuthal maps, litical geographer, Sir Halford Mac- particularly for "air-minded" globalists, kinder. Control of this region, it was un- lay mainly in the fact that straight lines derstood, gave command of the "World drawn through the center represent true Island," which in turn assured rule of directions and shortest distance (great- the entire world. It seemed to George T. circle) routes. On a cylindrical map-such Renner, a futuristic geographical theo- as one on an Equator-based Mercator's retician at Columbia University Teach- projection, by comparison, all great- ers College, that the Heartland concept circle routes except the Equator itself ought to be expanded and shifted up- and the due north-south routes appear ward to include "the interior parts of all as curves. To the Air-Age" Globalist the the land masses which form a ring most generally satisfactory map of the around this Arctic Mediterranean-Eu- azimuthal group was the equidistant pro- rope, Asia, and North America." Figure 2. Azimuthal Projection from the North Pole

To military air strategists the north- of his projected offensive radii were ern solitudes held great fascination. those pointing toward the Arctic-and Their concern to justify a large and in- the Soviet Union. dependent peacetime air force made Another influential U.S. military air them susceptible to such extreme polarist strategist who appreciated the signifi- notions as those of the Russian-born air cance of the transpolar axis was ~eneral specialist, Major Alexander P. de Se- Arnold, the head of the Army Air Forces. versky. An avowed disciple of Mitchell, In a February 1946 article in National to whom he had dedicated his book, Geographic he emphasized the polar air Victory Through Air Power (1942), Se- route's implications for air-base main- versky militantly advanced the view that tenance and national defense. Raising the polar region was the world's "area the specter of an Air-Age atomic Pearl of decision." With the recession of the Harbor, he warned: "A surprise attack German and Japanese threats in the could readily come from across the roof east and the west, his strategic attention of the world unless we were in possession abruptly shifted to the north. Hence- of adequate airbases outflanking such a forth the most salient and far-reaching route of approach." The geographical relationship of the United States to Figure 3. Spheres of Air Dominance those countries from which such an at- From The Impact of Air Power by Eugene M. Emme tack could emanate-identified only as @ 1959. Reprinted by permission of D. Van Nostrand lying "north of the 30th parallel"-could Company be seen, the General told his readers, on the National Geographic Society's new north polar map. Although American military planners seemed at first to use such'maps mainly for symbolic and propagandistic purposes, they soon came to understand their practical value for locating bases and conducting operations. Their cartographic technique eventually caught up with their cartographic ideology. The creation of the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) and the placement of Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line radar stations across the northern reaches testify that polar centrism was in time thoroughly assimilated bv them.

Civilian America, except for that seg- Area under Sovlet aerial dominance ment involved in commercial aviation Area under hrkanaerial dominance and communication, did not similarly "Aru ot decision" rrhich Indudes Ule indusb!al hum of perfect its understanding of North Pole- both nations, and Is within sblklng range of bolh air foaa centered global geography and cartogra- 'phy. In the minds of most Americans the imagery of Air-Age Globalism never the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There came to a lasting definite focus, though were political reasons as well. The com- it long retained a vague appeal. The merce that the United States had con- Globalist image was conjoined by them ducted with the Soviet Union had for less with futuristic conceptions of mili- the most part been Lend-Lease aid, a tary strategy than with the traditional one-way flow of materiel justified by war principles of political economy, specifi- against a common enemy. When the war cally the "Open Door" policy. They ex- ended, this aid was abruptly cut off in a pected no door to be closed to American way that gave the Russians, who were goods and ideas, especially once the door hopeful of postwar reconstruction as- of opportunity had been opened. This sistance, considerable offense. The Rus- applied mainly to the war-weakened sians, perhaps partly as a result, grew British Empire. It also applied to the even more resistant to American use of wartime gateways to Russia, including their air space than they had been ear- to some extent the one in the Arctic sky. lier. As adumbrated by their refusal to participate in the 1944 Chicago Confer- ence on Civil Aviation, they preferred, Shrunken Earth, Overlapping Spheres at least for themselves, a system of Despite the competitive interest of "closed air." several American airline firms, the trans- The effect of these American and Rus- Arctic route to Russia was not devel- sian acts of noncooperation was to per- oped. Some of the reasons for this were petuate the existence of political spheres economic: the lack of sufficient popula- of influence, contrary to the transcending tion in the north to sustain an auton- universalist aspirations of Air-Age Glob- omous transportation system and the re- alism. The spheres of influence of the opening of the transportation lanes of United States and the Soviet Union Figure 4. The Realization of the -reflects an uneasy consciousness of a Shrinking World contracted territorial base. From The Wushington Post @ 1947 by Herblock Because of the virtual elimination of other empires on this shrunken footing, "I'm Here To Stav. Toon the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. were in direct as well as close contact with one another. No longer, as the influential commenta- tor, Walter Lippmann, pointed out, would American-Russian relations be controlled by "the historic fact that each is for the other a potential friend in the rear of its potential enemies." The Ger- man, Japanese, and British "buffer zones" were to a large extent included within the orbit of the United States. Other intermediate areas became Soviet satellites. The American frontier wid- ened until it met the widening frontier of Russia. There it stopped. The Air- Age Global horizon, which had given rise to such expansiveness even as the globe itself seemed to diminish, was blocked. Once again, as at earlier points in American history, space seemed "closed" for Americans. Only this time it was closed not on a continental or hemispheric scale but on a global scale. The chance of there being another frontier beyond seemed unlikely. This mental shrinkage of the earth during World War I1 was, I have come were, as a result of the war, considerably to believe, a major cause of the "Cold expanded. Each nation, grown absolutely War," a factor of no less significance and relatively more powerful, cast a than the well-known military, political, longer shadow. For the first time in economic, and ideological causes. Both their history these shadows seemed to sides continued to obey more or less the fall across one another. They did so in same national imperatives they had al- part because, as Seversky had prophesied, ways obeyed, but in a radically altered the range of aircraft had been extended. real and imaginary spatiotemporal con- Between the spheres of "air dominance" text. Of the great influence of this new of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. there was a geographical condition Americans, and vast area of overlap, an "aerial no-man's probably the Russians too, were imper- land" (Figure 3). They did so for a more fectly aware. Their maps, globes, and profouhd-reason as well. As a contem- even their cartoons, however, vividly porary cartoon by "Herblock" in The manifested it. Washington Post (Figure 4) reveals, "Uncle Sam" and "Uncle Joe" were mu- tually hostile not just because they had References grown to the stature of giants or because Harrison, Richard Edes / Look at the they chose to confront one another, but World: The FORTUNE Atlas for World because they both now stood on a world Strategy. New York, Alfred A. Knopf, that had been reduced to the size of a 1944. ball. The caption-Uncle Sam's warning Weigert, Hans W. and Vilhjalmur Stefans remark to Stalin, "I'm here to stay, too" son, eds. / Compass of the World: A Symposium on Political Geography. New De Seversky, Alexander P. / Air Power: Key York, Macmillan, 1947. to Suwival. New York, Simon and Schus- Sprout, Harold and Margaret Sprout, eds. / ter, 1950. Foundations of National Power. Prince- Lippmann, Walter / U.S. Foreign Policy: ton, N.J., Princeton University Press, Shield of the Republic. Boston, Little, 1945. Brown, 1943. Willkie, Wendell L. / One World. New York, Simon and Schuster, 1943. Engelhardt, N. L., Jr. / Toward New Fron- tiers of Our Global World. New York, Noble and Noble, 1943. Received for review Jul 27, 1972. Re- U.S. Air Force, Reserve Officers' Training vised manuscript accepted for publica- Corps / Military Aspects of World Po- tion May 20, 1974. Presented Jun 6, litical Geography. Montgomery, Ala., Air 1972, as a Contributed Paper, during University, 1954. SLA's 63rd Annual Conference in Bos- Packard, Leonard O., Bruce Overton, and ton. Ben D. Wood / Our Air-Age World: A Textbook in Global Geography. New York, Macmillan, 1944. Renner, George T. / Peace by the Map. Collier's 113 (no.23): 44, 47 (Jun 3, 1944). Alan K. Henrikson is associate professor De Seversky, Alexander P. / Victory of Diplomatic History, Fletcher School of Through Air Power. New York, Simon Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, and Schuster, 1942. Medford, Mass. Publications of Selected Information Analysis Centers Rao Aluri and Philip Yannarella

University of Nebraska, Gene Eppley Library, Omaha, Neb. 68101

W There are hundreds of information cations like data compilations, bibliog- analysis centers specializing in specific raphies, technical reports, etc. are pre- fields of science and technology which pared by these centers. Some sources of act as clearinghouses for available in- information on these data centers are formation on subjects of their responsi- mentioned and a list of recent publica- bility. They provide technical advice and tions of a few federally supported data evaluated data to the scientific and in- centers in physical sciences is included. dustrial community. A variety of publi-

WITH the enormous growth of the use the data have the time or expertise primary scientific literature, the indi- to make vaIue judgments about its re- vidual scientist or engineer is faced with liability. Occasionally the lack of com- the difficult ~roblemof its retrieval and plete knowledge about the quality of the evaluation. Turning to abstract journals, available information necessitates the especially if it is to collect all the rele- repetition of the work or the use of ob- vant information on a given subject, is solete or invalid data. Information Anal- time consuming and may not be efficient. ysis Centers came into existence to re- The time lag between the primary pub- lieve scientists and engineers from the lications and abstract journals adds to burden of finding, collecting, and codify- the problem. If the scientist or engineer ing the material and to make it available wishes to compile the reported numerical to competent scientists for critical eval- data or prepare a critical review of the uation and review. According to the defi- work done in his field, he will have to nition offered by the COSATI Panel on spend a considerable amount of time, Information Analysis and Data Centers: which he may not afford, "to search the An information analysis center is a for- literature, obtain the papers, and orga- mally structured organizational unit spe- nize and tabulate the data therefrom, cifically (but not necessarily exclusively) es- before undertaking the truly scientific tablished for the purpose of acquiring, se- task of evaluation and critical review" lecting, storing, retrieving, evaluating, an- (1). alyzing, and synthesizing a body of infor- Even in a day-to-day working situa- mation and/or data in a clearly defined tion, the need for the reliable numerical specialized field or pertaining to a specific values for physical properties continually mission with the intent of compiling, di- arises. Since it is difficult for most librar- gesting, repackaging, or otherwise organiz- ing and presenting pertinent information ies and individuals to maintain docu- and/or data in a form most authoritative, mentation files with complete coverage timely, and useful to a society of peers and on a given subject, scientists usually have management (2). to rely upon these incomplete files which contain information of varying quality There are hundreds of information and reliability. Not all the people who analysis centers in the United States alone carrying out the information anal- reels of coded 16-mm microfilm in a Re- ysis activities in a number of subject cordak Miracode storage and retrieval fields--especially in physical sciences and system" (5). The data sheets document engineering. More than a hundred cen- the properties of research specimens and ters operate either wholly or in part by are mailed to the center by the individ- federal funds or operate within a federal uals or commercial producers of the ma- government agency. Hundreds of others terials. Radiation Chemistry Data Cen- are supported by private organizations ter (University of Notre Dame, Notre such as universities, professional associa- Dame, Ind.) collects "journal articles tions, industries, etc. (and preprints), technical reports from the AEC and its counterparts in other countries, theses, proceedings of confer- The Functions of IACs ences and symposia, and reports of radia- Information analysis centers perform tion research -from other- sources" (6). a number of functions in connection More than five hundred data centers with their data analysis activities. Ther- have computerized storage and retrieval mophysical Properties Research Center systems. (Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind.) Administering technical advice and as- declares that it sistance to industries and research laboratories, answering technical enquiries locates, obtains, catalogs, codes, and evalu- by letter or telephone, acting as clearing ates research documents; makes literature houses for information exchange, on-site searches; stores, retrieves, and makes avail- use of resources, and providing on-line able technical papers (on microfiche); computer access are among the services perfoms data analyses, syntheses, estima- tions, and recommendations; generates available from these data centers. In ad- reference data tables; performs theoretical dition, they publish data compilations, and experimental research; and provides bibliographies, critical reviews, technical technical advisory and consulting services (3). reports, handbooks, state-of-the-art reviews, treatises, current-awareness bulle- Since each information analysis center tins, etc. Those centers supported by Na- is responsible for a narrow subject area, tional Standard Reference Data System they can identify the gaps in their sub- (4, p.57-64) publish their data compila- ject fields and make recommendations tions through the NSRDS-NBS series, for research, data compilation, or aiti- which are -available from the Super- cal review activity in those areas. Simi- intendent of Documents, Government larly by the experience gained in eval- Printing Office, Washington, D.C. They uating the numerical data in physical also publish through Journal of Physical sciences and engineering, the centers and Chemical Reference Data, Atomic can provide a feedback to the scientists Data, and Nuclear Data, among others. and engineers and help "to advance the Some data centers have their own serial level of experimental techniques and publications and newsletters like Reuiew improve the reliability of physical meas- of Metals Technology, Newsletter: Anal- urements" (4). ysis of molecular spectra, Rare-Earth In- These centers maintain a variety of formation Center News, TRC Current files on a number of media. Research Data News. etc. Manv of the newsletters Materials Information Center (Oak are freely distributed to interested par- Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, ties. University-based data centers like Tenn.) maintains a "visible file" which Molten Salts Data Center (Rensselaer provides a "rough and ready listing of Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y. 12 181) the known availability, quality, and provide valuable educational experience properties of high-purity research speci- to undergraduates by allowing them to mens" (5). In addition, the center's col- "mesh with evaluators more experienced lection "consists of data sheets, abstracts, in advanced methods of information reports, and papers contained in 100-ft. storage and retrieval" (7). Sources can be placed on the mailing lists of other data centers to receive their news- There is no comprehensive source letters and publications announcements, which lists information analysis centers etc. Queries for information are an- and their publications. Continuing Nu- swered quickly and conscientiously by merical Data Projects: A Survey and the centers. By collecting their bro- Analysis. 2d ed. (Washington, D.C., Na- chures and publication lists and circu- tional Academy of Sciences, 1966), and lating them among the potential users its updated version, International Com- of their services, libraries can help place pendium of Numerical Data Projects: A the scientific community in direct con-, Suruey and Analysis (New York, Springer- tact with the centers and their services. Verlag, 1969), describe the data centers Listed below are a few of the data and their publications. But the coverage centers and their publications which is limited mainly to physical sciences. will be of interest to university and spe- Furthermore, since their publication, lit- cial libraries. Most of the centers listed erally hundreds of new publications here are federally supported and are re- have come out. Encyclopedia of Znforma- sponsible for data compilation activities tion Systems and Services describes the in physical sciences. Many of the publi- data centers and lists their serial and non- cations reported here are later than 1969. serial publications without annotation Publications followed by (*) are avail- or evaluation; but the listing is not com- able from the Superintendent of Docu- plete. Annotated Accession List of Data ments, Government Printing Office, Compilations of Ofice of Standard Ref- Washington, D.C.; and the publications erence Data (Washington, D.C., GPO, followed by (**) are available from the 1970) arranges the data compilations ac- corresponding data center. For complete cording to the subject; but the access addresses of the centers and names of cannot be gained through author, data their directors, the reference sources center, or title. Publications of National listed in the following bibliography can Bureau of Standards (NBS-Special Pub- be consulted. lication 305, Suppls. 1, 2, and 3, Wash- ington, D.C., GPO) has a coverage lim- Acknowledgment ited to the NBS-related data centers. Other sources described in the follow- The authors wish to express their ap- ing bibliography are not helpful in find- preciation to the directors and staff of the ing the publications of the information data centers for sending us their brochures analysis centers. The best way to keep and publication lists as well as bringing to up with the information available from our attention a number of directories and related information. Thanks are also ex- these centers is by writing to them di- tended to the authors' colleagues in the Ref- rectly for publication lists and brochures. erence Department, Gene Eppley Library, Brochures give up-to-date services avail- University of Nebraska at Omaha for their able from the centers. Publication lists, criticisms. usually, give the complete listing of the publications of the centers. Occasionally Literature Cited they also include the list of publications in planning stage. Office of Standard 1. Ross, Alberta B. / The Radiation Chem- Reference Data supplies the publication istry Data Center. Journal of Chemical lists of data centers associated with the Documentation 7 (no.1) 34-36 (1967). National Standard Reference Data Sys- 2. Committee on Scientific and Technical tem. Individuals or institutions can be Information. Panel 6, Information Anal- ysis Centers / Directory of Federally placed on the mailing list of the Office of Supported Information Analysis Centers. Standard Reference Data (National Bu- Washington, D.C., Government Printing reau of Standards, Washington, D.C. Office, 1970. p.iii. 20234) to receive publication lists and 3. Thermophysical ProPerties Research Cen- its monthly NSRDS News. Similarly, one ter: Policies on Availability of Znforma- tion and Consulting Services. (Informa- Patents. San Mateo, Calif., Technology tion leaflet available from TPRC, Pur- Transfer Associates, 1972. due University, 2595 Yeager Rd., West 10. International Compendium of Numeri- Lafayette, Ind. 47906.) cal Data Projects: A Survey and Analy- Rossmassler, Stephen A., ed. / Critical sis. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1969. Evaluation of Data in the Physical Sci- 1 1. Matrrials Information Analysis Centers. ences-A Status Keport on the National Watertown, Mass., Army Materials and Standard Refrwnce 1)ata System June hlecllanics Research Center, 1973. 1972. 12. The NBS Alloy Data Center: Function, Research h1atci.ial.s Information Center. Bibliographic System, Related Data (Pamphlet available l'ronl KhIIC, Oak Centers and Rrference Books. NBS-TN Ridge National 12abor;~tory,1'.0. Box X, 464. Washington, D.C., GPO, 1968. Oak Ridge, I'enn. 37830.) 13. Pu6lications and Services of the Na- Radiation Chemistry Ikta Center: Spon- tional Bureau of Standards: Cryogenics sors, Activities, Loco tion. (Brochure ob- Division: Institute for Basic Standards, tained from RCDC, University of Notre Boulder, Colorado 80302, 1953-1972. Dame, Notre Dame, Ind. 46556.) NBS-TN 639. Washington, D.C., GPO, The Rensselaer Molten Salts Data Center / 1973. National U~rrpa~cof Stnndartls: T(,chni- 14. See also Refs 2 and 4, Literature Cited cal News Bulletin 56 (110.6): 146-147 Section. Other directories can be lo- (1972). cated in Library Literature under "In- formation Services-Directories"; and For Further Information "Information Services, Scientific and Technical-Directories." Continuing Numerical Data Projects; Survey and Analysis. 2d ed. Washington, D.C., National Academy of Sciences, Publications of 1966. Information Analysis Centers Gavert, R. B., et al. / A Critical Survey Atomic Transition Probabilities Data Center of Data Compilations on the Mechani- cal Properties of Metals. Unpublished. 1. Fuhr, J. R. and W. L. Wiese / Bibliog- (For further information write to: Dr. raphy on Atomic Transition Probabili- J. H. Westbrook, ERIPIS, General Elec- ties, Jzcly I969 through June 1971. NBS tric, Schenectady, N.Y. 12345.) Special Publication 320, Suppl. 1. Sep Defense Documentation Center Referral 1971. * Data Bank Directory. Keport DDC-T'K- 72-3 (AD 750 400). Alexandria, Va., De- Berkeley Particle Data Center fense Documentation Center, 1972. Cohen, Leonard / Directory of Cotnpu- (Available from National Technical In- terized Information in Science and Tech- formation Service, Springfield, Va. 22151) nology. New York, Science Associates, 1. A Compilation of YN Reactions. NSRDS- 1969. UCRL-20000 YN. Jan 1970. Directory of lnformation Resources in 2. 7rN Partial-Wave Amplitudes. NSRDS- the United States: Physical Sciences, En- UCRL20030. mN. Feb 1970. gineering. Washington, D.C., GPO, 197 1. 3. NN and ND Interactions [above 0.5 Gev/ (Other directories in the same series are: c]-A Compilation. NSRDS-UCRL-20000 Biological Sciences, 1972; Federal Gov- NN. Aug 1970. ernment, 1974; General Toxicology, 4. K,oN InteractionsA Compilation. 1969; and Water, 1966.) NSRDS-LBL-55. Mar 1972. Kruzas, Anthony T. / Directory of Spe- 5. NN and ND InteractionsA Compila- cial Libraries and Information Centers. tion. NSRDSLBL-58. May 1972. 2d ed. Detroit, Gale, 1968. 6. Review of Particle Properties. NSRDS- Directory of USAEC Information Anal- LBL-100. Apr 1972. ysis Centers. Oak Ridge, Tenn., USAEC 7. Review of Particle Properties. UCRL- Technical Information Center, 1972. 8030. Aug 1970. Encyclopedia of Information Systems and Services. 1st ed. Ann Arbor, Mich., Charged-Particle Cross-Section Data Center Edwards Brothers, 1971. Guide to Locating U.S. Government 1. Reaction List for Charged-Particle-In- Technical Information, Technology and duced Nuclear Reactions: a) Part I: Z = 1 to Z = 98 (H to Cf), tion Reactions of Fluorine, and Chlo- Jul 1970-Jun 1971; Part 11: Coulomb rine. International Journal of Chemical Excitation 1956-Jun 1971. F. K. MC- Kinetics 3: 39 (1971). Gowan, and W. T. Milner, Nuclear 12. Hampson, R. F., ed. / Photochemical Data A9, 469-626, 1971. and Rate Data for Twenty-Eight Gas b) Z = 1 to Z = 99 (H to Es), Jul 1971- Phase Reactions: A Survey of the Data. Jun 1972. F. K. McGowan, and W. T. Journal of Physical and Chemical Ref- Milner. Nuclear Data A1 1, 1-126, 1972. ence Data 2 (no.2) (1973). c) Z = 1 to 98 (H to Cf), Jul 1972-Jun 13. Westley, Francis / Chemical Kinetics in 1973. F. K. McGowan, and W. T. the GO-S and H-N-0-S System: A Bib- Milner. Atomic and Nuclear Data Ta- liography 1899 Through June J97l. NBS bles 12 (no.6) (1973). Special Publication 362. 1972. * 2. McGowan. F. K. and W. T. Milner / 14. Johnston, H. and D. Garvin / Working Charged-Particle Reaction List 1948- Papers for a Survey of Rate Data for 1971. Atomic and Nuclear Data Reprints Chemical Reactions in the Stratosphere. v.2. New York, Academic Press, 1973. NBS Report 10931. Oct 1972. ** 15. Westley, Francis / A Supplementary Chemical Kinetics Information Center Bibliography of Kinetic Data on Gas Phase Reactions of Nitrogen, Oxygen, 1. Benson, S. W. and H. E. O'Neal / Ki- and Nitrogen Oxides. NBS Special Pub- netics Data on Gas Phase Unimolecular lication 371. 1973. * Reactions. NBS-NSRDS 21. 1970. * 16. Hampson, R. F., ed. / Chemical Kinet- 2. Darwent, B. de B. / Bond Dissociation ics Data Survey I. Rate Data for Twelve Energies in Simple Molecules. NBS- Reactions of Interest for Stratospheric NSRDS 31. 1970. + Chemistry. NBS Report 10692. 1972. '* 3. Bortner, M. H. / A Review of Rate 17. Hampson, R. F., ed. I Chemical Kinet- Constants of Selected Reactions of Zn- ics Data Survey 11. Photochemical and terest in Re-Entry Flow Fields in the Rate Data for Fifteen Gas Phase Re- Atmosphere. NBS-TN 484. 1969. + actions of Interest for Stratospheric 4. McDaniel, E. W., et al. / Ion-Molecule Chemistry. NBS Report 10828. 1972. ** Reactions. New York, Wiley, 1970. 18. Garvin, D. and L. H. Gevantman / 5. Wilson, W. E., Jr. / A Critical Review Chemical Kinetics Data Survey 111. Se- of the Gas-Phase Reaction Kinetics of lected Rate Constants for Chemical Re- the Hydroxy Radical. Journal of Physi- actions of Interest in Atmospheric

cal and Chemical Reference Data 1: 535 Chemistry. NBS Report 10867. 1972. ++ (1972). 19. Chemical Kinetics Data Survey IV. Pre- 6. Chemical Kinetics of Reactions of liminary Tables of Chemical Data for Chlorine, Nitrogen and Oxygen Fluo- Modelling of the Stratosphere. NBSIR rides in Gas Phase: A Bibliography; 73-203. 1973. +* 1934 through June 1972. NBS LP 69. 20. Garvin, D., ed. / Chemical Kinetics Jul 1972. * + Data Survey V. Sixty-Six Contributed 7. Westley, Francis / Bibliography of Ki- Rate Photochemical Data Evaluations of netic Data on Gas Phase Reactions of Ninety-Four Reactions. NBS Report N2, 02, and Nitrogen Oxides. COM-71- NBSIR 73-206. 1973. ** 00841. 1971. + 21. Hampson, R. F., ed. / Chemical Ki- 8. Reactions of Electronically Excited Mo- netics Data Survey VI. Photochemical lecular Oxygen (with Organic and Zn- and Rate Data for Twelve Gas Phase organic Molecules) in Liquid Phase. Reactions of Interest for Stratospheric NBS LP 70. Jul 1972. +* Chemistry. NBS Report NBSIR 73-207.

9. Reference Works for the Chemical Ki- 1973. ++ neticist. National Bureau of Standards 22. Gevatman, L. H. and D. Garvin / The Technical News Bulletin 55 (no.6) (Jun Compilation and Evaluation of Chemical 1971). Kinetics Data; A Descriptive Survey of 10. Lloyd, Alan C. / Evaluated and Esti- Current Efforts. International Journal mated Kinetic Data for the Gas Phase of Chemical Kinetics 5: 213 (1973). Reactions of the Hydroperoxyl Radical. For related publications on chemical ki- NBS Report 10447. International Jour- netics brought out by other organiza- nal of Chemical Kinetics 6 (no.2) (1974). tions, see the publications list provided 11. Lloyd, A. C. / A Critical Review of the by the Chemical Kinetics Information Kinetics of the Dissociation-Recombina- Center. Data Center on Spectral Line Shapes and Mossbauer Effect Data Center Shifts Muir, A. H., Jr., et al. / Mossbauer Ef- 1. Fuhr, J. R., et al. / Bibliography .on fect Data Index, 1958-1965. New York, Atomic Line Shapes and Shifts. NBS Spe- Interscience Publications, 1966. cial Publication 366. 1973. * Muir, A. H., Jr., and John G. Stevens / Mossbauer Effect Data Index, 1966-68. Electronic Properties Information Center (in prep.). Stevens, John G. and Virginia Stevens / 1. Electronic Properties of Materials; a Mossbauer Effect Data Index, 1969. New Guide to the Literature. v.2 (parts 1&2). York, Plenum, 1970. New York, Plenum, 1967. Stevens, John G. and Virginia Stevens / 2. Electronic Properties of Materials; a Mossbauer Effect Data Index, 1970. New Guide to the Literature. v.3 (parts 1&2). York, IFI/Plenum, 1972. New York, Plenum, 1971. Stevens, John G. and Virginia Stevens / 3. Handbook of Electronic Materials. New Mossbauer Effect Data Index, 1971. New York, Plenum, 1971- . 6v. York, IFI/Plenum, 1972. In addition, EPIC produced a total of 109 publications in the form of technical Radiation Chemistry Data Center reports, interim reports, and special publications. They are listed under "Hughes 1. Watson, E., Jr. and S. Roy / Selected Aircraft Co., Culver City, Calif. Electronic Specific Rates of Reactions of the Sol- Properties Information Center" in the vated Electrons in Alcohols. NSRDS- U.S. Government Research and Develop- NBS 42. 1972. ment Reports Index. 2. Anbar, M., et al. / Selected Specific Rates of Reactions of Transients from Water in Aqueous Solution. I: Hydrated Fused Salts Information Center Electron. NSRDS-NBS 43. 1972. + No longer in existence. Similar work is 3. Peterson, D. B. / Radiation Chemistry carried out by Molten Salts Data Center. of Gaseous Ammonia. NSRDS-NBS 44. 1974. * 4. Johnson, G. R. A. / Radiation Chem- Information Center on High Temperature istry of Nitrous Oxide Gas. Preliminary Behaviour of Inorganic Salts Processes, Elementary Reactions and

No longer in existence. Yields. NSRDS-NBS 45. 1973. + 1. High Temperature Properties and Ther- 5. Freeman, G. R. / Radiation Chemistry mal Decomposition of Inorganic Salts: of Ethanol: A Review of Data on Yields, Part 2. Carbonates, NSRDS-NBS 30. K. H. Reaction Rate Parameters and Spectral

Stern, and E. L. Wiese. 1969. + Properties of Transients. NSRDS-NBS Part 3. Nitrates and Nitrites. K. H. Stern. 48. (To be published) * Journal of Physical and Chemical 6. Farhataziz and A. B. Ross / Selected Reference Data 1: 747 (1972). Specific Rates of Reactions of Transients Part 4. Oxysalts of the Halogens. Journal from Water in Aqueous Solution. 111: of Physical and Chemical Refer- Hydroxyl Radical and Perhydroxyl Rad- ence Data. (To be published) ical and Their Radical Ions. NSRDS- NBS xx. 1974. * Molten Salts Data Center 7. Anbar, M., et al. / Selected Specific Rates of Reactions of Transients from 1. Janz, G. J., et al. / Molten Salts. v.2, Water in Aqueous Solution. 11: Hydro- Section 1: Electrochemistry of Molten gen Atom. NSRDS-NBS xx. (To be Salts: Gibbs Free Energies and Excess (published) * Free Energies from Equilibrium Type Items 8-14 are available from National Cells; Section 2: Surface Tension Data. Technical Information Service, Spring-

NSRDS-NBS 28. Aug 1969. + field, Va. 22151. 2. Janz, G. J., et al. / Molten Salts. v.3: 8. Bibliography on Electron Spin Reso- Electrical Conductance, Density, Viscos- nance of Radiation Produced Radicals. ity, and Surface Tension Data for Ni- COO-38-595. NOV1967. trates as Binary Mixtures. Journal of 9. Bibliography on the Radiation Chemis- Physical and Chemical Reference Data 1: try of Aqueous Solutions. I: Amino Ac- 581 (1972). ids. COO-38-641. Nov 1968. SPECIALLIBRARIES 10. Bibliography on the Radiation Chemis- v. 1: Ferroelectric Materials and Ferro- try of Aqueous Solutions. 11: Carbohy- electricity. drates. COO-38-642. Dec 1968. v.2: Semiconductors: Preparation, Crys 11. Bibliography on Radiation Chemistry tal Growth, and Selected Proper- of Alcohols and Phenols. COO-38-643. ties. Nov 1968. v.3: Groups IV, V, and VI Transition 12. Thesaurus for Radiation Chemistry. Metals and Compounds: Prepara- COO-38-621. May 1968 (rev. Aug 1972). tion and Properties. 13. Bibliography of Radiation Chemistry of v.4: Electrical Properties of Solids: Alkanes. COO-38-661. May 1969. Surface Preparation and Methods 14. Weekly list of Papers on Radiation of Measurement. Chemistry, Index and Cumulation: v.5: Bibliography of Magnetic Mate- v.IV Nos. 1-26, Jan-Jun 1971. rials and Tabulation of Magnetic COM-71-01103. Aug 1971. Transition Temperatures. v.IV. Nos. 27-52, Jul-Dec 1971. COM-72-10266. Jan 1972. Superconductive Materials Data Center v.V. Nos. 1-26, Jan-Jun 1972. COM-72-10621. Aug 1972. 1. Roberts, B. W. / Superconductive Mate- v.V. Nos. 27-52, Jul-Dec 1972. rials and Some of Their Properties. NBS- COM-73-10281. Jan 1973. TN 724. 1972. * v.VI. Nos. 1-26, Jan-Jun 1973. COM-73- In press. Thermophysical Properties Research Center 1. Touloukian, Y. S., ed. / Thermophysical Rare-Earth Information Center Properties Research Literature Retrieval 1. Gschneidner, Karl A., Jr., and Nancy Kip- Guide. Supplement 1 (covering the years penhan / Thermochemistry of the Rare 1964-1970). New York, Plenum, Aug Earth Carbides, Nitrides, and Sulphides 1973. 6v. for Steelmaking. IS-RIC-5. Aug 1971. (Available free.) ** US. Bureau of Mines: Contributions to the 2. Thermochemistry of Rare Earths. IS- Data on Theoretical Metallurgy RIG-6. *" Part I: Rare Earth Oxides. 1. King, E. G., et al. / Thermodynamic Part 11: Rare Earth Oxysulfides. Properties of Copper and Its Inorganic Part 111: Rare Earth Compounds with Compounds. New York, International B, Sn, Pb, P, As, Sb, Bi, Cu, and Copper Research Association, 1973. Ag. (To be published) 2. Wicks, C. E. and F. E. Block Thermo- 3. RIC News. (Quarterly) (Available free) ** dynamic Properties of 65 Elements-Their Oxides, Halides, Carbides, and Nitrides. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 605. 1963. * Research Materials Information Center 1. Connolly, T. F., ed. Solid State Physics Received for review Nov 12, 1973. Re- Literature Guides. New York, IF11 vised manuscript accepted for publica- Plenum, 1970. tion Apr 2,1974.

Rao Aluri and Philip Yannarella a.re with the Gene Eppley Library, University of Nebraska, Omaha. ALURl YANNARELLA l1111111111111111111llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll~ I OCTOBER/NOVEMBER1974 46 1 This Works For Us

Publishing Industry Libraries in the New York Metropolitan Area

Ron Coplen

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, N.Y. 10017

Carol A. Nemeyer Association of American Publishers, Inc., New York, N.Y. 10016

Jean R. Peters R. R. Bowker Company, New York, N.Y. 10038

To determine which publishing collections, book selection, policy state- houses in the New York Metropolitan ments, librarians, and budget varied area provide library service to users and widely and were somewhat inconclusive, how those with no libraries gather and the high response rate is indicative of verify information, a survey was con- serious interest in the topic surveyed. ducted by the New York Chapter Pub- The questionnaire forms devised might lishing Group of SLA. While responses prove useful to other Divisions who seek to questions regarding services, users, similar information.

INTHE SPRING of 1972, members of The NYCPG has approximately one the New York Chapter Publishing hundred members, mostly librarians who Group (NYCPG) of the Special Libraries now work or have worked for publishing Association agreed on the need to learn firms. Because the larger publishing more about libraries in publishing com- houses often are represented by several panies. Do publishers other than those members, a simple count of the NYCPG represented in the group's membership membership does not equal the number offer library service to employees? Who of firms that maintain professionally are their librarians? What is the nature staffed libraries. and extent of their library collections The research committee met in May and services? These and more questions 1972 for the first of a series of discus- sparked the creation of a research com- sions to define the purposes of the sur- mittee to seek answers and, at the same vey, to determine the research method- time, to increase publishers' and librar- ology, and to select the "population" of ians' awareness of the potential value of publishers to be surveyed. For practical library service to the publishing industry. reasons, the project's scope was limited to book publishing industry libraries in call publishers' attention to the Special the New York metropolitan area. Those Libraries Association and to increase who conducted the survey are: Linda their awareness of library services; 2) to Amster (The New York Times), Donna involve actively at least some members Anderson (McGraw-Hill, Inc.), Ron of the NYCPG in a project that would Coplen (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, make their professioial membership ex- Inc.), Olga Melbardis (McGraw-Hill, perience more meaningful and enjby- Inc.), Connie McArdle (Grolier, Inc.), able; 3) to identify potential SLA mem- Jean Peters (R. R. Bowker Company), bers; and 4) to offer other SLA Divisions Sandra Scott (Macmillan, Inc.), Ted some suggested procedures should they Slate (Newsweek, Inc.), and Carol Ne- want to conduct surveys of the libraries meyer (Association of American Pub- in their respective subject fields. lishers), Chairman. In addition, Eleanor Initial Assumptions: The survey was Steiner-Prag (formerly with the R. R. structured in the belief that: 1) Some Bowker Company) and Mary Ann publishers support outstanding libraries O'Brian Malkin (AB Bookman's Weekly) but the majority of publishing houses reviewed the tabulated findings and pre- do not maintain their own special li- pared a provisional draft for the final re- brary; 2) Companies with a large num- port. (Affiliations are those at survey ber of employees and an active publish- time.) ing program are more likely to support NYCPG is grateful to the New York a company library than smaller firms; Chapter of the Special Libraries Associa- 3) The types of special library services tion for a grant of $200 to help offset offered to publishing personnel are var- the expense of conducting the survey ied; 4) The quality of library service is and to several member firms who picked primarily influenced by the professional- up the tab for duplicating and mailing ism and experience of the chief librar- materials. The volunteers obviously ian; 5) Librarians are not generally con- worked without remuneration but with sidered "top management" people as tremendous zeal. defined by their place in the company organizational hierarchy; 6) Not all pub- Aims lishing company librarians are members of SLA; and 7) Personnel in publishing The purposes of the survey were: 1) to houses with no special libraries fre- describe in general terms the nature and quently use public and university librar- extent of library services publishers pro- ies to satisfy their need for information vide their personnel; 2) to learn more and source materials. about the background and experience of Reactions: The committee was grati- publishing industry librarians; 3) to dis- fied by the large number of responses but cover administrative and managerial at- was disappointed that many publishing titudes among publishers toward the li- houses did not have libraries and that brary function; 4) to identify publishing no publisher openly expressed interest in houses that maintain libraries but do not establishing one. Perhaps the survey in- hold membership in SLA's Publishing creased publishers' attention to the need Division; and 5) to find out how per- to initiate library services but this con- sonnel in publishing firms that have no clusion cannot be drawn from the sur- special library get the materials and in- vey's findings. formation they need to manage their When the first analysis of responses programs, edit, produce and market was made, only 19 respondents of the 147 their books. publishers surveyed were found to offer It was hoped that the information comprehensive library service or to main- gathered would make it possible to de- tain significant collections of materials. velop a profile of special libraries in the Although the number seemed small publishing industry. By conducting the these 19 libraries do serve about 13,000 survey, the NYCPG also hoped: 1) to employees, a larger community than is served by public libraries in towns the subcommittee selected a structured sample size of Huntington, Long Island, or of publishing houses to be surveyed; the Princeton, N.J., for example. other constructed the questions and drafted This report, as most survey reports, a questionnaire form. Each group reviewed must be interpreted in context. While the work of the other. it is out of scope here to describe the In addition to the mailed questionnaires structure and complexities of the pub- the committee wanted to conduct personal lishing industry, it is useful to realize interviews with publishers, but the idea was impractical because the committee members that publishing is a small industry com- held full-time jobs. Months later, as the pared to other manufacturing or service survey neared completion, the committee industries. In 1972, when the survey be- was approached by Dr. Pauline Vaillancourt, gan, book publishers sold approximately a faculty member of the library school of $3 billion worth of books and operated the State TJniversity of New York at Al- at an average net profit of slightly more bany. She told us that Debbie Friedman, a than 3y0,after taxes. student working on a seminar paper about The publishing industry, perhaps publishing company libraries, would like more than most industries, has a sym- to coordinate her study needs with our survey needs. Debbie readily agreed to review biotic relationship with librarians in the tentative findings and, with guidance, every type of library. Librarians influ- conduct interviews which the committee had ence the publishing decision by trans- considered a "luxury." She conducted five mitting information to publishers about personal interviews with publishers who had their patron's needs; they review books returned questionnaires and whose written and are themselves customers and users responses whetted our appetite for further of the industry's products. details. Some of her fresh insights are re- The research committee feels strongly ported in this paper. that librarians need to communicate reg- Selecting the Publishers: The 1972 Liter- ularly with their publishing colleagues. ary Market Place was used to identify the p;blishing houses to be surveyed. Approxi- Ideally, every publishing house that pro- mately 600 were listed in the New York duces a large enough quantity of new area. Based on their personal knowledge of titles each year to justify the expense of the industry, several members suggested that maintaining a library would employ pro- soliciting information from each of the 600 fessional librarians. Ideally, each librar- firms would be unnecessarily costly, dupli- ian would be an active SLA member. cative and unproductive. Firms that publish Ideally, every publisher would recognize fewer than twenty new titles a year generally that good library service offers important would not support a professional library. benefits to staff members. But we are not The committee did, however, want to learn whether small publishing companies with an ideal society. We accept compromise no libraries use "outside" libraries for in- and reality yet remain optimistic, for formation and for their editorial, manage- this survey proves again that publishers ment, and marketing decision-making, so a and librarians must continue to ex- sample of these firms was included in the 147 change information and opinions in or- houses selected for the study. der to ensure a healthy book community. An index card file was prepared noting the names and addresses of the 147 publishing houses and the name of the person to whom the questionnaire form would be Methodology mailed. In a majority of cases the head of After considering alternative methods to house was selected. In a conglomerate where collect, analyze and report findings, the the headquarters office is not in or near committee decided on a descriptive survey, New York City, a local executive was se- using a questionnaire form to gather infor- lected. So that chief executives in each com- mation and opinions, and to conduct fol- pany would be informed of the survey, li- low-up telephone queries to publishers who brarians were not queried directly. had not returned the questionnaire. To However, as expected, questionnaires were make the best use of the limited time avail- forwarded by some presidents to their li- able, the volunteers divided the tasks. One brarians for response. SPECIALLIBRARIES Table 1. Companies with Libraries by Size No clear picture of a "typical" publish- of Company ing company library emerges from-the responses of the 19 companies with libraries. No. of full-time No. of titles No. of libraries Each company appears to have designed compony employees in print within company some features of special library service to meet its particular needs. This finding rein- forces the frequently made observation that publishers are individualistic, with each house following its own path to achieve its goals. To investigate the relationship between the size of the firm and the maintenance of a library, publishers were queried about their number of full-time employees and the approximate number of their firm's book titles in print. No reliable correlation could be developed. An example of the range and variety of replies is displayed in Table 1. From this tabulated sample of responses Haves and Have Nots: Two different (drawn from the total number received), it questionnaire forms were designed, one to is clear that the size of the firm as measured be completed by firms that have libraries by employees or titles is not a determining (Appendix A), and the other, a shorter form, factor in the publisher's decision to support by firms wit,h no libraries (Appendix B). a company library. It can only be reported The questionnaires were pretested with that 11 houses with more than 1,000 titles members of ,the Association of American in print do have a special library and that Publishers' School & Library Promotion & 15 houses with more than 1,000 titles in Marketing Committee. All questions were print do not have libraries. found "appropriate-- - and answerable." The forms were mailed with a covering letter explaining the purposes of the survey and The Library urging response. Who uses the company library? What serv- Questionnaires rarely are 100yo satisfac- ices are provided? What is the nature of the tory. Budget questions are known to be collections? "sensitive." The committee constructed Users: More than of the companies questions concerning budget as carefully as with libraries encourage all their personnel possible in an effort to be fair and non- to use the library. One respondent noted revealing of individual responses. Even so, that the library serves only specific depart- the budget questions were answered by so ments; another permits a single division of few respondents that the results are invalid the company to use the library. Fewer than and are not reportable. Some words of cau- half (42%) of the respondents permit the tion about this problem and the need to general public to use the library by appoint-

recast the words in several other questions ment but almost half (477"). , -. welcome SLA were shared with SLA's Boston Chapter members by appointment. which subsequently expressed interest in Library users may be categorized as fol- duplicating the survey in the New England lows: editorial personnel in 11 of the 19 area. firms with libraries are the heaviest users of Responses from Companies with Libraries: the library; in six of the 11 companies, edi- Publisher cooperation was demonstrated by torial use ranges from 75~0-10070; the re- the high percentage of returns: 68.4%. maining 5 firms stated that editorial use Questionnaires were mailed to 147 publish- ranges from 50yo-75%. Non-editorial uses ing companies and 100 responded. Nineteen (secretarial, accounting department, person- of the 100 firms maintain libraries, 81 do nel department, art department) account not. Archival collections, consisting solely for 25y0 of the users in a majority of the of a firm's own titles, are also maintained libraries; the remaining 25% of users are by 5 of the 19 companies with libraries. management personnel. Eleven firms that do not report having a Obviously, the number of users tells little library do have an archival collection. No about volume or quality of service but does response to mail or telephone inquiries was give some indication of the library's strengths received from 47 firms. or the firm's intended level of services. Services: The most frequently cited serv- rangements have been made among librarians ices provided to users are: 1) fact-checking to share selected books from their firm's re-. and 2) referring users to sources. While 7 spective lists. libraries conduct "research in depth," the With regard to the purchase of books by majority of respondents either refer users to the library, 60% buy books directly from information sources or do only basic fact- the publisher; 15y0 buy from bookstores; checking. A relatively small number (3) in- and only one library reports using a jobber. dicate that the librarian prepares bibliog- Approximately 420/,, of the librarians are raphies. Literature searches are provided by responsible for ordering books for other 9 of the libraries while 1 provides transla- employees for office use; 47y0 do not make tions. In 9 libraries, relevant materials (i.e., such purchases. When asked if the library periodicals, books, advertisements for new would order books for the personal use of hooks, reports and general information) are employees, over 80% stated that they do regularly routed to employees in advance not, 15% said they would. of request. Written Policy: Is there a written policy Interlibrary Loans: Only 3 libraries re- statement defining the functions and goals port that they "often" loan or borrow ma- of the library? Fourteen libraries (73%) re- terials, 9 "seldom" loan or borrow and 7 $art having no policy statement; 5 libraries "never" loan or borrow. Outside informa- (27%) do operate under a written policy tion sources (as distinct from borrowing or directive. One company stated they have ;I loaning materials) regularly utilized by the library and a written policy statement but 19 libraries are: The New York Public Li- "hadn't had a librarian or a library staff in brary (73y0); university libraries (57Yti); years. . . . Our library is a place, not a other public libraries (47y0); government service," they added. "The librarian was agencies (37y0); other company libraries one of those luxuries that disappeared a (26%). few years ago and at present, we would put Collections: Publishing libraries are per- a few more editors ahead of a librarian." haps unique in their ;mphasis on books, This statement, from one of only five li- although individual libraries reported spe- braries having a written policy statement cial materials sucli as a collection of more was, perhaps, the most challenging finding than 5,000 college catalogs, various types of of the survey, not only for its negative in- microforms, government tlocumen ts files, ference about the priority of library service and a collection of more than 2,000 bio- but for the possibility that someone thinks graphical scrapbooks, used for reference by that "a" librarian's salary would be equal company personnel only. (At survey time, to that of "a few" editors! only one iibrary reported ha\.ing a micro- Stafl: Publishers were asked for the num- form readerlprinter.) ber of full-time library staff employees in Library Commztnicc~tion.r:How do employ- order to discover if a relationship existed ees learn about available library services? between that number and the total number Respondents could check as many choices as of company employees. There was a wide were applicable. The results: orientation of range of responses with no discernible pat- new company personnel (68y0); library ac- tern. Five of the 19 companies that report quisitions lists issued periodically (31'%); having a library and a total number of em- company newsletter (15y0); library exhibits ployees ranging from 25 to 1,000 have no (10%). "Other" means of informing staff professional librarian or any clerical staff. about library services were selected by 21y0 Seven companies have a single professional of the respondents, including "staff memos," librarian supported by a staff ranging from and "hit-and-miss methods." five persons to none. The ratio of profes- Book Selection: Responses to the ques- sional to clerical staff in 4 companies with tion about who is responsible for adding new 1,000 to 6,000 employees is 1:0, 1:1, 1:s books to the library collection were evenly and 6:61/2 divided between the librarian and "other Some small companies have a library staff, departments." Almost 70y0 of the libraries some large companies do not. Each publish- indicated that review and/or complimen- ing company apparently hires personnel on tary copies comprised 25y0 of their collec- the basis of individual company needs and tion. This finding might be interpreted as priorities. a special feature of the publishing industry Librarian: Questions regarding the li- where publishers, editors, and others receive brarian were asked to determine who ad- copies of books for review and give them ministers the library, what is that person's to the library, or where "exchange" ar- professional background and what is the relative hierarchical status of the librarian records supervisor, executive vice president within the company. (two similar responses), general advertising Background of Librarian: Fourteen of the manager, president. 19 companies with libraries (73%) employ One cannot accurately distinguish hier- professional librarians, 5 (270/,) do not. archy by these titles except in the obvious Seven of the 14 librarians had been em- cases. Only one librarian reports directly to ployed as librarians in their previous posi- a president, 4 report to vice presidents, 3 to tions. Two others had been administrative a senior editor and the remainder to assistants, one a student, one a library as- "others." With regard to "number of ex- sistant and one person "had been with the ecutives linking librarian . . ." the response company for over thirty years in various po- was: 12 librarians (63y0) report to a person sitions." Several companies that stated they only once removed from the head of house; have a library but no librarian qualified one librarian (0.05Cj") is separated from the their answers:. "We have had no librarian head of house by 3 people, and 6 respond- for the past few years." "Our library is main- ents (31y0) did not answer this question. tained only for display of our titles . . . a (Five bf ti,; 6 "no responses" are from firms receptionist logs in books . . . does shelv- with no libraries and one has an archival ing and checks on borrowing, for employ- collection only.) ees only." With regard to internal communications, It will be recalled that one aim of the two questions were asked: Does the librarian survey was to identify publishing houses serve on company committees? Twelve com- that have libraries but are not members of panies with libraries (63y0) stated that the SLA. Publishers were asked to identify the librarian did not serve on any committee; 2 professional organizations in which their li- (1 1%) reported that the librarian does serve brarian is a member. Only 7 of the 14 pro- on committees; and there were 5 (26y0) "no fessional librarians (50y0) belong to SLA. response." Does management regularly in- Other organizations in which the librarian form the librarian about forthcoming pub- is a member include the American Library lications and new services? In response, 6 Association, the New York Library Club, companies (32y0) answered yes, 8 (42%) no, American Society for Information Science, and 5 (26%) did not respond. Women's National Book Association, Beta Since a majority of the librarians do not Phi Mu, and the New York Technical Serv- serve on any internal company committees ices Librarians. and are not regularly informed about com- The 7 librarians who were not listed as pany publications, administrators of pub- members of SLA were later sent: 1) a cur- lishing companies might reconsider this pol- rent issue of the Publishing Division Bul- icy in order to make more informed use of letin; 2) a membership invitation from the their librarians. Librarians should actively Publishing Division, and 3) an SLA rCsumP/ seek more internal information about the application. books their companies publish and request The Librarian's Place in the Hierarchy: membership on appropriate company com- Questions about the "title of person to mittees. From the resDonses. the committee whom librarian reports" and the "number assumes that a great deal of passivity exists of executives who link librarian to head of on the part of both management and librari- house" were asked to learn if there is any ans in this regard. pattern to describe the librarian's role Budget: As noted earlier, the survey com- within the corporate structure. Does the li- mittee spent more time structuring the brarian work closely enough with top man- questions relating to budget than on any agement people to influence managerial de- other. In keeping with the goal of trying to cisions? Fourteen responses to the first ques- determine where the library and librarian tion provided 13 different job titles, per- fit into the corporate structure, questions haps more a reflection of the lack of con- were asked which, if answered, could have sisient job descriptions in the publishing provided data useful to those who might be industry than wide diversity. The libraria~~ considering the formation or improvement reports to: vice presidentlmarketing, execu- of a company library and for others seeking tive editor, assistant director/editor-in-chief, to measure existing library services. office manager, vice presidentleditor a!ld The questions attempted to learn: 1) if assistant publisher, director of advertising tl~clibrarian originates the budget (an indi- services, director of central editorial sen.- cation of additional corporate credibility ices, director of reference services, vice pres- and responsibility); 2) who approves the ident, corporate communications, corporate budget (over and above the librarian); 3) what percentages of budgets are expended (26y0) selected "other" and amplified it for salaries, books and periodicals, and other with remarks such as: "reference books on items; and 4) whether projected changes in shelves of department managers"; "maga- the budgets point to a period of special li- zine and clipping files"; "staff editors do all brary expansion, diminution or status quo. research and related activities"; and "indi- To develop a meaningful profile of the vidual departments maintain collections of special library as a guide to firms that might needed reference books." When the inter- consider establishing a library, it was felt viewer visited one of these firms with no that these questions were appropriate and library, she reported that the person in necessary. The committee's sensitivity about charge had to go from his office on one such questions proved, unfortunately, to be floor to another in order to get a book accurate. Of the 19 companies with librar- from the "library." To accomplish this it ies, 14 (84%) did not respond constructively was necessary to get the key, go behind the to the question. They either crossed through mailroom to the library area, "a crowded, the complete question or wrote "confiden- dusty.storeroom with no place to sit." tial," "not applicable," "not available," or In another instance, she learned that "one "does not apply." Only three companies editor has been given some of the responsi- (16y0) did respond to all parts of the ques- bilities for the library since the librarian tion. The committee is grateful to the resigned .and was not replaced. The editor's three respondents who took considerable regular work could not be accomplished with time to present their data, but withholds the additional task, so library services have this information as unrepresentative of a been cut back. Standing order items are pattern or trend. paid, although there is no complete list of Responses from Companies with No Li- what these items are. The service of rout- brary: In addition to learning about corn- ing magazines has been dropped since there panies with special libraries, basic informa- is no one to do this detailed work. No mation was sought from a sampling of corn- terials are allowed to circulate since an en- panies that do not have libraries. We hoped tire set of encyclopedias disappeared." to learn: 1) what regular in-house informa- Outside Information Sources: How do tion sources are available to employees; personnel in publishing firms with no li- 2) what outside information sources are used braries get the materials and information regularly; and 3) the publisher's stated rea- they need? These firms were asked to indi- sons for not maintaining a library. As pre- cate sources regularly used outside the com- viously noted, the size of a company does pany. Forty-four firms with no library not appear to be a decisive factor in identi- (77y0) utilize the resources of the New York fying firms with a library. Public Library; 25 (4573, other public li- Nor is size a determining factor among braries; 20 (33.2y0), government agencies; 19 firms with no libraries. Responses from the (33.1y0), university libraries; 8 (13%) se- firms with no libraries resulted in an ex- cure information through membership in tremely large scatter. For example, of two various organizations (e.g., Engineering So- firms with 5,000 book titles each in print, cieties, The Conference Board); and 7 one has 40 employees, the other 230. There (12%) indicated "other," such as the Amer- are two firms with 2,000 titles in print: one ican Booksellers Association, Association of employs 30 people, the other 200. These American Publishers, New York Society Li- findings support the earlier statement about brary, American Library Association, Mod- the lack of relationship between number of ern Language Association, and 3 (5y0) uti- employees and number of titles in print as lize other company libraries. This last figure an influence on the decision to have or not is particularly interesting when compared to to have a library. the 26y0 of companies with libraries who In-House Information Sources: Companies borrow from other company libraries. One with no libraries were asked to identify might speculate that the network of special other kinds of systematic or formal in-house librarians is putting their knowledge to information sources for employees. Re- work. spondents could check as many choices as Reasons for Not Maintaining a Library: were applicable. Twenty-two companies From a multiple choice list, companies were (36%) have archival collections; 18 (3 1yo) asked why they do not maintain a library. have research departments (unfortunately, The results: 43 (75%) "satisfy information the respondents were not asked to describe needs in other ways"; 19 (33y0) have "too the function or services of this department); few employees"; 8 (14%) feel they have and 10 (17%) have photo libraries. Fifteen "insufficient funds"; and 6 (10%) "didn't know if they need one." (Respondents Received for review Apr 4, 1974. Manu- checked more than one reply.) The inter- script accepted for publication Aug 19, viewer's observations included a comment 1974. that the committee feels sums up the attitude of librarians toward companies that do not provide library service: "Employees in companies without libraries are at a great loss since they have no current awareness service. People will obtain something they Ron Coplen is editorial librarian, Harcourt need one way or another, but they can't Brace Jovanovich Library, New York, N.Y. ask for something they don't know about. A Carol A. Nemeyer is a senior associate librarian on the alert for materials or top- at the Association of American Publishers, ics people 'need to know about . . . can New York, N.Y. Jean R. Peters is librarian help provide the information the staff needs at the R. R. Bowker Company, New York, in order to grow." N.Y.

APPENDIX A Survey of Publishing Company Libraries in the New York Area (Form A: to be completed by Companies that have a Library)

1. Name of Company Address Tel. 2. Number of full-time Company employees 3. Approximate number of book titles in print 4. Does Company maintain more than one Library or Information Center? (If Yes, complete this form for the main Library only) YesNo 5. Name of main Library 6. The Library is primarily intended to be: (a) General reference library (b) Archival collection 7. Name of Chief Librarian Previous position held Professional memberships 8. Title of person to whom Librarian reports 9. Title@)of executive(s) who link Librarian to Head of House --

10. Number on Library staff (in full-time equivalents): (a) Professional (b) Non-Professional (c) Total No.- 11. Is there a written policy statement defining the functions and goals of the Library? (If Yes, please attach) Yes- No 12. Budget: (a) Librarian originates budget: Yes No- (b) Title of person (or group) approving final Library budget

(d) Percentage of 1972 Library budget allocated for salaries % (e) Percentage of 1972 Library budget allocated for books and periodicals % OCTOBER/NOVEMBER1974 469 APPENDIX A (continued)

(9 Percentage of 1972 Library budget allocated for other 7'0 (g) The total 1973 budget is expected to be: (a) higher- (b) same- (c) lower- 13. The Library regularly serves: (Check all appropriate) (a) Entire company (f) General public (b) Specific departments only - by appointment only- (c) Single division - (g) SLA members- (d) Branches in other cities - hy appointment only- 14. Hours per week the Library is open: 15. Library is used by (a) EditorialO/, (b) Non-Editorialyo (c) Managementyo (d) Other%(Please specify) 16. Library regularly provides these services: (Check all appropriate) (a) Refers users to sources - (e) Literature searches - (b) Fact-checking - (f) Translating - (c) Research in depth - (g) Routes pertinent materials (d) Prepares bibliographies - 17. Library borrows materials from outside sources: Of tenSeldom- Never- 18. Library lends materials to non-employees: Often Seldom Never- 19. Library provides photocopying services for: (a) Employees- (b) Non-employees- 20. Major subject area@)of collection (e.g., History, Science. Management):

21. Library contains (Approximate number): (a) Books - (i) Phonorecords - (b) Bound periodicals (titles) (j) Audio tapes - (c) Periodical subscriptions - (k) Films, filmstrips (d) Newspaper subscriptions (1) Slides - (e) Vertical file drawers - (m) Pictures - (f) Microfilms (reels) - (n) Maps - (g) Microcards - (0) Microform readers and/or printers - (h) Microfiche - (p) Other 22. Library collection is classified by: (a) Dewey- (b) LC(c) Other- 23. Subject headings used are: (a) Sears (b) LC(c) Other 24. Please describe briefly any automated Library services:

25. Most additions to collection are selected by: (a) Librarian (b) Other depts.- 26. Review and/or complimentary materials comprise what percentage of Library collection: (a) 0-25%- (b) 2550%- (c) 5&757L:, (d) 75-100y0- 27. Books are generally purchased: (a) through jobber- (b) direct from publisher (c) bookstore- 28. Library is responsible for ordering office copies of books for employees: Yes- No- 29. Library is responsible for ordering personal copies of books for employees: Yes- No- 470 SPECIALLIBRARIES APPENDIX A (continued)

30. Library users find out about Library services through (Check all appropriate): (a) Periodic Library acquisitions lists (b) Other Library bulletins (c) Library exhibits (d) Company newsletter (e) Orientation of new personnel (f) Other 31. Internal communication: (a) Librarian serves on Company committees: Yes- No- (b) Management regularly informs Librarian about forthcoming Company publications and new services: Yes No- 32. In-house information sources, other than main Library (Check all appropriate): (a) Research Dept. (b) Archives (c) Photo Library- (d) Other 33. Outside information sources regularly used by Company (Check all appropriate): (a) New York Public Library - (e) Other company libraries - (0 Membership in organizations (e.g., (b) Other public libraries - Engineering Societies, The (c) University libraries - Conference Board, etc.) - (d) Government agencies - (g) Other (Please specify):

We welcome your further comments and thank you for your cooperation.

Signed by: Title Date

Please return to: Miss Connie McArdle Editorial Librarian Grolier Incorporated 575 Lexington Avenue New York, N.Y. 10022

APPENDIX B Sweyof Publishing Company Libraries in the New York Area (Form B: to be completed by Companies that do not have a Library) 1. Name of Company Address Tel. 2. Number of full-time employees 3. Approximate number of book titles in print 4. In-house information sources (Check all appropriate): (a) Research Department @) Archives (c) Photo Library (d) Other (Please specify) OCTOBER/NOVEMBER1974 47 1 APPENDIX B (continued) 5. Outside information sources regularly used by Company: (a) New York Public Library (b) Other public libraries (c) University libraries (d) Government agencies (e) Other company libraries (f) Membership in organizations (e.g., Engineering Societies, The Conference Board, etc.)

(g) Other (Please specify):

6. Company does not maintain a Library because: (a) Too few employees (b) Insufficient funds (c) Information needs satisfied in other ways (d) Never thought of it (e) Don't know how to begin to establish one - (f) Don't know if we need one (g) Other (Please elaborate on your responses):

We welcome your further comments and thank you for your cooperation.

Signed by: Title Date -

Please return to: Miss Connie McArdle Editorial Librarian Grolier Incorporated 575 Lexington Avenue New York, N.Y. 10022

PETERS COPLEN NEMEYER

111111111111111l11l1llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll~lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllltllllllllllllll Corth's Commandments

Annette Corth

Rutgers University, Library of Science and Medicine, New Brunswick, N.J. 08903

THEFOLLOWING "Commandments" The term "customer" is used pur- were presented by the author at a session posely instead of patron, user, client, she taught of the Keference Technicians reader, etc., in order to stress that service Course given in the spring of 1971 by to its customers is the prime business of the New Jersey Chapter of the Special a library. Libraries Association. 4 I. Thou shalt interview thy customer VIII. Thou shalt not overlook ad- mightily, asking of him or her a goodly denda and supplements in thy reference many questions. "What, who, when, books. Therein may dwell the object of where, in which subject area?" Until the thy seeking. customer divulgeth what he or she seek- IX. Thou shall not interpret technical eth, all is for naught. facts and figures for thy customer. Secure 11. Thou shalt write down the query ye the book that containeth the answer made of thee so that thou canst gaze and let him or her extract such informa- upon it whilst seeking the answer. Check- tion for him or herself. est thou the accuracy of spelling of X. Thou shalt not overlook non- names and of unusual or unfamiliar library information sources in thine own words. company or community. All the world 111. Verily shalt thou take a moment loveth a local expert. to reflect upon the type of information XI. To make a reference book thy thy customer wanteth and to decide friend and ally, inspect thou the preface which reference tools would be most ap- to see what is included therein and how propriate to use. it is best utilized. IV. Rememberest thou to consult XII. Blessed are they who know when thine own card catalog and/or reference they knoweth not and would utter unto shelf to locate the type of tool needed to the customer, saying: "Verily, I am un- answer thy query. A perfect memory ex- able to locate the answer to thy query, isteth not. but gladly will I refer thee unto the ref- V. Thou shalt beware of variations in erence librarian in whom abideth longer alphabetization and check for word-by- experience." Eternally damned are they word vs. letter-by-letter arrangement as who before checking with the reference well as for the location of initials in the librarian say: "Nay, we have it not." alphabet. XIII. Now that thou hast heard my VI. Thou shalt advise thy customer words, harken thereunto and go thou to stay put and keep his or her cool forth and be thou helpful! whilst thou seekest the answer to his or her query. Tailgating, over-the-shoulder Received for review May 23, 1974. Man- peering, earth-pawing customers are uscript accepted for publication Jun 3, truly an abomination unto the entire li- 1974. brary world. VII. Thou shall never ignore the in- Annette Corth is biological sciences re- dexes to reference books for they are the source librarian, Library of Science and portals through which their treasures Medicine, Rutgers University, New Bruns- are revealed unto you. wick, N.J. OCTOBER~NOVEMBER1974 Overseas Report

Science-Technology Libraries in Pakistan

Syed Jalaluddin Haider University of Tabriz, School of Library Science, Faculty of Education, Tabriz, Iran

the government of Pakistan under the The conditions of Science-Technology auspices of Colombo Plan to survey the libraries and of library education in library conditions and to chalk but a Pakistan are outlined. The main Paki- comprehensive program of library serv- stani libraries and their services are dis- ice for the country. The report, sub- cussed. And, finally, recommendations mitted by Key in 1956, included the fol the future are suggested. need for strengthening scientific libraries with particular emphasis on those attached to the chain of laboratories of Pakistan Council of Scientific and In- ROLE of science-technology in THE dustrial Research (2). solving- the national problems of vital interest, like food, shelter, clothing, The need for providing better librar- health, and education is being increas- ies for scientific and technological re- ingly recognized in Pakistan. The suc- search has been recognized in several cessive developmental plans, launched documents of the government, and in by the government, have laid more and the reports of various national comrnis- more emphasis on scientific and techno- sions. According to the Second Five-Year logical research by allocating increased Plan, "Development of special libraries finances for the promotion and estab- is essential to support research" (3). Fur- lishment of scientific and technological thermore, the plan suggested, "This research organizations. According to a service should be accompanied by the survey conducted by PANSDOC in 1968, pooling of reference materials through there were 130 (I) research establish- interlibrary loans, union lists, and cata- ments, owned by the departments of cen- logs and comprehensive bibliographical tral and provincial governments, autono- works" (3). mous research councils, research institu- A new force was experienced with tions, and universities in the country. the appearance of the Report of the Although existing establishments cover Scientific Commission in 1960 (4, p. many fields of science and technology, 102). The report emphasized the need the major emphasis is on agricultural, for "maintenance of up-to-date libraries industrial, and medical research. through a regular flow of scientific literature in a country like Pakistan, where personal contact with international sci- Library Planning entists is rather limited" (4, p.62). To be The first step to establish libraries and more specific, the commission described library service was taken in 1955, when the existing library facilities in these L. C. Key of Australia was invited by words: "We have noticed a woeful lack of up-to-date scientific books and tech- and technical library resources; intro- nicai journals in the libraries of the uni- duction of a liberal import policy for the versities and other scientific establish- acquisition of books and periodicals ments" (4). About library education and from abroad; improvement of status of status of librarians it noted, "Courses for librarians working in scientific and tech- librarianship have been organized in the nological libraries; and reproduction of universities but the pay-scale of librar- rare monographs (6). ians and assistant librarians is so low Unesco made available the services of that these careers do not attract good Dr. Herman H. Henkle from July to talents from the universities" (4, p.63). September 1966 to survey the existing The recommendations, made by the conditions and analyze the needs of commission, included: 1) granting of science-technology libraries in the coun- Individual General Licences (I.G.L.) to try (7). After one year, in August 1967, universities, selected scientific depart- another Unesco team visited Pakistan ments and research councils for import under the leadership of John E. Sobs of of scientific materials from abroad; 2) or- Unesco which also discussed the possi- ganization of a central service for such bility of assistance for setting up a Na- functions, like interlibrary loan, pro- tional Science Library with the govern- curement and preparation of microfilms ment and heads of various organizations and photocopies of published paper and (8). documents, preparation of bibliogra- The 7th Annual Conference of the phies on specific subjects, translation of Pakistan Library Association, held at important scientific papers into Eng- Karachi in January 1971, devoted a spe- lish, and provision of contact lists; 3) cial session to the subject. A number of expansion of Unesco coupon service, useful papers were presented by the par- and 4) better pay scales and emoluments ticipants. All these papers reiterated the £01 trained librarians (4). need for the betterment of science and The Third Five-Year Plan like other technology libraries in order to carry out similar government documents asserted scientific research in the country. that the situation with regard to libraries supporting education and research was unsatisfactory. It recommended "Im- Present Position of Science-Technology provement of quality, expansion of fa- Libraries cilities for study and research in scien- Information on Science-Technology tific and technological disciplines and libraries is obscure because no official consolidation in general" (5) for the census of resources available in the universities. country has yet been made. The sources Realizing the poor condition of sci- (9, 10, 11) are neither comprehensive in ence-technology libraries, PANSDOC their coverage nor up-to-date in respect sponsored a symposium on the "Devel- of information provided therein. Accord- opment of Scientific and Technical ing to a rough estimate there are 60 sci- Libraries" from Mar 14-16, 1963, at Ka- ence-technology libraries in Pakistan at- rachi. The symposium provided a plat- tached to research establishments of form to the scientists, educationists, li- central and provincial governments, re- brarians, and publishers for presenting search councils, scientific universities, their problems, complaints and appre- science faculties of the universities, tech- ciations based on their experience. Sig- nical colleges, and research institutions. nificant recommendations made by them Observation shows that they are largely were: establishment of two science li- post independence products, organized braries in Karachi and Dacca; prepara- to meet the needs of individual institution of a union catalog of periodicals; tions and devoted to single subject fields formulation of uniform policy for inter- or to a group of related subjects. To a library loan; survey of existing scientific large extent these libraries are located in urban areas where industrial and the Union List of Scientific and Tech- commercial developments have been nical Periodicals in the Libraries of greatest. The libraries, with the excep- Pakistan. The centre also assists various tion of agricultural and technical uni- scientific and technical institutions in versities, vary in size from 1,000 to 15,000 the organization of their libraries and volumes. The annual budgets range information services by training their from Rs.5000 to 50,000 (10 rupees : $1 staff in addition to participating in U.S.), the staffs range from 3 to 12, in- teaching programs of the Department of' cluding professional and janitorial. In Library Science, University of Karachi. the agricultural and technical universities, the book-stocks range from 25,000 Some Important Libraries to 60,000 volumes, and the budget provision used to be Rs.1,50,000 to 2,50,000. Pakistan Council of Scientific and In- The staff numbers between 15 and 25. A dustrial Research, popularly called large number of these libraries are P.C.S.I.R., formed in 1953, is the largest headed by professionally trained librar- research organization devoted to the ians. The Dewey Decimal Classification progress of science and aimed at the uti- is the most used system. The Library of lization of natural resources and their Congress has been adopted by the Li- development. It has a central library at brary of the Jinnah Post-Graduate Medi- ~arachiand branch libraries attached to cal Centre, only. Similarly, U.D.C. is regional laboratories. The library at- used just by the libraries attached to the tached to the central laboratory at Ka- Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. rachi consists of more than 15,000 books The Dictionary Catalogue is popular. and 10,000 bound periodicals, with The concept of reference service is gain- nearly 200 titles received on current sub- ing ground. The common services of- scripLons. The branch libraries contain fered in most of the existing libraries in- 5,000 to 8,000 books to meet their im- clude: answering quick reference ques- mediate needs. The most exhaustive tions, performing literature searching, holdings are in the fields of biology, bio- indexing journals of interest, preparing chemistry, chemical engineering, indus- subject bibliographies, publishing lists trial chemistry, pharmacy, etc. of current acquisitions and giving guid- In the field of natural sciences, there ance to library users. In some libraries are three outstanding libraries, i.e., those translation and photocopying services of the Geological Survey of Pakistan, the are also offered. Zoological Survey Department, and the Forest Research Institute. Documentation Services The Geological Survey of Pakistan at Quetta contains 20,000 volumes, includ- Pakistan National Scientific and Tech- ing the back runs of periodicals, while nical Documentation Centre (PANS- excluding a large number of ephemeral DOC), under the administrative control material and maps relating to its own of Pakistan Council of Scientific and In- field and other allied sciences. The li- dustrial Research, was established in brary maintains exchange relations with 1957 with the technical and financial more than 100 geological surveys, scien- assistance of Unesco. Its purpose is to tific societies and universities. and thus help Pakistani scientists keep abreast of receives all the geological publications current scientific literature through its from all over the world. The subjects document procurement, translation and covered are geology and other reiated bibliography compilation services. Dur- subjects, such as paleontology, geo-chem- ing 1957-1962, the centre has received istry, geo-physics, ground water geology, requests for 5,295 microfilms, 5,004 pho- mining and metallurgy, etc. tocopies, 1,075 translations, and 519 bib- The library attached to the Zoological liographies (12). PANSDOC issues Paki- Survey Department at Karachi, founded stan Science Abstract, and has published with the establishment of the department in 1948, has a total collection of country's leading centre for advanced more than 15,000 volumes on zoology study and research on the subject-has and allied subjects, particularly taxon- been the result of a project to house the omy, ecology, and geography. largest collection on nuclear science. The Forest Research Institute at For medical sciences, Pakistan's biggest Peshawar, established in 1947, owns a library is that of Jinnah Post-Graduate collection of 10,500 specialized volumes Medical Centre, at Karachi, formerly on forest botany, forest entomology, known as the Basic Medical Science In- wood utilization, and soil chemistry. stitute. The library was founded in 1959 Among the agricultural libraries the and is now the best medical library in most important is the library of the the country-containing over 20,000 West Pakistan Agriculture University at volumes and receiving more than 500 Lyallpur, established in 1961. It is the current periodicals. 1t-is notable for its largest library on agriculture and allied extensive collection of back issue periodi- subjects. It contains some 70,000 books, cals, many of which are complete sets, 7,000 bound periodicals and 400 current which forks' the largest part -of the li- journals. The library acquires publica- brary. It maintains a dictionary catalog tions in all the branches of agriculture, and books have been classified by Li- i.e., agricultural agronomy, entomology, brary of Congress classification. The li- fibre technology, food technology, horti- brarv serves not onlv the students and culture, nutrition, genetics, etc. research staff of the centre, but also The University of Engineering and members of the academic profession and Technology at Lahore is the largest li- medical practitioners. he staff com- brary on the subject. It contains 30,000 piles bibliographies and carries out lit- volumes, including bound periodicals on erature searches as and when required. chemical engineering, mining, town Microfilms and photocopies of articles planning, etc. The engineering colleges are supplied free of cost to researchers located at various places in the country on request. maintain small libraries of 10 to 15,000 volumes to meet their immediate instruc- Training Facilities for Library Workers tional needs. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commis- At present there are four universities sion, established in 1956, is the second which offer a one year post-graduate di- largest organization devoted to peaceful ploma in Library Science; they include use of atomic power in the country. With the University of Karachi (1956), the its headquarters in Karachi, there are University of Punjab (1959), the Univer- regional centres in Tandojam, Lahore, sity of Peshawar (1962), and the Univer- and Rawal~indi for various research sity of Sind. The University of Karachi projects in the fields of agriculture and has also offered an MA course in Library medicine. Each centre has been provided Science since 1962. In 1968, the univer- a library for the use of scientists and re- sity instituted a PhD program. The mas- searchers. The largest library is at La- ters' curriculum at Karachi includes sev- hore with 15,000 books, 70,000 scientific eral courses designed to meet the needs reDorts and audiovisual aids. About 200 of science-technology libraries. These in- journals are received by the library cluded: Special Libraries; Literature of either through subscription or in ex- Pure Science; Literature of Applied Sci- change. It may be stated here that the ence; and Introduction to Information library is a depository of the US. Atomic Science and Communication (13). These Energy Commission. The library pro- courses are taught in cooperation with vides bibliographic, reproduction, and PANSDOC. document procurement services. The li- There is an acute shortage of science brary of the commission's biggest estab- graduates willing to enter library lishment-the Institute of Nuclear Sci- schools. This is due to the low prestige ence and Technology, designed to be the and status of librarians in the society. However, the situation is improving "Report of the Scientific Commission with the appearance of a new educa- of Pakistan." Karachi, Government of tional policy, which promises better Pakistan Press. 1960. working conditions. Pakistan. Planning Commission / Third Five-Year Plan (1965-1970). Karachi, Manager of Publications, 1965. p.203- Problems and Prospects 204. Development of Scientific and Technical The libraries in this category experi- Libraries in Pakistan. In Proceedings of ence almost all the difficulties that are the Symposium, March 14-16, 1963. known to other types of libraries. The Karachi, Pakistan National Scientific most pressing problems may be sum- and Technical Documentation Centre, marized as: insufficient national produc- 1965. p.ii-iii. tion of scientific literature; difficulties in Henkle, Herman H. / "Report and procurement of scientific literature from Recommendations for Establishing Na- tional Science Libraries and Informa- abroad; inadequate bibliographical con- tion Centres in Pakistan." Karachi, trol of existing literature in the country; PANSDOC, August 1966. lack of cooperation; paucity of science DAWN. Aug 29, 1967, p.8, co1.5. graduates; and finally, absence of li- A Guide to Pakistan Libraries, Learned brary surveys and library standards. and Scient ijic Societies, Educational Zn- Despite all these limitations and diffi- stitutions and Biographies of Librarians culties, science-technology libraries have in Pakistan. rev. ed. Karachi, PBWG, made great strides, particularly in the 1960. 160p. Libraries in Pakistan: A Guide. Karachi, last few years. As a result this goup of - - National Book Centre of Pakistan, 1968. libraries now ranks next to university 36p. libraries. There is great promise for Mian, Tasnim Q. / Principal Research their development and expansion in the Institutions in Pakistan. Lahore, Social future beca6se of growing emphasis on Science Research Centre, University of scientific and technical education and Punjab, 1964. 2 parts. research. Siddiqui, Akthar H. / PANSDOC Serv- ices. In Proceedings of the Symposium, March 14-16, 1963. Karachi, Pakistan Literature Cited National Scientific and Technical Docu- mentation Centre, 1965. p.164. Directory of Current Scientific Research Outline of the Courses. Karachi, De- Projects in Pakistan. Karachi, National partment of Library Science, Karachi Science Council, 1968. p.157-162. University, 1973. (Mimeographed) Key, L. C. / "Report and Proposals on the Establishment and Improvement of Libraries and Library Services in Paki- stan." p.44 (Mimeographed) Pakistan. Planning Commission / Sec- Received for review Feb 28, 1974. Re- ond Five-Year Plan (1960-1965). Karachi, vised manuscript accepted for publica- Manager of Publications, 1960. p'.121. tion May 8,1974. sla news

SLA Bylaws Revision Adopted On Aug 14, the SLA Tellers Committee The existing Bylaws specified that the met at the Association Office to count the bylaws may be amended by a two-thirds returned ballots. The result of the Tellers vote of the returned mail ballot sent to the Committee count is as follows: entire voting membership. Therefore, the revised Bylaws became effective Aug 14, Yes 1974. The revised Bylaws are printed in the No Directory (Sep 1974 issue of Special Li- Blank braries). Invalid The Tellers were Elizabeth K. Miller, Mary Anne Gojdics (for Sydney Keaveney) TOTAL BALLOTS RETURNED 2,666 and Ronald E. Coplen, chairman.

Ballot-Counting Blues SLA Bylaws ballots were not the only were received in addition to the expected item to be received at the Association Office Bylaws ballots: one death notice, three in the Bylaws ballot Tellers Committee en- change of address notices, one check for velopes. Some members took the opportu- 1974 membership renewal, three officer bal- nity to include other communications to the lots, one New York Chapter Bylaws ballot, Association Office in these special purpose and one San Francisco Bay Region Chapter envelopes. The following unrelated items directory listing notice.

SLA Supports Integrated Information Unit in Unesco A Draft Programme and Budget for In the letters to the National Delega- 1975176 has been prepared for Unesco tions, SLA indicated that it "has very grave which, if adopted, will result in the im- concerns that such artificial fractures be- mediate transfer of all projects relating to tween the different kinds of library func- scientific and technical libraries and docu- tions will create both present and future mentation to UNISIST from the Unesco damage. It could well impede attempts to Department of Documentation, Libraries reach an integrated information policy in and Archives. the future. We are particularly concerned At its Jun 1974 meeting, the SLA Board that the proposal is to separate one field of Directors authorized the Executive Di- of special libraries from special libraries in rector to prepare appropriate letters to other fields, as well as to separate them from both the U.S. and the Canadian National Delegations to Unesco to urge support of all other library-oriented functions." the position of the Unesco Director General The letters continued: "Information- in his concept of one integrated informa- that is, the accumulated knowledge of man- tion unit within Unesco (which would in- kind-should not be bureaucratically com- clude UNISIST, for example) at the Unesco partmentalized. The sources of information, General Conference in Oct/Nov 1974. In the storage of information and the availa- this position, SLA supports the position of bility of information-regardless of subject IFLA (International Federation of Library field-must be brought together for the ulti- Associations) of which SLA is a member. mate benefit of all mankind." OCTOBER/NOVEMBER1974 SLA Grants-in-Aid for Research Established The objective of the newly established head, salary, or tuition support of research- SLA Research Grants-in-Aid Fund is to sup- ers. Grant funds may be used to allow for port small research projects, in whole or in the completion of a large project whose part, in special librarianship and its related funds may be expended. Examples are: 1) techniques. Insofar as resources permit, the payment for microforms or photocopies of Fund will provide modest support (for ex- materials difficult to obtain; 2) the con- ample, up to $500) for as many worthwhile struction of a piece of test equipment; 3) research projects as possible. payment for services of a statistician or a The administration of the Fund will be draftsman. Each grantee will be expected handled jointly by the Research Committee to make a final report to the Research Com- and the Association Office. The "Policy and mittee including the results of the project Procedures for Administration of the SLA and the expenditure of funds. Unexpended Research Grants-in-Aid Fund" were ap- funds must be returned to the Association. proved by the Board of Directors in June The Fund was established by the Board 1974. of Directors in June 1973, with a gift of Proposals should be sent directly to the $1,000 from Helen Maginnis, $3,228 received Association Office. No special proposal form from AFIPS, and $792 from the General or format is required. They will be ac- Fund. The Divisions of the Association have knowledged and forwarded to the Chairman contributed additional funds to bring the of the Research Committee. The process of present total to about $12,000. Additional screening, selecting, and monitoring of support from the Association Chapters, Divi- grants will be conducted by the Research sions, and members, as well as from private Committee. individuals and outside organizations inter- The proposal should include a clear ested in research in special librarianship, is statement of the purpose of the proposed both encouraged and solicited. All contribu- research project and the research design/ tions are tax-deductible because SLA has plan to be followed; the anticipated com- been classified as an IRC Section 501(c)(3) let ion date for the project; the name(s) of organization. the researcher(s), including a brief r6sumP To encourage the growth of the Fund, of their experience and qualifications; and the Board has adopted a policy that no a detailed budget. If the applicant is re- more than 50% of the Fund balance at the questing support for part of an on-going beginning of a fiscal year may be granted (or future) project, the proposal must de- .- - . . in the fiscal year; and, to encourage the scribe the entire project. broadest use of the Fund, no single grant The Association Office will make grant shall exceed one-fourth of the amount avail- payments and maintain the accounting rec- able in any fiscal year. ords for the Fund. In short, the SLA Grants-in-Aid Program The Research Committee will conduct a is a way to give some support to as many fair and impartial analysis of all completed worthy applicants as possible who submit proposals received. They will consider the unsolicited proposals to the Association in nature of the research project and its .PO- keeping with the "Policies and Procedures tential for helping to achieve the objectives for Administration of SLA Research Grants- of SLA, the quality of the research design, in-Aid.'' Even though the grants are small, and the experience and potential capability they can be invaluable in getting an in- of the applicant in relation to the proposed vestigation going, in giving-some needed project. All grantees will be selected with- freedom in the midst of a research project, out discrimination in regard to sex, age, or in allowing for the completion of a large race, creed, color, national origin, or any project whose primary funds may have other form of discrimination included in been expended. They represent invest- the Association's policy statement on dis- ments in morale as well as money, and they crimination. A majority action by the Research Com- can serve the "small researcher" in a useful way. mittee will be required to approve, modify, Beryl Anderson or reject a proposal. Grant funds must be Robert J. Havlik expended for the purposes and in the man- Lucille Whalen ner stated in the grant letter. Since re- Robert V. Williams sources are limited, grant funds may not be Elizabeth W. Stone, Chairman used for living expenses, institutional over- SLA Research Committee CHAPTERS & DIVISIONS tour of the Dayton Art Institute was followed by a business meeting. Alabama-A seminar on new equipment The Chapter cosponsored a federal documents workshop on May 4 with the Govern- and methods was held on Apr 3. Six manufacturers displayed their latest machines. ment Information Service Committee of SLA.

Baltimore-The Chapter met Feb 19. This Heart of America Chapter-A Library Fair was held in Kansas City, Mo., on Mar 15. was the first time the bicameral organization The one day fair was cosponsored by the met jointly. Health Sciences Library Group of Greater Kansas City. Thirteen companies displayed Boston-The February meeting provided an their library equipment and publications. opportunity for members to visit Harvard University's Cabot Science Library. The Edu- Indiana-The student group joined the In- cation Committee discussed the NASIC Sys diana Chapter at a meeting Mar 23. A panel tem now functioning at MIT. discussed "Special Library Work in a Uni- Edythe Moore spoke to a group at Sim- versity Context" with Dr. David Kaser as mons College on Mar 28. moderator. A luncheon then followed which was addressed by Dr. F. E. McKenna. Cincinnati-The December meeting aimed at recruitment. Insurance Division-now has available the Four panelists discussed "Public Relations two most recent editions of Insurance Peri- and the Special Library" at the Mar 8 meet- odicals Index covering July 1971-June 1972 ing held in conjunction with the Dayton and July 1972-June 1973. Each is $15.00. Chapter. Mail check payable to SLA Insurance Divi- In April the Chapter visited the Miami sion, to Robert Enquist, The College of University Scientific Libraries facilities. Insurance, 123 William St., New York, N.Y.

Cleveland-A joint meeting was held with Kentucky Provisional-A meeting was held the ASIS Northern Ohio Chapter on Jan 15 Oct 12 during the regular meeting of the at Cleveland State University. The OCLC Kentucky Library Association. In addition, terminals at CSU were demonstrated by Roy Collins. Following dinner Sgt. Clarence Bran- a symposium was conducted at which six pa- stein spoke about information retrieval in pers were presented. the Cleveland Police Department. The Kentucky Provisional Chapter met On Apr 19 the Second Betty Burrows Me- jointly with Special Libraries Section of the morial Seminar was held. The topic was in- Kentucky Library Association in late April. terpersonal communications. The topic of the two-day seminar was management. Gilles Frappier was a guest speaker. ColoradeA joint meeting was held Mar I3 with the American Records Management Long Island-Peter Draz, former head of the Association, ASIS, and the National Micro- library at Time, Inc., discussed the daily film Association. Microfilm was the topic of workings of the library at a Jan 24 meeting. discussion. On Mar 21 the student group played host On Apr 10 a tour of the Johns-Manville to the Chapter at C. W. Post Library. Dr. Research Center Library was given. Gerd Muehsam spoke about "Art Librarians and Librarianship." Connecticut Valley-The Chapter visited L. M. Stowe Library and the Connecticut Louisiana-A meeting was held in New Or- Health Center in Farmington in February. leans on Apr 27th. The meeting was ad- The April meeting was addressed by dressed by the Hon. John A. Dixon who Edythe Moore. explained the judicial process in Louisiana. Ruth R. McCullough presented the John Cotton Dana lecture, "Special Librarianship Minnesota-The future direction of infor- is Applied Science," at the May 2d meeting. mation and communication sciences was the topic at the Mar 20 meeting. Dayton-The Apr 4 meeting celebrated the The ASISISLA Chapter meeting for April 10th Anniversary of the Dayton Chapter. A was held in conjunction with a seminar "Workshop on Information Exchange." The City University of New York. Short presenta- principal speaker was Janice Ladendorf. The tions of new, expensive, or unusual reference two-day Symposium V also considered the books, compute;ized data banks, etc., were unity of the information sciences in theory made. and practice and the role of experience in decision making. New York, Technical Sciences GroupA number of representatives from scholarly Montreal-The Mar 14th meeting was a re- and trade journals were invited to a discus- cruitment session. Students from the Schools sion of topics related to publishing journals of Library Science at McGill University and and serials. the University of Montreal attended. Gilles Frappier was the speaker. North Carolina-An all-day seminar was A joint meeting with the Ottawa Chapter held in February, "Update '74." The two of the Canadian Association of Information main topics were micrographics and govern- Science was held in April. Pauline Ather- ment information services. The cosponsors ton's topic was "A World View of Informa- were the Chapter, the Documents Librarians tion Science." of North Carolina, and the University of North Carolina-Greensboro Extension Divi- New Jersey-An all-day workshop on federal sion. documents was held Mar 14th at Rutgers University. Pacific Northwest-A business meeting was held Mar 8. It was decided to sponsor a di- New York-The Annual Business Meeting rectory of "Puget Sound" special libraries. A was May 14. Russell Hold of Con Edison tour of Kent Technical Library, Boeing, fol- spoke on "Energy Conservation." lowed the meeting. On May 23 a joint scholarship fund bene- Apr 19 meeting included a tour of the fit concert was held at Lincoln Center for Seattle Times Library. the Performing Arts. The cosponsor was the On Apr 25 the Chapter met for lunch and New York Regional Group/Medical Library a visit tb the washington State Department Association. of Ecology Library. Included in the after- The New York Chapter has published the noon was a film presentation of the library second edition of Serials-Advertising, Busi- system. ness, Finance, Marketing, Social Science-in A meeting was held hIay 11 at which the New York Area. Order from Muriel Re- James Ekendahl discussed establishing medi- gan, Rockefeller Foundation Library, 111 cal libraries. West 50th Street, New York, N.Y. 10020. Price: $35.00 prepaid. The Pittsburgh Chapter has just compiled New York, Documentation GroupThe Mar the 1974 edition of the Directory of Special 22 meeting dealt with "INFO-5/An Inside Libraries in Pittsburgh nnd Vicinity. It con- Look at Five Operational Information Sys- tains information on the locations, staff, tems in New York City." holdings, and publications of some 114 special, public, and academic libraries. The Di- New York, Museums, Arts and Humanities rectory is available from XIichael S. Miller, GroupJohn R. Kinard, Director of the .illegheny County Law Library, 921 City Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, Washing- County Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219. ton, D.C., outlined the community-oriented Price: $10.00 goals of his institution. Princeton-Trenton-At the January meet- New York, Picture GroupAn informal ing, councilman Powell explained the poten- luncheon get-together on Mar 14 was a suc- tial library use of cable TV which is obliged cess. More meetings of this type are sched- to provide one educational channel. uled for the future. A workshop on federal documents was cosponsored by the Chapter and the Profes- New York, Social Sciences GroupInformal sional Development Program of Rutgers discussion of information gathering and dis- Graduate School of Library Service. The semination marked the Jan 16th meeting at Mar 14 seminar included MARC, Census, the Rockefeller Foundation. and ERIC. A joint meeting was held Mar 26 with the Apr 9, Susanne Stocking, Newark Division Insurance Group at the Graduate Center, of Civil Rights Law Enforcement and NOW, addressed the question of "Equal Employ- Transactional Analysis, Operations Research, ment Opportunity in Libraries and Law." and Systems Analysis. On Jun 7 the Lockheed Dialog Systems were demonstrated, new officers were in- Toront-A first: A Flea Market took the stalled, and Squibb facilities were explored. place of the March meeting. This turned out to be a successful way to fill the coffer. Rio Grande-A joint meeting was held in The April meeting at the Toronto Star Albuquerque with the New Mexico Library Library was more business-like. Tom Curzon Association Annual meeting. The program related the editorial philosophy of the news- centered on a panel discussion of "Museum paper and the news business. Resources in New Mexico." It was followed The Annual Meeting was held May 16th by a business meeting and dinner. at the Hyatt House Hotel. Barbara Shields, Education Officer for the Women's Bureau San Francisco Bay Region-A two-day work- of the Ministry of Labour, spoke about pro- shop for library assistants was held in cooper- moting the status of women. ation with the Library Science Program of the University of San Francisco. The empha- Upstate New York-The Chapter met Apr 6 sis was on library operations-what they are at the State University College at Geneseo. and why they exist. It was hoped that the as- After the business meeting, Wellington H. sistants would have a clearer understanding Lewis, assistant public printer, described of their roles in these operations. some of the functions of the GPO. The Mar 19th assembly in Oakland heard a program devoted to "Library Insurance Virginia-A special program took place Mar and Protection." 21 at the Richmond Public Library. A panel A scholarship benefit dinner was held Apr of experts in the field of personnel discussed 5. The Chinese Historical Society provided "Salary Surveys: Their Usefulness in Person- a brief program. nel Administration." This topic was specifically interesting in the light of the 1973 SLA On Apr 27 a statistics seminar was held at Bank of America Headquarters, San Fran- Salary Survey. cisco. Three sessions were held: the Citizen Washington, D.C.-A joint spring workshop and Statistics, the Businessman and Statis- was cosponsored by the Chapter, the District tics, and the Social Planner and Statistics. of Columbia Library Association, the Poto- mac Valley ASIS, and the Society of Library South Atlantic-Marci Simpkins of the and Information Science Technicians. Metro Atlanta-Athens Area Union Catalog Theme: The Librarian in Today's Market. discussed the history and future possibilities On May 16 the Annual Banquet was held. of the catalog on Mar 13. Dr. 0. B. Hardison discussed the "Folger Li- A series of luncheons geared to recruiting brary, Present and Future." The results of new members and making SLA more signifi- the election for new officers were announced. cant on a daily basis has been planned. For more information contact Jim Dodd, Geor- Washington, D.C., Picture GroupIn Feb- gia Tech. Library. ruary the World Bank played host to the The Apr 23 meeting was organized by the Group. Photodocumentation in developing Emory Student Chapter. nations was discussed. In March the photographic collections Southern California-A Western Regional serving five magazines in the fields of chem- Federal Documents Workshop was held Apr istry, environmental studies, and agriculture 24 in North Hollywood. The Chapter was were the topics covered; one of its cosponsors. Among the areas of The May 24th meeting was held in the consideration: GPO, Special Depositories Still Photography Section, National Park and Special Collections, Regional Publica- Service. tions of Federal Agencies, and Sources of En- vironmental and Energy Information. Wisconsin-The Mar 23d meeting at the Milwaukee Public Library was well attended. TexasTwo continuing education work- The panel discussion centered on federal shops took place on Apr 13th and 20th at documents and was followed by a business the University of Texas Graduate School of meeting. Library Science, Austin. The topics: Organi- On Apr 22 an information retrieval sys- zational Behavior and Human Relations, tem was demonstrated. Nominations for 19'75 SLA Awards

Nominations for 1975 SLA awards are due by Jan 3, 1975. Individuals, as well as Chapters and Divisions, may submit nominations. All nominations must be completely documented within the definitions of the purposes of the three awards. Forms and instructions for nominations have been distributed to all Chapters and Divisions. Additional forms are available from the Association's New York offices.

The SLA Professional Award. The high- ciation levels). However, prolonged distin- est recognition granted by this Associa- guished service within a Chapter or Divi- tion is awarded after consideration of sion, which has contributed to the all significant contributions made to li- Association as a whole, may receive spe- brarianship and information science. cial consideration." The definition of the SLA Professional The basic purpose of the SLA Hall of Award is: Fame is to recognize those individuals "The SLA Professional Award is given to who have made outstanding contribu- an individual or group, who may or may tions to the growth and development of not hold membership in the Association, Special Libraries Association-as a in recognition of a specific major achieve- whole--over a period of years. ment in, or a specific contribution to, the field of librarianship or information science, which advances the stated ob- The SLA Special Citation. The defini- jectives of the Special Libraries Associa- tion of the SLA Special Citation is as tion. The timing of the Award shall fol- follows: low as soon as practicable the recognized "The SLA Special Citation is an occasional fruition of the contribution." recognition of a member or group of The SLA Hall of Fame. In documenting members or of an individual 'or group nominations, the following criteria for close to the Association in acknowledgment of outstanding service to or excep- eligibility to the SLA Hall of Fame tional support and encouragement of spe- should be remembered: cial librarianship. "SLA Hall of Fame election is granted to a member or a former member of the Mail completed forms to: Association following the close of an ac- Edward G. Strable, Chairman tive professional career for an extended Awards Committee and sustained period of distinguished J. Walter Thompson Co. service to the Association in all spheres of 875 North Michigan Ave. its activities (Chapter, Division, and Asso- Chicago, Ill. 6061 1

SL Schedule Change IFLA Journal to Debut A change in scheduling has required ZFLA News will be replaced by ZFLA that the Oct and Nov issues of Special Li- Journal, a quarterly publication to include braries be combined in one double issue- articles focusing on state-of-the-art, surveys, vol. 65 (nos.lO/ll). This Oct/Nov issue is statements and opinions. the double issue. The next issue is the reg- The first issue will be available at the ularly scheduled Dec issue which is sched- IFLA Conference in Washington, D.C., in uled to be mailed in late Nov for receipt in early Dec. It is .anticipated that this November 1974. It is understood that the scheduling change will permit earlier mail- issue will include notice of SLA's election to ing and thus earlier receipt of future issues honorary membership of IFLA President of Special Libraries. Herman Liebaers. vistas

Washington Letter September 5,1974

Library Partnership Act White House Conference on Library Originally planned for introduction last and Information Services spring, the Library Partnership Act (S.3644) As the House recessed for the Labor Day was officially unveiled on August 22. Intro- holiday, S.J.Res.40, authorizing a White duced by Senator Jacob Javits (R.-N.Y.) at House Conference on Library and Informa- the request of the Administration, the stated tion Services, was awaiting Rules Committee purpose of the bill is "to encourage and sup- action to bring it to the floor for debate. It port innovation, to demonstrate improved is now anticipated that the measure will be methods in library and other information brought up shortly after the House returns services, and to promote the development on September 11. Earlier prospects for and demonstration of networks for the shar- speedy passage have been somewhat dimmed ing of resources and services within commu- by growing opposition to the $10 million nities and among local, State and regional authorization provided for the conference. jurisdictions, with special emphasis on im- Responsive to the President's plea for budg- provements which benefit handicapped, in- etary restraint and for compromise, support- stitutionalized, or economically disadvan- ers of the conference are proposing the taged groups." The text of the draft bill and deletion of the specific $10 million authoriza- a copy of the letter from the Department of tion and the substitution of language call- Health, Education and Welfare transmitting ing for "such sums as necessary" to carry it to the Congress for consideration appears out the purposes of the conference. in the Congressional Record, August 22, 1974, p.Sl5590-S15591. Copyright Revision Commenting on the bill, Senator Javits stated, "while I am encouraged by the idea The Senate approved the Copyright Revi- of a new initiative coming from the admin- sion Bill (S.1361) on September 9 by a vote istration to assist our Nation's libraries . . . of 70 to 1. The bill now goes to the House I have serious reservations about the pro- where prospects for passage this session are posed Library Partnership Act and particu- not clear. Action on the bill, originally re- larly about the context in which President ported out of Committee on July 3 (S.Rep. Nixon's fiscal year 1975 budget first pre- no.93-983) had been delayed to give the sented it-to wit, as a replacement for the Commerce Committee an opportunity to re- highly successful Library Services and Con- view provisions dealing with telecommunica- struction Act. It is inconceivable to me that tions. The Commerce Committee reported anyone could ever seriously consider replac- its views on July 29 (S.Rep.no.93-1035) ing the Library Services and Construction suggesting various gmendments-dealing with Act, a demonstrably successful State-based cable TV and royalty matters, but indicating program for improved library development that even with these amendments "it did not benefiting many millions of Americans, with necessarily endorse the bill." a limited discretionary demonstration grant Librarians are chiefly concerned with the authority such as the Library ~artnefshi~ provisions on fair use (Section 107) and on Act." The Senator urged the library commu- ;he rights of reproduction and diitribution nity to study the proposal with a view to by libraries and archives (Section 108). As considering it, in modified form, "as the passed by the Senate, these sections permit basis for amendments next year to the the making of a single copy by library users Higher Education Act title 11-B demonstra- and for normal interlibrary loans; allow tion authority . . ." photocopying of archival materials and out- of-print works, "with certain exceptions," signing ceremony was tempered by the Presi- and copying for replacement of damaged dent's closing remarks urging Congress "to copies or for preservation. "Systematic copy- exercise restraint in appropriating funds" ing" is not permitted. Recognizing that "nei- authorized by the bill in order to avoid ther a statute nor legislative history can spec- "fanning the flames of inflation." It should ify precisely which . . . practices constitute be remembered that, although the new . . . systematic reproduction," the Commit- Budget Act does not permit impoundment, tee in reporting the bill recommended "that it gives the President authority to defer ex- representatives of authors, book and peri- penditures if Congress does not object, and odical publishers and other owners of copy- permits him to request rescission of authori- righted material meet with the library zations for "fiscal policy or other reasons." community to formulate photocopying guidelines to assist library patrons and employ- Freedom of Information Act ees." Amendment Education Amendments of 1974 Speedy enactment of HR1247 1, amending the Freedom of Information Act, seemed as- The Elementary and Secondary Education sured when the Senate on May 30 passed its Act Amendments of 1974 (HR69,P.L.93-380) version of the measure by a large majority was finally signed into law on August 21 at a sending it to conference. By August 13 con- special ceremony held in the HEW Audito- ferees had reached agreement on all but one rium. As the first major legislation to be- provision and hoped to complete action at a come law in his administration, President meeting scheduled for that date. Reluctantly Ford said, "this bill symbolizes one of my they postponed final action after hearing greatest hopes for the future-the hope that from the Justice Department that President a new spirit of cooperation and compromise Ford wanted time to review the bill and will prevail between the legislative and ex- make his recommendations. ecutive branches." As agreed to by the conferees, the bill In addition to extending a wide range of would close loopholes in the 1966 Act and federal education programs through 1978, make it harder for government officials to the law establishes a new National Center deny government information and docu- for Educational Statistics; gives statutory au- ments to the press and the public; places a thority for an Office of Libraries and Learn- 10 working-day limit on the time allowed ing Resources; provides for phasing-in the for replies to requests for information; shifts consolidation of school library programs the burden of proof to the government with educational equipment, guidance and when it denies information in "investigatory Eounseling programs, and authorizes a White files"; permits recovery of legal costs by suc- House Conference on Education in 1977. cessful litigants; gives courts power to over- To make the consolidation of categorical rule security classification of information; grants more palatable, it was agreed that and requires federal agencies to provide in- consolidation could take effect only if for- dexes to publicly available information. wad funding is provided and if appropri- President Ford's comments were received ations are maintained at prescribed levels. on August 21 and, as of this date, conferees In his signing statement, President Ford are continuing their effort to meet his ob- referred to the consolidation of categorical jections without compromising the purposes grants as an important step toward im- of the legislation. proved administration and expressed the hope that it "will become the trend of the Ruth fine future." The general euphoria attending the Washington, D.C. Nov 14-16. Virginia Library Associ.ation Annual COMING EVENTS Conference . . . in Hot Springs, Va. Write: Sylvia E. Dawson, Charles Pinckney Jones Me- Nov 6. Fourth Annual Richard H.. Shoemaker morial Library, 406 TY. Riverside St., Cotington, Lecture on Bibliography . . . at Rutgers Uni- \'a. 24426. versity, Graduate Schoal' of Library Service, New Brunswick, N.J. Speaker: Baniel Melcher. Nov 19-22. Reprographics International Exhi- Topic: Priorities in Bibliography. bition . . . in Basel, Switzerland. Contact: Brian Mack, Mack-Brooks Exhibitions, Ltd., 6244 Kov 10-12. Institute for Graphic Communica- Victoria St., St. Albans, Herrs. All 3XT, Eng- tion, Inc., Seminar . . . Boston. Topic: Rebir1.h land. of COhl-Future Impact on Manufacturers and Users. Nov 25-28. The Interactive Library: Comput- erized Processes in Library and Information Nov 10-13. 20th Annual Allerton Library In- Networks, Seminar . . . in Stockholm. Write: stitute . . . at Allerton House near Urbana. Swcdish Society for Technical Documentation. Ill. Spousor: University of Illinois Graduate Box 5073, S-102 42 Stockholm, 5, Sweden. School of Library Science and the Illinois State Library. Topic: Collective Bargaining ill Li Dec 2-11. Institute on Utilization of On-Line braries. Write: Brandt W. Pryor, University of Bibliographic Retrieval Systems . . . at the Uni- Illinois Office of Continuing Education and \ersity of Denver, Graduate School of Librar- Public Service, 116 Illini Hall, Champaign, Ill. ianship. Tuition free to successful applicants. 61820. IVritc: James K. Foyle, Assistant Dean, Graduate School of Li brarianship, University of Denver, Nov 11-15. Law Librarianship Course . . . at Ilenver, Colo. 80210. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. Sponsor: International Association of Law Libraries. 1)ec 54. Association for Library Automation Themc: Research in American Law. For infor- Research Communications (LARC) Institute mation: Dr. Ivan Sipkov, Law Library, Library . . . Seattle, Wash. Topic: Evolving Standards of Congress, 10 First Street, S.E., Washington, in Library Automation. Mail Applications to: D.C. L.I\RC Headquarters Office, P.O. Box 27235, Tempe, Ari7. 85282. Nov 12. Deadline for completed papers for thc 1975 National Computer Conference, May 11)- Dec 11-12. National Microfilm Association, 23, 1975 . . . in Anaheim, Calif. For further 'kmiuar . . . Chicago. Write: Training Coordi- information: Dona1 A. Meier, 2756 Mountain nator, Rita Tatis, Microfilm Associa- View Drive, Escondido, Calif. 92027. tion, 8728 Colesville Rd., Siher Spring, Md. 20910. Nov 12-13. National Microfilm Association, Seminar . . . New York. Orientation tcwad: Dec 15-17. Institute for Graphic Communica- financial, insurance, libraries, records manage- tion, Inc., Seminar . . . Boston. Topic: Special ment. For information: Training Coordinator, IVorkshop on Product Opportunities in Graphic Rita Tatis, National Microlilm Assocnatior~, Communications. 8728 Colesville Rd., Silver Spring, Md. 20910. Jan 15-17. National Microfilm Association . . . Kov 12-15. European Microfilm Convention . . . in Atlanta, Ga. Themc: \Iicrographics-Tcch- Cologne. Germany. Write: EMK-Kongressbrir~~, nology for Today and Tomorrow. For informa- 171-169 Gutleutstrasse, I)-(i000, Frankfnrt/Rl.lin tion: National Microfilm Association, 8728 1, Germany. <:olesville Rd., Silver Spring, Md. 20910.

ANSI Standard Available ANSI Standard 239.18-1974, "Guidelines lished journal articles or books. It may be for Format and Production of Scientific and purctlased from ~~~~i~~~ ~~~i~~~lstand- Technical Reports," is now available. The ards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York standard applies to reproduced and distri11- A uted reports on research, engineering,- - or list of all standards may other technical efforts, not including pub- be requested from ANSI. PUBS

(74-0638) Scientific, Technical, and Engineering llouldel-, Colo.. \Vcsrc~n Iuterstatr Comm. for Societies Publications in Print, 1974-75. Kycd, Iligher Education, 1974. 20p $1.00 James hi. and Matal-azzo, James hl. New York, Bowker, 1974. x,223p. $17.50 LC 74-5094 ISBK :I howto~tlo-itapproach. Free to libraries in W33524i27-7 CIP Alaika, Ariz., hfont.. Nev. antl TZ'ash.

Print antl non-print materials from 151 Ameri- (i4-075) Library Science Dissertations, 1925- ran societies. 1972; an Annotated Bibliography. Schlachter, Gail A. and Thomison, Dennis. Littleton, Colo.. (74-M9) Bibliography of Publications Issued 1.ihrarics IJnlimited, 194. (Kesearch Studies in by Unesco or Under Its Auspices: The First I.ibsa~y Science, No.12) 293p. $12.50 (US. 8: Twenty-five Years, 1946 to 1971. Palis, Uuesco, Canada) 1.C 73-90497 ISBN 0-8i287-074-X 1973. x%iii,385p. $9.90 ISBN 92-3401037-5 :\rranged chronologically with author and sub- (Order: XJnipub, Box 433, K.Y. 10016) ject indexes. Annotations include purpose, pro- Over 5,000 entries arranged by UDC with title cedure, findings and conclusions. Where appro- and author indexes. priate, order information is incluclecL

(74-070) Directory of Data Bases in the Social (74476) The Librarian's Practical Dictionary and Behavioral Sciences. Sessions, Vivian S., ed. in Twenty-two Languages, 6th ed. Pipics, 7.01- New York, Science Associates/Irrtl., 1974. xli, tan, ed. Munich, Verlag Dokumentatio~~,1974. 300p. $35.00 LC 72-86759 ISBN 0-87837-004-8 385p $35.00 ISBN 9-7940-1109-7 i0rtle1-: CIP Bowker) Includes indexes of subjects, kqwords, institit- \Vith English as the source language, 770 telms tions, personnel and geographic locations. ;ire listed wit11 foreign language equivalents. Second part lists foreign language words with I'nglish equivalents. (74-071) Government and Related Library and Information Services in the United Kingdom, 3d rev. ed. Burkett, Jack, ed. London, Library Assn., 1974. vi,217p. £4.50 ISBN G85365-127-2 Indicates the strengths of various collections while tracing the development of golernment libraries in the U.K.

(74-072) Association for Population/Family Planning Libraries and Information Centers: 6th Ann. Conf. Proc., New Orleans, Apr 24-25, 1973. Speert, Kathryn H., ed. Chapel Hill, N.C., APLIC, 1973. iv,l80p. $5.00. Reports on two panel discussions and ten workshops.

(74-073) Environment U.S.A.: A Guide to Agen- cies, People and Resources. Onyx Group, Inc., comp. and ed. New York, Bowker, 1974. xii, 451p. $15.95 LC 73-20122 ISBN 0-83520671-8 CIP In addition to a directory of governmental and private organizations, includes environmental officers in US. corporations, labor executives and consultants in this field, a calendar of conferences and meetings, directory of educational programs, libraries, films, glossary of terms antl ESSENTIAL FOR YOUR LIBRARY listing of reporters and editors for \arious -WRITE DEPT. SL-104 media.

(74-074) Staff Development and Continuing Education Programs for Library Personnel: Guidelines and Criteria. Conroy, Barbara. NEW UP-TO-DATE BOOKS FROM NOYES DATA

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OIL SPILL PREVENTION AND REMOVA,L HANDBOOK by M. Sittig: Describes and ex- pounds the most feasible and sophisticated technologies available at present for dealing with a menace of worldwide proportions, i.e., sea and beach pollution caused by accidental contamination with crude or refined petroleum oils. ISBN 0815545434; $36

COMPRESSED FOOD BARS by M.T. Gillies: Gives the technology for producing high grade, compact rations for astronauts, soldiers, lifeboats, rafts, hikers, campers, hunt- ers. Supply officers and private persons are willing to expend additional funds for foods that weigh less and can be carried or stored for a long time. ISBN 0-81554547-7; $12

FLAME RESISTANT FABRICS by A. Wi~lliarns: Over 260 processes relating to all phases of flame retardant treatments for textiles. Perhaps the most complete information source for process technology, l'larne retardant treating formulations, and treating techniques. ISBN 0-81554544-2; $36

STORAGE BATTERIES AND RECHARGEABLE CELL TECHNOLOGY by L.F. Martin: This book is organized to emphasize the advances being made in a broad range of secondary cells, from the lead-sulfuric acid type storage battery for automotive use, down to the diminutive rechargeable nickelcadmium cell for hand-held electronic calculators. ISBN 0815545454: $38

VEGETABLE PROTEIN PROCESSING by L.P. Hanson: The subject coverage of this book has been aimed at the processing of agriculturally produced vegetable proteins to make them palatable and usable as foods. Describes isolation and manufacturing processes, as well as applications. ISBlV 0815545468; $36

FOOD ADDITIVES TO EXTEND SHELF LIFE by N.D. Pintauro: Shows how to enhance quality and increase consumer acceptance of foods by the addition of approved antioxidants, antibacterial agents, cloud stabilizers, metal scavengers, enzyme inhibi- tors, etc. ISBN 0815545484: $36

LARGE SCALE COMPOSTING by M.J. Siatriana: This microbiological treatment process has the capability of converting organic municipal refuse into a product which has lower bulk than the original waste. is stable, and can be recycled into the ecological sphere. ISBN 081554549-3; $18

NOYES DATA CORPORATION ndc Noyes Building, Park Ridge, N.J. 07656 Small library, but BIG reference needs.9 Apply now for an IS1 Matching Grant. At /SIB we don't think the scope or quality of your reference services should be limited by the size of your library. Simply because your library is in a four-year college, community college, or small non-profit research institute, doesn't mean your needs for reference services are any smaller than the large university and research libraries. But your budget probably is. To help small libraries like yours, the lnstitute for Scientific lnformation is providing dollar-for-dollar matching grants toward the purchase of the Science Citation Index' and the new Social Sciences Citation Index.'" These grants apply to past, present and future issues and provide you 50% of the purchase price. You are invited to apply for these grants if you are the librarian in a 0 Two or Four-year College Veterinary, Pharmacy, or Dental School (SCI@only) 0 Community or Junior College 0 Municipal, State or Public Library (SSCITMonly) Departmental Library Non-profit Research lnstitute Hospital (under 1,000 beds) Library or lnformation Science School 0 Developing Nation To receive your application forms, simply fill in and mail the coupon below.

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I 26x2 I a@ lnstitute for Scientific lnformation 325 Chestnut Street Philadelphia Pa 19106 U S A Tel (215) 923-3300 Cable SCINFO Telex 84 5305 Periodicals,Serials,Continuations The twenty-fourth issue of the De- 1 Stechert Macm~llanoffers one-source rnographic Yearbook contains 1972 subscr~ptlonservices for per~od~calsserials statistics of area, population, natal- and cont~nuot~onspubl~shed In the U S and ity, mortality, nuptlallty and divorce throughouithe world for every country of the world, latest STANDING ORDER SERVICE Insures on-golng ava~labledata on expectation of life unlnter~ptedservlce for both regulariy and and a 7-year trend of international ~rregulartypubl~shed mater~als In addltlon. arrivals and departures. This is the MONOGRAPHIC BOOK SERVlCES are offered second of three consecutive Issues for academ~cpopular and reference featuring results of population cen- books publnhed throughout Europe suses taken since 1962 Data on the economic characteristics of the populat~onare shown, including SERIAL NEWS Bibliographic lntormatlon of labour force participation rates by new serlal tlties. volumes and mojot reference age and sex as well as various works Published mnthb'. cross-class~ficat~onsof population STECHERl M4CMIUAN NEWS Up-todote by industry, occupation, status, age lnformatlon about new perlodicai tines, title and sex. "Technical Notes" to each changer,mergers and cersatlons. Published table are included and also a spe- quortert$ cial text entitled, "Stat~sticalDefini- Fleet0 Llmorianr . wlle10 be ~OnOJTm0Ui"OuII tions of Urban Population and their Uses in Applied Demography". STECHERT MACMILLAN, INC. Clothbound $32 00 INTERNATIONAL ACWlSlIlON SEIMCES "Serurv~Ltbrorler Smce 9872 United Nations Publications BW Thlrd Avenue . NewYorZ.N.Y 10022 Room LX-2300, New York. N Y 10017 (212) 935-4251 ,* ,I Palais des Nations .C.* 1211 Geneva 10. Switzerland

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PRINTERS OF THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION Bricker's I INTERNATIONAL1 "Positions Open" and "Positions Wanted" ads are $1.50 per line; $4.50 minimum. Current members of SLA may place a "Positions Wanted" ad at a special Directory rote of $1.00 per line; $3.00 minimum. of UNIVERSITY-SPONSORED In each membership year, each unemployed member EXECUTIVE DEVELOPMENT will be allowed a maximum of two free "Positions PROGRAMS Wanted" ads, each ad to be limited to 5 lines in- 1975 EDITION cluding mailing address (no blind box addresses), on A newly revised and enlarged a space available basis. up-to-date edition of the first and There is a minimum charge of $10.00 for a "Market only objective guide to more than Place" ad of three lines or less; each additional line 90 in-residence management de- is $3.00. There are approximately 45 characters and velopment plus major marketing spaces to a line. management programs sponsored Copy for display ads must be received by the first by leading centers of learning in of the month preceding the month of publication; copy the U.S., Canada, Europe, U.K., for line ads must be received by the tenth. and Australia. Classified ads will not be accepted on a "run until "A must in the library of any cancelled" basis; twelve months is the maximum, un- firm which sends its,t-xecutives less renewed. to campus programs. Special Libraries Association reserves the right to re- - Michigan Business ject any advertisements which in any way refer to Review race, creed, color, age, or sex as conditions for em- 110249 368 pp $52.50 ployment. GEORGE W. BRICKER P. 0. Box 265 POSITIONS WANTED South Chatham, Mass. 02659

pppppp Entry level library position-sought with newspaper, publisher, or other media. MLS, BA (radio speech), MA with honors (religion), some Ph.D. work in American History. Box S-217.

Experienced bibliographer, innovative cataloger -MLS in August, PhD: History of Science, MA: Philosophy: will relocate. Robert Wagers, 825 Stephens Dr. #4, Eugene, Ore. 97402.

N.Y.C. Area-MSLS Univ. of Illinois-Exper. in org., admin., operation of a major res. libr. Emily P. Johnson, National Clearinghouse for Criminal Justice Planning & Architecture, 505 E. Green, Suite 200, Champaign, Ill. 61820.

Science/Geology Librarian-MSLS, over 70 hrs and & organize math sciences, 10 yrs prof experience in Govt., academic & all phases of special library work incl supervisory, aerospace, infor, retrieval, map work & training in computer programming. Twenty-three styles of H~ghsm~thShelf-F~les Rksumk on request. Box E-214. provide organized low-cost storage of difficult- to-ftle materials - magames, newsletters, pamphlets, audio- POSITIONS OPEN * ** * v~sualsoftware. Neat, attractive, easy-to-label and use; Chemistry Library Head-Reference and biblio- Shelf-Files store contents up- graphic service for Chemistry faculty and stu- right rather than flat to double dents. Computerized data bases available. MLS storage space. Write today plus 2 years experience. Related Chemistry de- for FREE Library-AV Catalog gree and experience desirable. Starting salary featuring over 7,500 money- $12,000. Send rksumk to Joseph Jerz, University savina items. of North Carolina, Wilson Library, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. Equal opportunity/affirmative action The Highsmith Co., Inc. employer. P.O. Box 25-1710, Fort Atkinson, Wis. 53538 22.4 POSITIONS OPEN librarian Physics Librarian-Coordinates development, of We have an excellent opportunity for a the Physics collection in the Science and Engi- person who would want to MANAGE a neering Library. Provides a full range of refer- fine Chemistry library which supports ence services to faculty and students. Develops our entire R&D activity. This job would and implements specialized library orientation entail complete responsibility for all and instructional programs for Physics students. library functions. Ilachelor's degree in Physics with MLS from an We welcome inquiries from candidates .\1,.4 accredited school required. A minimum. of with a B.S. in chemistry, M.S. in library t~o)cars experience as a librarian in an aca- science, and a minimum of three years tlcmic library and an advanced degrec in Physics of direct experience. are highly desirable but not required. Salarv At Nalco, You will receive an excellent ~10,000-~1'5,000.Please direct inquiries to: D;. starting salary and employee benefits Arthur Cole, Libraries Peisonnel Officer, Sl.atc including company paid profit sharing I'nivcrsity of New York at Buffalo, 308 Lcck- and you will work in our modern, well wocxl Memorial Library, Buffalo, New York equipped research library. 14226. .4n equal opportunity,'affirmative action If you're looking for this kind of oppor- employer. tunity, please send your resume stating education, experience ond salary requirements to: Washington State Librarian-Olympia, Wash- ington. Qualifications: Graduation from ALA W. F. Aschbrenner accrculitetl library school program; eight years of Personnel Manaaer- increasingly responsible atlministratirc functions; NALCO knowlctlgr of regional library systems, consortia, ancl networks of information and media pro- NALCO CHEMICAL CO. gram< of all types of libraries; strong ability to 6216 West 66th Place lead, to manage, to command respect in pro- Chicago, Illinois 60638 fession, to establish effccti\e relations with ~ov- An Equal Opportunity Employer ernment, public, antl stafI; to be articulate in writing and speaking, to plan and evaluate needs in a broad spectrum, antl to accept new idcas antl change. Salar): Above $25,000 to be nego- tiated. Address Applications to: Ms. Neva Bequel te, Media Librarian-Education and S'svchology Chairperson, Search Committee for the 12:ash- Reference Department. An unusual opriortunity ington State Librarian, \Vashington State Li- for a media trained librarian to dewlop the brary, Olympia, Washington 98504. Applications media program in a new academic library build- must hc received prior to December 31, 1974. ing. Some reference expc~-iencein cducation a~ttl The Washington Statr Library is an equal op- psychology is desirable. Graduation from an portunity employer. ?\LA accredited librar) school plus second mas- tcr's degree or proges to~vartla second master's in :I subject field is essrntial for appointment :urd PI-omotion. Assistant Iibrarian 01- Senior Assistant 1.ibrarian position with salnrv range Assistant Medical Librarian-The University of of $9,564-$15,024, depending upon background South Dakota School of Medicine is seeking an ancl experience. assistant medical librarian who will work under the general direction of the 1)ircctor of the Health Science Iibrarv. Areas of direct respon- Curriculum Librarian-Etlucatiot~ and Ps\.cllol- sibility are supervisior; of technical and public ogy Reference Department. Attractive opening services, 1IEDLINI.: services, and thc coordina- for an Assistant Education and I'sychology Ref- tion of library acti\itics with four affiliated 110s- c~cnceLibrarian ltith a thorough kno~vletlgeof pita1 li1)raries. Qualifications include a Graduate elementary and sccontlary textl)tmks ant1 cul- 1.il)rary degree (MLS) from an AL.4 accreditctd t-iculnm materials. Some refcrrnce experience in school antl a strong 1)ackgrountl in the life sci- ctlucation antl ps\cholog) i\ tlccira1)lr. (;ratlu;~- ences. This is a new position and cxpetience i\ tion from an A1.A acc~.cdited library school tlrsirable. lndi\.itlual should have knowlctlge c)f plus srcond master'.; tlcgrce or progress to~vartl MEDLISE operations. Familiarity with the I,i,n- :I second master's in a bnbject field is e\scntial medical litrmtnsc is essential. I'osilion c-arri'rs for appointment antl promotiot~. Assistant Li-. faculty lank. Salar) rangc $10,00&i12,000 de- bra ria^^ or Senios A\sista~lt LiI)rarian poaitiorr pentling upon experic~~ceant1 clu:~lificatio~ls. nith salary sangc of S!).5C,4-$15.024, dcpentling A\ailable Dercmbet I, 1974. Scntl rCsurn6 to: upn t):lckground antl expel icncc. Mr. Patrick I\'. Brcnnen, 1)ircctor. Ilcaltlr Sci- Calilol-nia State ITni~cl~sitv.Sacramento, i< an vnce Library, School of hfetlicine. I'l~ivcrsityof cqu;il opportnnity etnplo!c~-. Apply to .+~.dpn P. 5011th Dakota. \'cmnillion. S1) 57069. 7'11~IJni- Martin, Universit) Lit~rarian, Califon>ia State xersity of Sonth IJakota is an equal opportu- ITni!ersit). Sacramento, 6000 J Slteot? Sacra- nity/affirmativc action employer . rn(.nto, California !)5819. POSITIONS OPEN POSITIONS OPEN

Music Librarian-Administer and develop the Visiting Asst. Professor-for courses in technical resources of the Music Library. Collection in- services, automation, information storage/re- cludes monographs, phonorecords, scores and trieval. Begin Jan 1. $1,333/mo. Summer Sess op- periodicals. Listening facilities include record tional. MIS, suitable experience required; doc- players and tape equipment. Supervise 2 library torate preferred. Send rksume to Dean Herman assistants, several student assistants. MLS from 1,. Totten, School of Librarianship, Univ. of ALA-accredited school. Significant related work Oregon. Eugeue, OR 97403 by Nov 15. Equal experience including working with a broad range opportunity, affirmatix e action employer. of music topics; academic preparation in music and supervisory experience necessary. Advanced degree in music desirable. Minimum salary $12,- 000 per )Tar, but negotiable based on experience and qualifications. Appointment date is after THE MARKET PLACE November 1, 1974. Send r6sumks to Rene Evans, Admn. Asst.,' Doheny Lib., Librarian's Office, University of Southern Calif., Univ. Park, Los Back Issue Periodicals-Scientific, Technical, Angeles, CA 9000i. An equal opportunity em- Medical and Liberal Arts. Please submit want ployer. lists and lists of materials for sale or exchange. Prompt replies assured. G. H. Arrow Co., 4th Xc Brown Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. 19123.

Science Reference Librarian-Reference responsibilities, including selection of materials, liaison Foreign Books and Periodicals-Specialty: Inter- with faculty and students in designated subject national Congresses. Albert J. Phiebig Inc., Box area, class instruction, plus leadership respon- 352, White Plains. New York 10602. sibility in a technical activity. Qualifications: MLS or equivalent professional degree and minimum of two years professional experience, pref- erably in a science library. Science subject back- INDEX TO ADVERTISERS ground highly desirable. Faculty status, some moving expenses, TIAAICREF. Salary $10,600 BioSciences Information Service ... 8.4 up, depending on qualifications. Open December R. R. Bowker Company ...... 5.4 1. Send rksum6 to Dr. G. Donald Smith, Director Bricker's Directory ...... 22A of Libraries, Washington State University, Pull- man, WA 99163. An equal opportunity/affirma- Chemical Abstracts Service ...... IA tive action employer. F. W. Faxon Company, Inc...... 7A Gale Research Company ..... Cover IV Gaylord Bros., Inc...... 15~ Highsmith Company ...... 22.4 Technical Library-Moving into new building on magnificent new campus of this major tech- Institute for Scientific Information 20.4 nical university serving the Petroleum and Min- Interdok Corporation ...... 4.4 erals industries, seeking highly qualified and ex- Library Design & Engineering perienced professional librarians. Positions open Ltd...... Cover 111 for: 1) Science and Engineering Reference Librar- The Library of Imperial ian, 2) Serials Librarian, 3) Order Librarian, 4) ...... [two] Catalog Librarians. All positions require History IOA-1 1n graduate library degrees from accredited profes- Lockheed Missiles and Space sional schools plus extensive experience in spe- Company ...... 18n cialization. Thorough knowledge of American li- The Magafile Company ...... 21~ brary methods essential. English major language Marquis Who's Who ...... 16~-17~ of collection and language of instruction. Ap- proved Ten-Year Development Plan to make Harold J. Mason, Inc...... 9A leading technical library in Middle East. Advised Noyes Data Corporation ...... 19~ by eight-member Consortium of American Uni- Patent Publications, Inc...... 9A versities. Salary Range: $12,00&$20,000, plus Pergamon Press, Inc...... 2A furnished air-conditioned housing; with round- trip transportation between point-of-origin and Productions Unlimited ...... 488 Dhahran for employee and authorized depentl- Research Services Corporation ..... 12~ ents; plus other benefits including educational Special Libraries Association ...... 12~ assistance for eligible school-age dependents. Stechert Macmillan, Inc...... 21A Initial contract for two years, renewable, with six-week vacation annually. Interested applicants United Nations Publications . . 14,i, 21A should apply by airmail, enclosing detailed cur- University of California, Berkeley . . 14.4 riculum &itae, to: The Director of Personnel, University of New Mexico .... Cover 11 College of Petroleum 8i Mineral$, Dhahran, The Vermont Printing Company . . 21A Saudi Arabia. Xerox University Microfilms ...... 13~ L.D.E. meets every requirement in library planning, equipment and installation.

The new brochure of the L D E L,brafy iy~tem and anollary serv,ces ,s ava,lable or requf 11 Library Design & Engineering Limited 66-67 Newrnan Street, London, WlP 4AJ England Telephone. 01-580 7500 *LltP lltllh 10, I O1tl\ll~ I INTRODUCES NEW EDITIONS OF STANDARD REFERENCE WORKS AVAILABLE ON STANDING ORDER

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Library jnd Irfvrmalioi' Services Torlay An Internationa/ R~gistr$,of Reseaicn and /,inovati, f, Paul haserrnan Managing Editor xivl 548 Iiages :'bUN 0 8101 0386 8) $38 i v !./.ST Volume 4/1974. docuinents i,362 research efforts, !,.~oks and riioi,ugraphs in preparat!ori, am3 :rino~3ti~. actis,;ries ~nvol.:ng2.592 personr7el ~ctive;r library and i?forrnation servtces througho~ttthe ws id Tnis registry IMD~to avold auplication 01 effort. lo lo-ate e,:ierging data scurces, to speed access to :exarch progr~ss.to fi~dou! which exccrts tr contact when authcrmtatlveinformation is ieeded, and to deiervirtr ;:ossiLie sclorlcs fc prc]t.ct :dnding. Foi the first !.me, prcject lescripttcns are arranged in five broa.1 slityt.~: ,leas which are broken down into over 30 colivenient subdivisions Each listing gives. 1 iincipa! !nves!,~atori?\ addrass. title and desrrlptlon of prolecl. source of :c'qdihg, etc Eight ~nd~xes.inv~ s::g"tor~ Qrganizat~ons,gsographic locatlcn funding source. title al pro:ect. type of library, class~f!edheadinqs and s~iojectand acrcnyni ' IFTii EDITION RFADY DECEillBER ' 914 RESEARCH CENTERS DIRECTORY: * A Guide :c Universify-Related aild Oiher Nonprofit Research Crga/~izationsEstbbltshed on a PP ,nai:r , an:, Cairyirig on Continuing Research Programs in Agriculture. Bl~siness.Coriservation. Educariu,: cnqineeri ig ?':d Technology. Goverr~rnenf.Ldw. 1 if^. Sciences, Matheniarics, Area Studies, ."hys~ca.' ...:,I. aldrih Sr!ence:', Soodl Sc,rn;es. arid Humanttirs Edited bv Archie M Fnlmcr Over 1.200 wges ;!SGN L; 8103-0453-5) $~j%.GO

Rci.a,d, ~;?datr.l d~dcxparidec' ..ie new edition is the only ~vmpretiens.veyuide to over 6.00L ac:i, -, 'IL ...?a of 3rlv;lnred k,:sw;edge in hund:ds of fields as rer~.taen!ed by current work on campuses and elsewhurc thiouqhout the U S and Ca.?zd;~qrran~ed by inajci wbject fields, entries provide name, addrew pi G. nunlopi, directoi's name, status of unit :ources of 5dpport. ailnual budset, prmci!~alfields of activii,/. speciai 'acilities, publica[ions serntnars, and ; hrary facl'ities RCd-5 cont,,ins a :horoug? I:+. 1 ' more then 2,000 sut.,e~rs

New R~~oarchcenters. 1975-76 will fu4,,st, det~ilson ne:vly forrried research centers dur!ng the ;m..iic. betwem th? F'h and 6th uditions of the Dmctory. Publishrd quarterly from March 1975 to Dece.?!brr, i '16 \i.;>N 0-8102-04511) 2-year int,:r~edition subscription, wtth binder for ne\% subscr~bers $64 00

FOURTH .IDl7/i;N. JUST PUBLISHFC STATISTICS SOURCES: A Subject Guide ro Data on lndusfrijl. Busin~ss..Socidl, Educational. Finaiicial, and Orher Topi, s Irv th~ Onited States and lri:ernat~uii;,~ly Editsd by F?u Wasserrndn and Joarlnz Pdskar 892 paps. (:SEN 0~8103-0396-5)$45 00 :;ornp'rtely rev1se.l biid updated, the fourth edition contaiils 21,000 reierences, an 11v-rc3seof S.li!'!' !wc: '1.0 (-351eLih~n (pubi~shccl 1971 j. Current ?ou ces are cited on hou: 1 i.PCCj subjocrs I:~dexec'a;;. i~ch-.Juri.P cis annuals, yearbooks, and other printed materials issued L-.+ trade associations. professional socierizs corntnrrcial concerns, collqrs and uni..ersitivc, departments of the U S gover~~:n;l;t. ayrncles of foreign governni~:its, and the U N and its related organizd:ions Some orgaltzatioris, governmwt d(]enctt:s, anu trade and professionai groups are cited if they are importqnt sources of ci~.puolishedda!a T!.? soarc.:? no[ only provide users with basic statistics, bui also lead rhern to furij'zr soutces of aerailed information The sub;t'~i~ tieated are r'rra~gedin alphabetical order wlth freauent cross references to aid in locrltinrj specrftc sulrj;,.tb ALL CALF BOOKS ARE SENT ON FREE (;ALE 30-LAY APPROVAL RESEARCH COMPANY Book dw8-r '. Detro~t Fz'l 4?7?6 L.D.E. meets every reauirement in library ~lannina.eaui~ment and installation.

Extreniel\/ ~~Ieis~~rgto tlie eye, ttlc eq~~prneritoffers r~iaxmurii flexrb~lrtyto ~ovcrcvery requirement. ye1 is essent~nllyboth ful>ct~onalar>d robust Tliese facts are borne OLI~by the ~nclusoiiof the entlre range In the Desgn Centre Index

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VOLUME 4/1974, JUST PUBLISHED LIST: Library and Information Services Today. An International Registrl# of Research and lnnovaticrt Paul Wasserman. Managing Editor. xxvi + 548 pages. (ISBN 0-8103-0386-8) $38.00. LIST, Volume 411 974. documents 1,362 research efforts, hooks and mo~iographsin preparation, and innovatikc acti\~itiesinvolving 2,592 personnel active in library and information services throughout the world. This registry helps to avoid duplication of effort, to locate emerglng data swrces, to speed access to research-in- progress, to find out which experts to contact when authoritative information is needed, and to determine possible sources fo: pr~jectfunding. For the first time, project descriptions are arranged in five broad ~llbject >reas which are broken down Into over 30 convenient subdiv~sions.Each listing gives: principal investigator(s) address, title and descript~onof projec!, source of funding, etc. Eight indexes: investigators. organizations, geographic location, fundmg source, title of proiect, type of library, classified headings, and subject and acronym.

FIFTH EDITION, READY DECEMBER, 7974 RESEARCH CENTERS DIRECTORY: A Guide to University-Related and Other Nonprofit Research Organizations Established on a Permanent and Carry~ngon Continuing Research Programs in Agriculture, Business, Conservation, Educatioq, Fngineering and Technology, Government, Law, Life Sciences, Mathematics, Area Studies, Physical and Earth Science:, Social Sctences, and Humanitiss. Edited by Archie M. Palmer. Over 1,200 pages. (ISBN 0-8103-0453-3) $68.00. Revised, updated, and expander', tile new edition is the only comprehensive guide to over 6.00U acti3,0 souices of advanced knowledge in hund:eds of fields as represented by current work on campuses and elsewhere throughout the U.S. and Canzda. 4rranged by major subject fields, entries prov~de:name, address, pho,-e number, director's name, status of unit, sources of support, annual budget, principal f~eldsof activity, special facil~ties,publications, seminars, and library faci!ities. RCD-5 contains a thorough indt: c.f more than 2.000 subje~ts.

New Research Centers, 1975-76 will fuin sh details on newly formed research centers during the perlo 1 between the 5'h and 6th editions of the D~rectoryPublished quarterly from March, 1975 to December, 1476 (l.5aN 0-8101-0451 -1) 2-year inter-ed~tlonsubscrlpt~on, with binder for new subscribers $64 00

FOURTH 2DITIUN. JUST PUBLISHED STATISTICS SOURCES: A Subject Gu~deto Ddta on Industrial, Business, Social, Educat~onal,Financial, and Other Topics for the United States and ln:ernationz!ly. Edited by Paul Wasserman and Joanne Paskar. 892 paaes. (ISBN 0-8103-0396-5) $45.00. Completely revised and updated, the fourth edit~oncontains 21.000 references, an Increase of 6,000 over the last edition (publ~shed1971 ). Current sources are cited on about 11,8@0subjects Indexed are such sources as annuals, yearbooks, and other printed materials issued by trade associations, professional societies, commercial concerns, colleges and universities, departments of the U.S. government, agencies of foreign governments, and the U.N. and its related organizations. Some organizations, governmmt agencies. and trade and professional groups are cited if they are important sources of unpubl~sheddata The sources not only provide users with basic statistics, but also lead them to further sources of detailed information. The subjec:~ treated are arranged in alphabetical order, with frequent cross references to aid in locating specific subjdcts.

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