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Cage Farm on the Benthic Environment and Nvertebrate Falina of Lake3]5, Experimental Lakes Area

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Cage Farm on the Benthic Environment and Nvertebrate Falina of Lake3]5, Experimental Lakes Area THE INF'LUENCE OF A R-A.NBOW TROIJT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKTSS) CAGE FARM ON THE BENTHIC ENVIRONMENT AND NVERTEBRATE FALINA OF LAKE3]5, EXPERIMENTAL LAKES AREA. By Rebecca Rooney A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies University of Manitoba In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Masters of Science, Department of Entomology Copyright @ 2006 by Rebecca Rooney THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES COPYRIGHT PERMISSION The Influence of a Rainbow Trout (Oncorhyncltus mykiss) Cage Farm on the Benthic Environment and Invertebrate Fauna of Lake 375, Experimental Lakes Area by Rebecca Rooney A ThesisÆracticum submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of Master of Science Rebecca Rooney O 2006 , Permission has been granted to the Library of the University of Manitoba to lend or sell copies of 'l this thesis/practicum, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell ' copies of the film, and to University Microfilms Inc. to publish an abstract of this thesis/practicum. This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authority of the copyright owner solely for the purpose of private study and research, and may only be reproduced and copied I Ls permitted by copyright laws or with express written authorization from the copyright owner. ,i Acknowledgements I would never have completed this thesis without the inspiration, support, and guidance of my advisor Dr. Cheryl Podemski. Every time I strayed from the path and became lost, I could trust her like a compass. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Terry Galloway and Dr. Brenda Hann for their encouragement tempered by reality checks. Kelsey Fetterly, Natalie Nikkel, and Shannon McPhee provided field assistance and kept singing despite the hour or the odour. Dr. Cindy Gilmore and her team provided invaluable advice on working with sulfide. I would also like to thank Steven Page for answering my chemistry questions and Susan Kasian for indefatigable enthusiasm and statistical expertise. puuiu Azevedo and Mike Meeker also shared their knowledge with me. The graduate students at the Freshwater Institute proved it could be done and helped me keep faith. I particularly appreciate the inspiration and emotional support of Ginger Gill, Mark Lowden, Dianne Orihel, and Lisa Loseto. Of course, none of this would have been possible without the love and support of my family, particularly Marie-Lynn Hamilton. Thank you for complaining minimally about my absence. I promise to be home more often, unlessItryaPhD... Abstract I examined the development of effects from an experimental rainbow trout farm on sediment nutrients; metals; pore-water ammonia; sulfide; and zoobenthic density, richness, and biomass across the spatial gradient in organic loading created with distance from the farm. Pore-water total ammonia was the first variable to respond. Beneath the farm it reached 481.6 times the concentration in reference sediment (77 mgl-') by September 2004. At this time sediment organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphonts were 3.2,4.5, and 18.6 times the reference sediment concentration, respectively. Invertebrate density was significantly reduced under the cage, reaching 442 individuals m-2 in October 2003 vs. 11089 individuals m-2 atreference stations. Thereafter, density remained below 600 individuals m-' . Taxarichness was also depressed, but biomass was variable. Variables with the most potential for incorporation into monitoring schemes included total ammonia and invertebrate density. The effects of farming were localized, extending only 5 m beyond the cage edge. lll Table of Contents Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Chapter I: Aquaculture and the Receiving Environment 1 Context of the Industry I The State of Capture Fisheries i Aquaculture: an Alternative 1 History of Aquaculture 2 Three Forms of Freshwater Aquaculture J Pond Førming J Land-based Farming J Cage Farming 4 Aquaculture in Canada 6 History 6 Canadian Freshwater Aquaculture Markets 6 Environmental Impacts of Cage Aquaculture 8 Soluble llaste 8 Solid Waste 9 Effects on Sediment Chemistry T2 Sediment Nutrients t2 Eutrophication 13 Heavy Metals T7 Effects on Water Column and Pore-Water Chemistry t9 The Importance of Pore-Water I9 Dissolved Oxygen 20 Pore-Water Ammonia 23 Sulfide 25 Effects on the Zoobenthos 26 Evidencefor Pearson and Rosenberg Predictions: Marine Case Studies 29 Evidencefor Pearson and Rosenberg Predictions: Fresltwater Case Studies 3i Conclusion 36 Summary of observed fficts J/ Problems with the Literature 39 iv Chapter II: Description of the Study 43 Knowledge Gaps in the Literature 40 Tables and Figures 42 Study Objectives 43 Site Description 45 Chapter III: Farm Effects on the Benthic Environment 49 Farm Operation 46 Tables and Figures 47 Introduction 49 Methods 53 Study Design 53 Pore-water Chemistry 54 Sediment Chemistry 55 Faeces, Feed, and Net Pen Materiøl 56 Statistical Analyses s6 Results 58 Principal Components Analysis 58 Pore-water Chemistry 58 Sediment Chemistry 59 Faeces, Feed, and Net Pen Material 60 Discussion 60 Princip al Comp onents Analysis 60 Pore-water Chemistry 61 Sediment Chemistry 6s Conclusions ll Tables and Figures 73 Chapter IV: Farm Effects on the Zoobenthos 81 lntroduction 81 Methods 85 Study Design 8s Core Samples 85 Invertebrate Metrics 86 Statistical Analyses 88 Results 89 Principal Components Analysis 89 Changes with Distance 90 Discussion 93 Community Changes: PCA 93 Changes in Density 96 Changes in Taxa Richness 100 Changes in Biomass 101 Chapter V: General Conclusions - lnterrelation of Chemistry and Biology rt2 Recommendations t04 Conclusion 105 Summary of Findings T12 Chemistry TT2 Biology 113 Interrelation of Chemical and Biological Metrics 115 Whole Lake Implications t20 Eutrophication t20 Trophic Effects T22 Recommendations for Future Studies r22 Recommendations for Monitoring r27 Monitoring Study Design t21 Chemistry r27 Biology 130 Propos ed Monitoring Scheme r33 Conclusion r33 Tables and Figures 135 References 137 Appendix I: Taxa Recovered fromL375 t70 vi List of Tables Table2.I: Summary of farming operation information: stocking and harvest dates, number of fish, and mean fish weight. 47 Table 3.1: Federal and provincial sediment quality guidelines for selected variables, with values reported it pg g-t dry-weight (CCME 1995; Jaagumagi and Persaud 1999). IJ Table 3.2: Two-tailed t-test results, comparing sediment TOC, TN, and TP in October 2003 with concentrations obtained in September 2004. 74 Table 3.3: Mean concentration of metals and nutrients in reference sediment (45 m from farm edge), sediment beneath the cage, feed, farm rvaste, and the net pen material. Concentrations in mg g-l dry-weight. NA: not analysed. 75 Table 4.1: Coefficients used in length-mass conversion for Chironomidae larvae. Values were obtained from Benke et al. (1999). r07 Table 4.2: Station scores on the three significant principal components analysis axes obtained from analysis of invertebrate density along the transect sampled in June 2003. The first, second, and third axes explai ned 39 .2o/o, 3 4.Io/o, and Il .4o/o of the variation in the dataset, respectively. Taxawith eigenvectors > 0.25 included : Harp acticoida (0. 290), Tanytarsin i (-0'259), | | Orthoc ladii ni (-0 .4228), and Nemato da (-0 .7 3 3) . 108 Table 5.1: Results of first sampling transect to show a significant difference between station means in one-way ANOVAs on 1o g-transformed chemical and biolo gical metrics. 135 Table 5.2: Lethal concentration, producing 50o/o mortality after exposure to unionized ammonia for the specified duration, excepting sphaeriids and gastropods. Values for Sphaeriidae and Gastropoda are EC5es where the response for Sphaeriidae is burial and for Gastropoda is retreat into shell. NR indicates not reported. t36 vii List of Figures Figure 1.1: Predicted relationship between benthic invertebrate diversity (-), density (...), and biomass C I along a gradient in organic enrichment, as predicted by Pearson and Rosenberg (1e78). 42 Figure 2.1: Bathymetric map of L375 (Kaisian, S. unpublished data), showing the location of the 10 m by 10 m farm (tan square) and the location of sampling sites (red and blue squares) along the 15 m isobath. Sample label C is beneath the cage centre, E is beneath the cage edge, and numbers represent the distance from the cage edge in metres. Sampling sites in red were sampled on all sampling dates, but those in blue were added to the transect only for July, August, and September 2004. 48 Figure 3.1 : Mean scores on the first PCA axis for sediment collected from along the transect with distance from the farm's edge on September 2004. The axis explained 89.8% of the variation in the dataset. Variables with eigenvectors > 10.251 included total pore-water ammonia (-0.549), phosphorus (-0.279), calcium (- 0.249), aluminum (0.280), and iron (0.286). Spread on y-axis is only to disperse points for legibility. The y-axis does not represent a variable. 76 Figure 3.2: Mean total ammonia (mg L-t¡ in sediment pore-water obtained from the transect stations sampled on July 2003 (a), October 2003 (b), }l4ay 2004 (c), and September 2004 (d). Error bars indicate one standard error of the mean. Circles reflect Tukey's groupings. In September 2004, the 1 m station was excluded from statistical analyses to meet ANOVA assumptions; it is therefore not part of a Tukey's group' 77 Figure 3.3 Mean sediment pH at stations along the distance transect. Error bars represent one standard error of the mean. Circles indicate Tukey's groupings. 78 viii Figure 3.4: Mean sediment total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentration (mg g-1) at different distances from the L375 farm.
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