Alkalien in Chondren

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Alkalien in Chondren ALKALIEN IN CHONDREN - OFFENES ODER GESCHLOSSENES SYSTEM? Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultäten der Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen vorgelegt von: Diplomgeologe Andreas Kropf aus Mannheim Göttingen 2009 D7 Referent: Prof. Dr. Andreas Pack, GZG, Universität Göttingen Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Herbert Palme, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt/M. Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 2 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Natrium als Spurenelement in Olivin kann mit der Elektronenstrahl-Mikrosonde bei hohen Meßströmen bis zu einer Meßuntergrenze von 0.0015 wt.% Na2O in Olivin hinreichend genau gemessen werden. Die Ergebnisse sind mittels Sekundärionen-Massenspektrometrie verifi- ziert und innerhalb der Fehler identisch. Der Verteilungskoeffizient von Natrium zwischen Olivin und silikatischer Schmelze hat in eisenfreien Systemen einen Wert von DNa = 0.00139 ± 0.00039 und ist nicht signifikant tem- peraturabhängig. In eisenhaltigen Systemen ist dieser Verteilungskoeffizient auch linear vom FeO-Gehalt der Olivine abhängig. Diese Abhängigkeit kann durch die empirische Formel: DNa = 0.00014 (±0.000095) * FeOol + 0.00145 (±0.00075) ausgedrückt werden. Es wurde ein Modell zur Berechnung der Na2O-Zonierung in Olivinkörnern bei deren Kristallisation aus einer chondritischen Schmelze erstellt. Diesen Daten wurden entsprechen- de Na2O-Konzentrationen aus Messungen von realen Olivinen in Chondren gegenübergestellt. Die Startwerte der Modelle entsprechen den aktuellen Na2O-Bulkkonzentrationen. Die realen Na2O-Messwerte in Olivin beziehungsweise deren korrespondierenden Mesos- tasiswerte bei der beginnenden Olivinbildung sind jedoch entweder um den Faktor ab 0.6 zu niedrig oder um einen Faktor von maximal 1.5 zu hoch. Diese Abweichungen werden mit fortschreitender Kristallisation kleiner und nähern sich dem Modell an. Da diese Daten um den Wert 1 streuen, kann dies auf Meßungenauigkeiten zurückzuführen sein. In diesem Fall sind die Chondren als vollständig geschlossene Systeme zu betrachten. Alternativ können nur Prozesse der Evaporation und Kondensation für die Unterschiede verantwortlich sein. Dies bedeutet, daß diese Chondren zu Beginn ihrer Bildung einen ande- ren Na-Bulkwert hatten als zum Zeitpunkt der endgültigen Erstarrung. Wenn diese frühen Differenzen durch Evaporations- oder Kondensationsprozesse verursacht wurden, sind min- destens 60 % des Natriums jeder untersuchten Chondre von primärer Natur und maximal 40 % des heutigen Wertes sind rekondensiert. Die magmatische Entwicklung der Chondre spiegelt sich in jedem Fall in der Zonierung der Natriumkonzentrationen in Kern-Rand-Profilen von Olivinen wieder. Daher kann die Chondrenbildung im wesentlichen als ein Prozess in einem geschlossenen System verstanden werden. 3 Durch den nachgewiesenen Erhalt wesentlicher Teile des Natriums bei der Chondrenbil- dung können die Ergebnisse der Na-Verdampfungsexperimente verschiedener Autoren ver- wendet werden, um die Bildungsbedingungen der Chondrenbildung einzugrenzen. Das kanonische Bildungsmodell geht von einen niedrigen Gesamtdruck im solaren Nebel -6 -4 von Ptot = 10 bis 10 bar aus. In diesem Fall wäre das Natrium ungeachtet aller möglicher Na- oder O2-Partialdrücke in Minuten vollständig evaporiert. Ein Aufheizereignis von weni- gen Minuten Dauer zur Vermeidung der Verdampfung kann dabei wegen des Widerspruches zu den Chondrentexturen ausgeschlossen werden. Eine vollständig sekundäre Wiederzufuhr des gemessenen Natriums, wie es aus dem kanonischen Modell zu erwarten wäre, kann wegen der Zonierungsprofile in den Olivinen ebenfalls ausgeschlossen werden. Als Alternative bleibt eine Bildung bei höheren Drücken. Bei einem konstanten Gesamt- druck von Ptot = 1 bar variiert die Zeit bis zur vollständigen Na-Evaporation von wenigen Mi- nuten bis zu vielen Stunden und Tagen. Der Sauerstoff-Partialdruck PO2 unterdrückt als signi- -11 fikanter Parameter die Evaporation. Während bei einem PO2 von etwa 10 bar (als typischer Wert des solaren Nebels) ebenfalls bereits nach zwanzig Minuten nur noch 60 % Natrium -7 vorhanden sind, kann erst ein sehr stark erhöhter Wert von PO2 = 10 bar eine Mehrheit des Natriums für eine Dauer von einigen Stunden erhalten. Aufgrund des chemischen Gleichgewichtes 2 1⁄ 2 bedeutet dies, daß entweder der Natriumpartialdruck oder der Sauerstoffanteil des Nebels das Gleich- gewicht derart verschiebt, daß eine signifikante Evaporation wirksam verhindert wird. Zur Erhöhung des Natriumpartialdruckes ist jedoch auch eine sehr hohe Materiedichte notwendig. Diese kann aber nicht durch einen überproportionalen Anstieg der Chondrenzah- len erreicht werden, da dies zu vermehrten Kollisionen und wahrscheinlich zu früher Zerstö- rung der Chondrentexturen führen würde. Als Möglichkeit bleibt eine Erhöhung des Sauers- toffanteils durch hohe Konzentrationen von Wassermolekülen oder Eis. 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis Zusammenfassung.....................................................................................................................3 Vorwort......................................................................................................................................8 1. Einleitung .................................................................................................................. 10 1.1 Meteorite und unser Sonnensystem ........................................................................... 10 1.2 Klassifikation der Meteorite ....................................................................................... 12 1.3 Chondrite .................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.1 Chondrite und Chondren ............................................................................ 13 1.3.2 Gewöhnliche Chondrite .............................................................................. 17 1.3.3 Kohlige Chondrite ....................................................................................... 18 1.3.4 Enstatit-Chondrite ....................................................................................... 18 1.4 Achondrite .................................................................................................................. 19 1.4.1 Primitive Achondrite ................................................................................... 19 1.4.2 Angrite, Aubrite, Ureilite ............................................................................ 19 1.4.3 „Eisen“- und „Stein-Eisen“-Meteorite ...................................................... 20 1.4.4 Mars-Meteorite ........................................................................................... 20 1.4.5 Mond-Meteorite .......................................................................................... 21 1.4.6 HED-Meteorite ........................................................................................... 21 1.5 Das Problem der Chondren-Bildung .......................................................................... 22 1.5.1 Theoretische Eigenschaften des Bildungsprozesses ................................... 22 1.5.2 Schockwellen-Modelle ................................................................................ 23 1.6 Alkalien in Chondren – offenes oder geschlossenes System? ................................... 23 5 2. Methodik ................................................................................................................... 27 2.1 Elektronenstrahl-Mikrosonde (EMS) ......................................................................... 27 2.1.1 Allgemeine Funktionsweise ......................................................................... 27 2.1.2 Hauptelement-Messungen ........................................................................... 28 2.1.3 Spurenelement-Messungen ......................................................................... 30 2.1.4 Korrektur des Untergrundes ....................................................................... 35 2.2 Sekundärionen-Massenspektrometrie (SIMS) ........................................................... 37 2.2.1 Grundlagen ................................................................................................. 37 2.2.2 Meßbedingungen ......................................................................................... 37 2.2.3 Referenzolivine für Vergleichsmessungen zwischen EMS und SIMS ......... 38 2.3 Experimentelle Bestimmung des Verteilungskoeffizienten von Natrium (DNa) zwischen Olivin und Schmelze .................................................................................. 39 2.3.1 Zusammensetzung des Startmaterials ......................................................... 39 2.3.1 Vorbereitungen ........................................................................................... 41 2.3.2 Durchführung .............................................................................................. 44 2.3.3 Datenauswertung ........................................................................................ 45 2.4 Messungen am Meteoriten Semarkona ...................................................................... 46 3. Ergebnisse ................................................................................................................. 48 3.1 Referenzolivine .......................................................................................................... 48 3.2 Experimente ..............................................................................................................
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