DOCSLIB.ORG

Orthorexia Nervosa Prevalence in US Adults with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Orthorexia Nervosa Prevalence in US Adults with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Orthorexia Nervosa Prevalence in US Adults with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes A Thesis SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Caitlyn Jahn Shoemaker IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE Dr. Scott Crow, MD, Advisor January 2020 © Caitlyn Jahn Shoemaker 2020 Acknowledgements The process of this thesis was not without some obstacles and pitfalls along the way. For helping me navigate the process from the beginning, I extend my sincerest gratitude to my adviser, Scott Crow. Thank you as well to Scott and my other committee members Jillian Lampert, PhD, MPH, RD, LD, FAED and Jennifer Linde, PhD, for taking time to review this work and to hear my defense. I would also like to send hugs back to my mom Cyndy Jahn, my dogs Violet and Jackson, and my friends and family in New Jersey and beyond for all the hugs you gave me when I doubted my abilities and myself throughout this time, in spirit and real-time. I am extremely grateful to my forever friend, Savannah Bennett, for proofreading this work, and for providing moral support throughout my entire graduate school experience—even as she works long hours herself on yet another graduate degree. Thank you to my Simmons University undergraduate adviser, Dr. Lisa Brown PhD, RDN, LDN, for encouraging me to pursue a graduate degree and for bolstering my passion for dietetics. Finally, I extend greatest thanks to Liz Fayram CEDRD, RD, LDN for bringing the concept of Orthorexia Nervosa to my attention in the first place—I may never have known what it was or what a major health issue it was if not for your breadth of knowledge and diagnostic skills. i Dedication To my mama, Violet, and Jackson You have been the calm waves in my life storm and my guides over and through the mountains and valleys on my life journey. You’ve never let me drown or fall. To Casey You are the Pusheen to my pizza, the Archie to my Edith, and the Superman to my Wonder Woman. You are my forever love and my forever rock, and the best partner-in-crime there ever was or ever will be. ii Abstract Background The disordered eating pattern Orthorexia Nervosa has been examined in groups from health professionals to those with defined eating disorders (EDs). The prevalence has not fully been established. Orthorexia shares the isolation/malaise aspects of defined EDs. Because people with diabetes (DM) often struggle with food/EDs and treatment relies on limiting processed foods, people with diabetes may display Orthorexia symptomatology. However, Orthorexia has rarely been examined in people with diabetes—and never in a US adult population. Objective Determine prevalence of Orthorexia in people with diabetes, specifically US adults. Other aims: determine association between Orthorexia Nervosa and (1) quality-of- life (QOL); (2) overall disordered eating habits; (3) disordered eating habits in people with insulin- dependent diabetes; (4) body image perception in people with diabetes. Hypothesis Due to its suggested symptomology and similarities to established EDs, Orthorexia Nervosa is prevalent in people with diabetes. Methods The survey was comprised of five previously validated surveys: SF-36, EAT-26, DEPS- R, Hopwood Body Image Scale, and ORTO-15. Results The rates of Orthorexia Nervosa did not differ significantly between DM1 and DM2 diabetes types (67.4 and 62.3, respectively). Our hypotheses regarding quality of life and eating habits of insulin-dependent diabetes were not supported. Eating disorder behaviors decreased significantly in our sample, which did not support the hypothesis that some behaviors would be positively correlated. Body image satisfaction increased significantly with Orthorexia symptomology, which was contrary to our hypothesis but at the same time, intriguing. Conclusion Orthorexia is prevalent in people with diabetes. Diabetes health professionals should recognize/screen for Orthorexia. iii Table of Contents List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………….v List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………..vi List of Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………….….vii Background and Review of the Literature ………………………………….....1 Methods ………………………………………………………………………………………...15 Research Design ………………………………………………………………………………….….15 Participants and Data Collection Procedures …………………………………………..16 Measures ………………………………………………………………………………………………...17 Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………….…….21 Results …………………………………………………………………………………………...23 Demographics ……………………………………………………………………………….……23 What is the Orthorexia Nervosa prevalence in US Adults with diabetes?.…..24 Orthorexia Nervosa and quality of life in people with diabetes . ……………….…………………………………………..……25 Orthorexia Nervosa and typical eating disorder behaviors in people with diabetes ……………………………………25 Orthorexia Nervosa and disordered eating behaviors in people with insulin-dependent diabetes …………..……..... 25 Orthorexia Nervosa and body image perception in people with diabetes ………………………………….……………….…...25 Orthorexia Nervosa and demographic factors.………………………………………….………………………………………………….……...25 Discussion …………………………………………………………………………………..…..27 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………...….31 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………...33 Appendix A: Original Sources of Measures…………………………………….…41 iv List of Tables Table 1: Reliability, Measures of Central Tendency, and Variability of Scales ……………………………………………………………………………..22 Table 2: Demographics of Survey Participants ………………………………………………….23 Table 3: Frequency distributions/Correlations of ORTO-15 Total Scales, ORTO-15 Subscales and Other Scales ………………………………………………………...……26 Table 4: Frequency distributions/Correlations of ORTO-15 Total Scale, ORTO-15 Subscales, and Demographics …………………………………………………………..27 v List of Figures Figure 1: Combined Total Prevalence of Orthorexia Nervosa in Study Sample ……………………...24 vi List of Abbreviations 1. AN- Anorexia Nervosa 2. BN- Bulimia Nervosa 3. BED- Binge Eating Disorder 4. ED- Eating Disorder 5. DM 1/ DM 2- Type 1/ Type 2 diabetes mellitus 6. SAD-Standard American Diet 7. DSM-5- Diagnostic Statistical Manual-5 8. OSFED- Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorders 9. UFED- Unspecified Feeding and Eating Disorders 10. HDL- High Density Lipoprotein 11. GI- Glycemic Index 12. GL- Glycemic Load 13. DKD- Diabetic Kidney Disease 14. SF-36- Short Form-36 items 15. QOL- Quality of Life 16. EAT-26- Eating Attitudes Test- 26 items 17. DEPS-R- Diabetes Eating Problems Survey-Revised 18. ORTO-15- Bratman Orthorexia Questionnaire- 15 items vii Background and Review of the Literature Diabetes and Sugar Intake It is well understood that the compound glucose is needed as the main source of metabolic fuel for basic daily nutrition and energy needs. The brain alone utilizes about 60% of total glucose in the body. Carbohydrates—whether from fruits and starchy vegetables or from grains—are the origin of glucose (and glycogen its storage form in muscles and the liver). Under normal metabolic (non-diabetic) conditions, glucose can come from two main sources: either directly from food (fed) or from non-carbohydrate sources via glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis (fasting)1. Glucagon dominates during fasting, while insulin secretion is inhibited. In the post-prandial fed state, insulin is upregulated via the pancreatic islet cells, glucagon is suppressed and anabolic processes such as lipogenesis occur1. In people with diabetes, however, the mechanism of glucose regulation is drastically altered. Diabetes, according to the American Diabetes Association, is a grouping of metabolic diseases whose pathogeneses are characterized by impaired glucose regulation (chronic hyperglycemia interspersed with bouts of hypoglycemia) via compromised insulin action or secretion2. In diabetes, similar to healthy individuals, glucose comes from glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis. However, even with exogenous insulin to regulate glucose diffusion rate into the cells, there is still not enough natural plasma insulin to regulate the above processes. In the post-prandial state, the exogenous insulin cannot fully suppress glucagon secretion so glucose spills freely into the blood, resulting in hyperglycemia2,3 While there are several manifestations of diabetes, this study focuses on two types: Type 1 and Type 2. 1 Overview of Diabetes Mellitus Types and Mechanisms Type 1 Diabetes- There are two forms of type 1 diabetes: immune-mediated and idiopathic2,3. Immune- mediated Type 1 diabetes- The predominant form is autoimmune in nature, known as “in-sulin-dependent” or “juvenile-onset”, diabetes2,3. It is present in roughly 5-10% of diabetes cases and is due to the near-complete or complete destruction of β cells in the pancreas. Fasting hyperglycemia presents along with various antibodies as part of the heightened immune response. Sudden ketoacidosis is often another initial symptom of the disease, particularly in children who experience faster cell destruction than adults2,3. Unlike type 2 who may or may not use exogenous insulin, type 1 patients must use exogenous insulin permanently. The patients are usually not overweight, and may even experience rapid weight loss4. Idiopathic Type 1 diabetes- This form not only involves a complete lack of pancreatic production of insulin and ketoacidosis, but also shows no evidence of autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β cells3. It is suggested in the literature that this form comprises a very small number of cases, and is inherited3 and insulin may be required as needed, depending on the case3. Type 2 Diabetes- Roughly 90-95%
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Orthorexia Nervosa Compiled by Karin Kratina, Phd, RD, LD/N
    Orthorexia Nervosa Compiled by Karin Kratina, PhD, RD, LD/N Those who have an “unhealthy obsession” with otherwise healthy eating may be suffering from “orthorexia nervosa,” a term which literally means “fixation on righteous eating.” Orthorexia starts out as an innocent attempt to eat more healthfully, but orthorexics become fixated on food quality and purity. They become consumed with what and how much to eat, and how to deal with “slip-ups.” An iron-clad will is needed to maintain this rigid eating style. Every day is a chance to eat right, be “good,” rise above others in dietary prowess, and self-punish if temptation wins (usually through stricter eating, fasts and exercise). Self-esteem becomes wrapped up in the purity of orthorexics’ diet and they sometimes feel superior to others, especially in regard to food intake. Eventually food choices become so restrictive, in both variety and calories, that health suffers – an ironic twist for a person so completely dedicated to healthy eating. Eventually, the obsession with healthy eating can crowd out other activities and interests, impair relationships, and become physically dangerous. Is Orthorexia An Eating Disorder? Orthorexia is a term coined by Steven Bratman, MD to describe his own experience with food and eating. It is not an officially recognized disorder, but is similar to other eating disorders – those with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa obsess about calories and weight while orthorexics obsess about healthy eating (not about being “thin” and losing weight). Why Does Someone Get Orthorexia? Orthorexia appears to be motivated by health, but there are underlying motivations, which can include safety from poor health, compulsion for complete control, escape from fears, wanting to be thin, improving self-esteem, searching for spirituality through food, and using food to create an identity.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey on Prevalence of Orthorexia Nervosa and Its Risk Factors Among the Undergraduate Medical Students in Private Medical College, Malaysia
    MASH Journal 2020; 5(1): 2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE A Survey On Prevalence Of Orthorexia Nervosa And Its Risk Factors Among The Undergraduate Medical Students In Private Medical College, Malaysia. Jacqueline Law Tze Hui 1, Danny Foo bin Amar Foo 1, Maslina binti Baktiar 1, Adi Aslam bin Abu Bakar, Kreeshan a/l Murugan Suresh 1 Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Key Words: Orthorexia nervosa, ON, medical students, anxiety level, diet, ethnicity, age, gender, body mass index (BMI) ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is a new eating behaviour disorder which is characterized by pathological obsession of biological pure food, free from artificial substances such as pesticides and herbicides. [1] The prevalence of ON is higher among the health professions and also medical students. OBJECTIVE: To find the prevalence of ON (dependent variable) and its risk factors (independent variable) such as age, anxiety level, gender, BMI, ethnicity, vegetarian or non-vegetarian among the undergraduate medical students in private medical college, Malaysia. 1 Faculty of Medicine, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) 6 MASH Journal 2020; 5(1): 2 METHODS: This cross-sectional study was carried out from June to July 2019 among 202 medical students in Melaka Manipal Medical College, Muar, Johor, Malaysia. The research is carried out by distributing a questionnaire that consists of 3 sections, which are social- demographic details, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) questionnaires and validated ORTO-15 questionnaires. Chi-Square test and multiple logistic regression were used to analyse the data and P<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS: Out of 202 students participated in the study, 66.83% of the students are suffering ON.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthorexia Nervosa and Its Measurement with the ORTO-15 in Hungary Márta Varga1*, Barna Konkolÿ Thege1,2, Szilvia Dukay-Szabó1, Ferenc Túry1 and Eric F Van Furth3,4
    Varga et al. BMC Psychiatry 2014, 14:59 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/14/59 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access When eating healthy is not healthy: orthorexia nervosa and its measurement with the ORTO-15 in Hungary Márta Varga1*, Barna Konkolÿ Thege1,2, Szilvia Dukay-Szabó1, Ferenc Túry1 and Eric F van Furth3,4 Abstract Background: For a better differential diagnosis of eating disorders, it is necessary to investigate their subtypes and develop specific assessment tools to measure their specific symptoms. Orthorexia nervosa is an alleged eating disorder in which the person is excessively preoccupied with healthy food. The ORTO-15, designed by Donini and colleagues, is the first and only at least partially validated instrument to measure this construct. The aims of the present study were to examine the psychometric properties of its Hungarian adaptation (ORTO-11-Hu), and to investigate its relationship to food consumption and lifestyle habits in order to contribute to a better description of the phenomenon. Methods: The ORTO-11-Hu, a lifestyle habits questionnaire, a food choice list indicating foods the participants choose to consume, and ten additional orthorexia-related questions were administered to a group of 810 Hungarian participants (89.4% female) aged between 20 and 70 (M = 32.39 ± 10.37 years). Results: Confirmatory factor analysis suggested a single factor structure for the 11-item shortened version of the instrument. Internal consistency of the measure was adequate (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.82). No significant differences were found between males and females on the ORTO-11-Hu. Age and body mass index were significantly associated with a tendency towards orthorexia nervosa.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthorexia Nervosa – an Eating Disorder, Obsessive- -Compulsive Disorder Or Disturbed Eating Habit?
    Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 2012; 1 : 55–60 Orthorexia nervosa – an eating disorder, obsessive- -compulsive disorder or disturbed eating habit? Anna Brytek-Matera Summary The purpose of this article was to describe the phenomenon of a new disorder called orthorexia nervosa. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for the definitions, prevalence, diagnostic criteria, method and treatment of orthorexia. This disturbing behaviour concerns the pathologic obsession for healthy nu- trition. In contrast to eating disorders, people with orthorexia are obsessed with food quality rather than quantity and they do not care excessively for thin silhouette like in the case of patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Individuals with orthorexia nervosa are obsessive about healthy food, leading to dietary restrictions and to a variety of negative psychological and social outcomes. The results of previous re- search show that on the one hand orthorexia is related to anorexia and bulimia nervosa, and on the oth- er hand this syndrome is more closely allied with obsessive-compulsive disorders. In view of the studies presented here we could treat orthorexia as a disturbed eating habit which is connected with obsessive- -compulsive symptoms. food restriction / health food / eating attitude INTRODUCTION affective dissatisfactions and intense social iso- lation [2, 5, 6]. There is relatively little information availa- This is not a weight loss regimen but an im- ble about orthorexia nervosa (ON) [1] because mense phobia about eating only “pure” food. it is a new term and does not have a universally Having orthorexia nervosa not only means that accepted definition or valid diagnostic criteria. people are obsessed with eating “healthily”, but This disturbing behaviour is not present neither also that they have a specific attitude to food, in DSM-IV-TR nor in ICD-10.
    [Show full text]
  • Increasing Understanding of Potential Risk Factors and Approaches to Decreasing Orthorexic Behaviors
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 8-2021 When Healthy Turns Harmful: Increasing Understanding of Potential Risk Factors and Approaches to Decreasing Orthorexic Behaviors Elizabeth King Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Commons Recommended Citation King, Elizabeth, "When Healthy Turns Harmful: Increasing Understanding of Potential Risk Factors and Approaches to Decreasing Orthorexic Behaviors" (2021). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 8135. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/8135 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WHEN HEALTHY TURNS HARMFUL: INCREASING UNDERSTANDING OF POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS AND APPROACHES TO DECREASING ORTHOREXIC BEHAVIORS by Elizabeth King A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Nutrition and Food Science Approved: ___________________ ____________________ Heidi J Wengreen, Ph.D. Maryellen McClain-Verdoes, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member _____________________ ____________________ Mateja Savoie-Roskos, Ph.D. Tyler Renshaw, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ Julie Gast, Ph.D. D. Richard Cutler, Ph.D. Committee Member Interim Vice Provost for Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2021 ii Copyright © Elizabeth King 2021 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT When Healthy Turns Harmful: Increasing Understanding of Potential Risk Factors and Approaches to Decreasing Orthorexic Behaviors By Elizabeth King, Doctorate of Nutrition and Food Sciences Utah State University, 2021 Major Professor: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthorexia: When Healthy Eating Becomes a Disorder
    SUBSCRIBE NUTRITION u Evidence Based Orthorexia: When Healthy Eating Becomes a Disorder Written by Alina Petre, MS, RD (CA) on December 4, 2019 Overview Causes Prevalence Diagnosis Negative effects Overcoming orthorexia Bottom line Healthy eating can lead to major improvements in health and well-being. However, for some people, the focus on healthy eating can become an eating disorder known as orthorexia. Like other feeding and eating disorders, orthorexia is a psychological condition, and a treatment plan designed by health professionals is often required to overcome it. What is orthorexia? Orthorexia, or orthorexia nervosa, is an eating disorder that involves an unhealthy obsession with healthy eating. Unlike other eating disorders, orthorexia mostly revolves around food quality — not quantity. People with orthorexia are generally not focused on losing weight (1). Instead, they have an extreme fixation with the purity of their foods, as well as an obsession with the benefits of healthy eating. A few years ago, orthorexia was in the media spotlight because of Jordan Younger, a successful blogger with more than 70,000 Instagram followers. She shocked everyone by describing how her motivation to eat healthy became obsessive to the point of malnutrition. Orthorexia is beginning to be recognized by the medical community, although it has not been officially defined as an eating disorder by the American Psychiatric Association or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The term was first coined in 1997 by the American physician Steven Bratman and derived from "orthos," which is Greek for "right." SUMMARY Orthorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that involves an obsession with healthy eating and optimal nutrition.
    [Show full text]
  • The Psychopathology of Body Image in Orthorexia Nervosa
    JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Original article 2018;24:133-140 A. Brytek-Matera1, C. Gramaglia2 3, The psychopathology E. Gambaro2, C. Delicato2, P. Zeppegno2 3 of body image in orthorexia nervosa 1 SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice Faculty of Psychology Katowice, Poland; 2 Institute of Psychiatry, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy;3 S.C. Psychiatry, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Summary Carità, Novara, Italy The human body has a complex meaning and role in everybody’s life and experience. Body image has two main components: body percept (the internal visual image of body shape and size) and body concept (the level of satisfaction with one’s body), whose specific alterations may lead to different conditions, such as overestimation of one’s own body dimensions, negative feelings and thoughts towards the body, body avoidance and body checking behav- ior. Moreover, body dissatisfaction can be associated with a variety of other mental health and psychosocial conditions, but only a few studies have explored the body image construct in orthorexia nervosa (ON). ON is a condition characterized by concern and fixation about healthy eating, with mixed results available in the literature about the presence of body image disorders. The aim of this manuscript is to present the main findings from the literature about the psychopathology of body image in ON. Summarizing, while theoretically the presence of body image disturbances should help clinicians to differentiate ON from eating disorders, further research is needed to confirm this finding. It is not clear whether the body image disorder in ON depends on an altered body percept or body concept, and the relationship be- tween the disordered eating behavior and body image disorder still needs to be disentangled.
    [Show full text]
  • 20 the Other End of the Continuum of Healthy Eating: Orthorexia Dr Maria
    Brunei Darussalam Journal of Health, 2012, 5: 20-24 The other end of the continuum of healthy eating: Orthorexia Dr Maria Irma Bustamante, PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam Abstract This paper aims to provide information on an emerging obsession of some people towards healthy and proper nutrition called orthorexia. Literatures were searched and analyzed. Descriptions of this obsession were presented. A self-test for orthorexia was presented to help the readers and health professionals alike to recognize this unhealthy behavior. Introduction Health care professionals are now looking into malnutrition, social isolation, and impairment in 3 healthy lifestyles to promote health and prevent daily activities. illness. The tri-media have been flooding people This paper aims to be informative. Emerging with information about healthy living. This brought disorders, particularly eating disorders, need to be about increased awareness to many people. disseminated to health care professionals for them Although this awareness on healthy living is seen to to be able to identify these problems and provide bring about positive results, there is a possibility for appropriate interventions and approaches to that people may push too hard to attain health. address these problems. One of the most common concerns of people involves their food intake and their body size. It is Materials and methods accepted that what people eat is akin to their health. Hence, eating disorders like anorexia A literature search using the Universiti Brunei nervosa and bulimia nervosa are now commonly Darussalam’s Library data base, popular internet recognized. 1, 10 A physician from Colorado, Steven websites like Google, Google Scholar, and Yahoo was done.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthorexia Nervosa: Real Construct Or Newest Social Trend?
    ORTHOREXIA NERVOSA: REAL CONSTRUCT OR NEWEST SOCIAL TREND? A DISSERTATION IN Psychology Presented to the Faculty of the University of Missouri-Kansas City in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by ERIN MICHELLE MCINERNEY-ERNST B.A., University of Texas at Austin, 2003 M.A., University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2008 Kansas City, Missouri 2011 © 2011 ERIN MICHELLE MCINERNEY-ERNST ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ORTHOREXIA NERVOSA: REAL CONSTRUCT OR NEWEST SOCIAL TREND? Erin Michelle McInerney-Ernst, Candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2011 ABSTRACT Despite a plethora of anecdotal evidence, there are very few empirical studies on orthorexia nervosa, which has been described as an obsession with proper nutrition and the consumption of healthy food. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to begin to explore the epidemiological contours of orthorexia nervosa in an American college student sample and the validity of orthorexia nervosa as a psychological construct. Specifically, this study evaluated the potential overlap between orthorexia nervosa and existing DSM disorders to which it has been compared in the emerging literature. Data included self-reported responses to paper and pencil questionnaires from 163 study participants. The results of this study did not confirm risk factors identified by the few previous ON studies. In addition, the findings from this study indicated that ON shares important characteristics with established eating disorders. However, more research is iii needed to determine if ON is a distinct construct, involves constructs not assessed in this study, or simply a societal trend. iv APPROVAL PAGE The faculty listed below, appointed by the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences have examined a dissertation titled “Orthorexia Nervosa: Real Construct or Newest Social Trend?,” presented by Erin Michelle McInerney-Ernst, candidate for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, and certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance.
    [Show full text]
  • ORTHOREXIA NERVOSA and OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER SYMPTOMS OVERLAP in UNIVERSITY STUDENTS Orthorexia Nervosa (ON)
    ORTHOREXIA NERVOSA AND OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER SYMPTOMS OVERLAP IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) ▪ Term coined by Dr. Steven Bratman (1997) ▪ Pathological obsession with healthy eating ▪ Greek word orthos, meaning ‘‘accurate, right, correct, valid’’ ▪ “orexsis” which means hunger ▪ “Righteous Eating”: People with orthorexia nervosa remained consumed with what types of food they allow themselves to eat, and feel badly about themselves if they fail to stick to their diet. DSM-5 Eating Disorder Diagnostic Categories ▪ Anorexia Nervosa (AN) ▪ Bulimia (BN) ▪ Binge Eating Disorder (BED) ▪ Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder ( ARFID) ▪ Other specified feeding or eating disorders ▪ ***But what about Orthorexia Nervosa (ON)? A Disease Disguised as Virtue ■ Obsessive Food Allergy Avoidance ■ Quality of the Obsession • Absence of moderation • Loss of perspective and balance • Transfer of too much meaning onto food • Escape from life Hidden Causes of Orthorexia ▪ The Search for Safety ▪ Desire for Complete Control ▪ Covert Conformity ▪ Searching for Spiritualty in the Kitchen ▪ Food Puritanism ▪ Creating an Identity ▪ Fear of Other People The Dangers of Orthorexia ▪ Compulsion begins to override free choice ▪ Begin to judge everyone else on the basis of diet rather than character and personality ▪ Spending more hours thinking about food, not simply making dietary choices. The Dangers of Orthorexia Cont. ▪ Priorities upside down ▪ Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ▪ Social Isolation ▪ Disease transmission – Children ▪ Addiction
    [Show full text]
  • Orthorexia Nervosa. a New Eating Behavior Disorder?
    66-68inglés.qxd 27/1/05 12:45 Página 1 Clinical case M. L. Catalina Zamora1 Orthorexia nervosa. A new eating B. Bote Bonaechea1 F. García Sánchez1 behavior disorder? B. Ríos Rial2 1 Service of Psychiatry Hospital de Móstoles Móstoles (Madrid) 2 Mental Health Coordination of Area 8 Madrid New eating behavior disorders such as bigorexia (mus- El término ortorexia deriva del griego orthos (justo, cle dysmorphia) and orthorexia are appearing in developed recto) y orexia (apetito). Se caracteriza por la obsesión pa- countries. These disorders have not been officially recogni- tológica por la comida biológicamente pura, lo que lleva a zed so that they are not classified as independent entities. importantes restricciones alimentarias. Los ortoréxicos ex- The term orthorexia comes from the Greek word orthos cluyen de la dieta alimentos que consideran impuros por (straight, proper) and orexia (appetite). It is characterized by llevar herbicidas, pesticidas u otras sustancias artificiales the pathological obsession for biologically pure food, which y se preocupan en exceso por las técnicas y materiales leads to important dietary restrictions. Orthorexic patients empleados en la elaboración de los alimentos. Esta obse- exclude foods from their diets that they consider to be im- sión conlleva a una pérdida de relaciones sociales y a una pure because they have herbicides, pesticides or artificial insatisfacción afectiva que a su vez favorece la preocupa- substances and they worry in excess about the techniques ción obsesiva por la comida. En la ortorexia el paciente and materials used in the food elaboration. This obsession quiere inicialmente mejorar su salud, tratar una enferme- leads to loss of social relationships and affective dissatisfac- dad o perder peso.
    [Show full text]
  • Orthorexia Nervosa: a Behavioral Complex Or a Psychological Condition?
    FULL-LENGTH REPORT Journal of Behavioral Addictions 7(4), pp. 1143–1156 (2018) DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.129 First published online December 17, 2018 Orthorexia nervosa: A behavioral complex or a psychological condition? JANA STRAHLER*, ANDREA HERMANN, BERTRAM WALTER and RUDOLF STARK Psychotherapy and Systems Neuroscience, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany (Received: May 29, 2018; revised manuscript received: October 15, 2018; accepted: November 22, 2018) Background and aims: Numerous studies have provided evidence for orthorexia nervosa (ON), an eating pattern characterized by an almost manic obsession for and fixation on healthy eating, to be of epidemiological relevance. However, there is scientific debate on whether it is merely a behavioral or lifestyle phenomenon as compared to a mental disorder. Aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore whether ON is of epidemiological and clinical relevance, and whether ON can be distinguished from other mental health disorders and healthy lifestyle features. Methods: An online survey including a measure of orthorexic behaviors [Duesseldorf Orthorexia Scale (DOS)], well- being and distress, eating behaviors, pathological eating, anxiety and depression, addictive behaviors, obsessive– compulsive symptoms, personality, and health behaviors was completed by 713 subjects (79.8% women, 18–75 years, median age: 25 years). Results: Twenty-seven subjects (3.8%, 21 women) showed significant orthorexic eating (DOS ≥ 30). ON cases reported lower well-being, lower satisfaction with life, and higher current stress levels than non-ON cases. The highest percentage of variation in ON was explained by pathological eating (R2 = .380), followed by eating style, Mediterranean diet, compulsive symptoms, and subjective social status.
    [Show full text]