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Download Download The Struggle to Establish Lutheranism in 1 ippecanoe County, Indiana, 1826-1850 Henry G. Waltmann” Tippecanoe was only one of the many counties in early Indiana where the would-be founders of Lutheran churches encountered serious difficulties. There, as in all but a few east- ern and southern parts of the state, several other Christian denominations organized congregations and started to erect church buildings well before the “House of Luther” arrived on the scene.’ Indeed, during its first decade-from 1826 to 1836-Tippecanoe County seemed a particularly unpromising field for a resident ministry representing the oldest of Protes- tant faiths. Nevertheless, by the end of 1850-nominally the close of the pioneer period in Indiana-four pastors were tend- ing six Lutheran or semi-Lutheran congregations and at least one mission in the Lafayette area.2 This striking, hard-won progress evolved from an interplay of personalities, challenges, and events within the Upper Wabash Valley. Because early Lutheran experiences in Tippecanoe County contribute to an explanation of the rise of Indiana’s fifth largest religious group3 * The late Henry G. Waltmann was assistant professor of history, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. The following article was edited for publi- cation after Waltmann’s death on November 9, 1978. Martin L. Wagner, The Chicago Synod and Its Antecedents (Waverly, Iowa, 1909), 3-9; C. Robert Defenderfer, Lutheranism at the Crossroads of America (Indianapolis, 1948), 14-15; Henry G. Waltmann, ed., History of the Indiana-Kentucky Synod of the Lutheran Church in America: Its Development, Congregations, and Institutions (Indianapolis, 19711, 1-4; Rudolph F. Rehmer, ed., “Sheep without Shepherds: Letters of Two Lutheran Traveling Mission- aries, 1835-1837,” Indiana Magazine of History, LXXI (March, 1975), 21-22. * Richard P. DeHart, Past and Present of Tippecanoe County, Indiana (2 vols., Indianapolis, 1909), I, 151, 174-261; Michael Diehl, Biography of Reu. Ezra Keller, D.D., Founder and First President of Wittenberg College (Springfield, Ohio, 1935). 72-73; see also notes 6, 10, 12, 18, 20 below. Lutherans of all bodies comprise the world’s largest Protestant denomi- nation and are outnumbered by only Roman Catholics, Baptists, and United Methodists in the United States. They have never been as prominent in Indi- ana, however, as in some neighboring states. Superficial statistics for 1850 indicate that the combined seating capacity of Lutheran churches in Indiana Lutheranism in Tippecanoe County 29 and also appear to approximate developments throughout the Midwest, they deserve a more systematic examination than heretofore accorded them by denominational historians. A combination of factors slowed the formation of Lutheran parishes in Tippecanoe County, one of the most basic of which was the relatively late and sparse influx of German settlers. Although persons of German ancestry were not of one mind on religious matters, the overwhelming majority of the Hoosier pioneers who joined Lutheran churches were linked to that nationality by birth or marriage. Hence the dramatic increase in Tippecanoe County’s total population, which rose from 7,187 in 1830 to 19,377 in 1850, was not in itself indicative of an improving environment for Lutheran endeavors. The surnames listed by the census takers in 1840 and 1850 suggest that only a small fraction-perhaps no more than a tenth-of the coun- ty’s inhabitants in the 1840s were of German descent. Moreover, just 282 German-born citizens and immigrants were living in the county in 1850, after a decade of massive emigra- tion from the German provinces to the United state^.^ By comparison, the proportion of German-born residents in the Lutheran stronghold of Allen County was then ten times as great.5 Yet the demographic obstacle to Lutheran missions in Tip- pecanoe County was neither as evident nor as persistent in some townships as in others. The bulk of the county’s pioneers were relocated Indianians or Ohioans; a sizeable element hailed from southern states such as Virginia, Maryland, Tennessee, and Kentucky; and a smaller segment came from eastern states, led by Pennsylvania. Americanized Germans from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and elsewhere homesteaded in the then trailed, in order, that of the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Chris- tians (Disciples of Christ), Friends, and Catholics. In recent years Hoosier Lutherans have ranked in church membership behind the Catholic, Methodist, Baotist. and Church of Christ -~noups. U.S., Seventh Census. 2850 (Washington,- 18k3), 799-807, 1021-22. 4 US..I. Fifth Census. 2830 (Washineton. 1832). 44-45: ibid.. Seventh Census. 1850, p. 756; ibid., Sixth Census, 1840, population schedules for Tippecanoe County, Indiana (National Archives Microfilm Publication No. M-704, roll 95); ibid., Seventh Census, 1850, population schedules for Tippecanoe County, Indi- ana (National Archives Microfilm Publication No. M-432, roll 175). Elfrieda Lang notes that there were 573,225 German-born people in the United States in 1850 and that 28,584 of them resided in Indiana. Elfrieda Lang, “German Immigration to Dubois County, Indiana, during the Nineteenth Century,” Indi- ana Magazine of History, XLI (March, 1945), 143-44. 5For information concerning the German population in Allen and other counties, see Elfrieda Lang, “An Analysis of Northern Indiana’s Population in 1850,” Indiana Muguzine of History, XLIX (March, 1953), 17-60. 30 Indiana Magazine of History eastern half of the county, principally in Fairfield, Sheffield, Perry, Washington, Wea, and Tippecanoe townships. Lafayette, the centrally located county seat that was platted in western Fairfield Township in 1825, drew many of these emigrants as well as two thirds of the native Germans present in 1850.” Understandably, therefore, certain neighborhoods showed an interest in Lutheranism long before the area west of Lafayette. Another temporary disincentive for the beginning of Lutheran congregations in Tippecanoe County was the prior activity of other Christian bodies. Prominent among these de- nominations were some of the groups most identified with the variety of evangelistic preaching, elemental beliefs, and demo- cratized polities popularized by successive outpourings of the Second Awakening movement of about 1795-1850.7 The Methodists, who dominated Indiana religiously by midcentury, were busy in the county before it was established. Inclined to regard Lutherans as unregenerated subjects for conversion, they rapidly organized congregations in every township and completed the first church edifice in Lafayette in 1830.8 Simi- larly, both the New School Presbyterians, who broke away from a general fellowship inaugurated in Lafayette in 1828, and the Baptists, who organized there in 1832, soon conducted worship services at a number of town and country sites. In addition, the 1830s witnessed the formation of a pair of rural United Breth- ren congregations, the introduction of one or two Quaker meet- ing houses in Union Township, and the founding of three more Lafayette parishes: St. John’s Protestant Episcopal Church (1837), St. Mary and St. Martha’s Roman Catholic Church (1837), and First Church of Christ (1839). Meanwhile, little more than occasional preaching by itinerant pastors was avail- able to Lutheran and German Reformed settlers who shared makeshift quarters in and around Perry Township.s A further impediment to the cultivation of Lutheranism in Tippecanoe County was a long-standing shortage of clergymen. In 1816, when Indiana entered the Union, there were only about 150 Lutheran pastors in the United States, and just one of themJohn L. Markert-then lived in the Hoosier state.lo US., Seventh Census, 1850, population schedules for Tippecanoe County. ’ Clifton E. Olmstead, Religion in America: Past and Present (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1961), 31-88f; William W. Sweet, Revivalism in America: Its Origin, Growth and Decline (New York, 1944). passim; Donald G. Mathews, “The Second Great Awakening as an Organizing Process, 1780-1830: A Hypothesis,” American Quarterly, XXI (Spring, 1969), 23-43. ” DeHart, Past and Present of Tippecanoe County, I, 231-32. Ylbid., 241-61; “Checklist of Disbanded Churches” (Archives, Indiana- Kentucky Synod of the Lutheran Church in America, Indianapolis). 10 Defenderfer, Lutheranism at the Crossroads, 15-17. Lutheran is rn in Tippecanoe County 31 Twenty years later, despite the extensive use of synodical ap- prenticeships and the gradual addition of seminaries, the sup- ply of ordained ministers still fell far short of demand. At that point not over a dozen active pastors resided in Indiana and attempted, with some outside assistance, to meet the needs of approximately thirty-five scattered congregations. Over the next fourteen years there was more than a fivefold increase in the number of Lutheran pastors in the state,” but a similar multiplication of congregations meant that many parishioners were fortunate if they obtained the part-time services of circuit-riding preachers whose visits were vulnerable to bad weather, poor roads, and disease. Furthermore, a majority of the first ministers depended mainly on secular occupations such as farming, teaching, and the practice of medicine or on sundry trades for the support of their families.12 They could not, there- fore, devote as much time to the administration of their churches as most modern men of the cloth. Even with more German pioneers, less competition, and plenty of full-time pastors, however, it is doubtful
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