Unit-IV Microwave Engineering
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Few Electron Paramagnetic Resonances Detection On
FEW ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCES DETECTION TECHNIQUES ON THE RUBY SURFACE By Xiying Li Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Adviser: Dr. Massood Tabib-Azar Co-Adviser: Dr. J. Adin Mann, Jr. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY August, 2005 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the dissertation of ______________________________________________________ candidate for the Ph.D. degree *. (signed)_______________________________________________ (chair of the committee) ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ (date) _______________________ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................. II LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... IV ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................... VII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................1 -
Chapter 6 Two-Port Network Model
Chapter 6 Two-Port Network Model 6.1 Introduction In this chapter a two-port network model of an actuator will be briefly described. In Chapter 5, it was shown that an automated test setup using an active system can re- create various load impedances over a limited range of frequencies. This test set-up can therefore be used to automatically reproduce any load impedance condition (related to a possible application) and apply it to a test or sample actuator. It is then possible to collect characteristic data from the test actuator such as force, velocity, current and voltage. Those characteristics can then be used to help to determine whether the tested actuator is appropriate or not for the case simulated. However versatile and easy to use this test set-up may be, because of its limitations, there is some characteristic data it will not be able to provide. For this reason and the fact that it can save a lot of measurements, having a good linear actuator model can be of great use. Developed for transduction theory [29], the linear model presented in this chapter is 77 called a Two-Port Network model. The automated test set-up remains an essential complement for this model, as it will allow the development and verification of accuracy. This chapter will focus on the two-port network model of the 1_3 tube array actuator provided by MSI (Cf: Figure 5.5). 6.2 Theory of the Two–Port Network Model As a transducer converts energy from electrical to mechanical forms, and vice- versa, it can be modelled as a Two-Port Network that relates the electrical properties at one port to the mechanical properties at the other port. -
Analysis of Microwave Networks
! a b L • ! t • h ! 9/ a 9 ! a b • í { # $ C& $'' • L C& $') # * • L 9/ a 9 + ! a b • C& $' D * $' ! # * Open ended microstrip line V + , I + S Transmission line or waveguide V − , I − Port 1 Port Substrate Ground (a) (b) 9/ a 9 - ! a b • L b • Ç • ! +* C& $' C& $' C& $ ' # +* & 9/ a 9 ! a b • C& $' ! +* $' ù* # $ ' ò* # 9/ a 9 1 ! a b • C ) • L # ) # 9/ a 9 2 ! a b • { # b 9/ a 9 3 ! a b a w • L # 4!./57 #) 8 + 8 9/ a 9 9 ! a b • C& $' ! * $' # 9/ a 9 : ! a b • b L+) . 8 5 # • Ç + V = A V + BI V 1 2 2 V 1 1 I 2 = 0 V 2 = 0 V 2 I 1 = CV 2 + DI 2 I 2 9/ a 9 ; ! a b • !./5 $' C& $' { $' { $ ' [ 9/ a 9 ! a b • { • { 9/ a 9 + ! a b • [ 9/ a 9 - ! a b • C ) • #{ • L ) 9/ a 9 ! a b • í !./5 # 9/ a 9 1 ! a b • C& { +* 9/ a 9 2 ! a b • I • L 9/ a 9 3 ! a b # $ • t # ? • 5 @ 9a ? • L • ! # ) 9/ a 9 9 ! a b • { # ) 8 -
Brief Study of Two Port Network and Its Parameters
© 2014 IJIRT | Volume 1 Issue 6 | ISSN : 2349-6002 Brief study of two port network and its parameters Rishabh Verma, Satya Prakash, Sneha Nivedita Abstract- this paper proposes the study of the various ports (of a two port network. in this case) types of parameters of two port network and different respectively. type of interconnections of two port networks. This The Z-parameter matrix for the two-port network is paper explains the parameters that are Z-, Y-, T-, T’-, probably the most common. In this case the h- and g-parameters and different types of relationship between the port currents, port voltages interconnections of two port networks. We will also discuss about their applications. and the Z-parameter matrix is given by: Index Terms- two port network, parameters, interconnections. where I. INTRODUCTION A two-port network (a kind of four-terminal network or quadripole) is an electrical network (circuit) or device with two pairs of terminals to connect to external circuits. Two For the general case of an N-port network, terminals constitute a port if the currents applied to them satisfy the essential requirement known as the port condition: the electric current entering one terminal must equal the current emerging from the The input impedance of a two-port network is given other terminal on the same port. The ports constitute by: interfaces where the network connects to other networks, the points where signals are applied or outputs are taken. In a two-port network, often port 1 where ZL is the impedance of the load connected to is considered the input port and port 2 is considered port two. -
S-Parameters Are Complex and Frequency Dependent
RFRF EngineeringEngineering BasicBasic Concepts:Concepts: SS--ParametersParameters Fritz Caspers CAS 2010, Aarhus ContentsContents S parameters: Motivation and Introduction Definition of power Waves S-Matrix Properties of the S matrix of an N-port, Examples of: 1 Ports 2 Ports 3 Ports 4 Ports Appendix 1: Basic properties of striplines, microstrip- and slotlines Appendix 2: T-Matrices Appendix 3: Signal Flow Graph CAS, Aarhus, June 2010 RF Basic Concepts, Caspers, McIntosh, Kroyer 2 SS--parametersparameters (1)(1) The abbreviation S has been derived from the word scattering. For high frequencies, it is convenient to describe a given network in terms of waves rather than voltages or currents. This permits an easier definition of reference planes. For practical reasons, the description in terms of in- and outgoing waves has been introduced. Now, a 4-pole network becomes a 2-port and a 2n-pole becomes an n-port. In the case of an odd pole number (e.g. 3-pole), a common reference point may be chosen, attributing one pole equally to two ports. Then a 3-pole is converted into a (3+1) pole corresponding to a 2-port. As a general conversion rule for an odd pole number one more pole is added. CAS, Aarhus, June 2010 RF Basic Concepts, Caspers, McIntosh, Kroyer 3 SS--parametersparameters (2)(2) Fig. 1 2-port network Let us start by considering a simple 2-port network consisting of a single impedance Z connected in series (Fig. 1). The generator and load impedances are ZG and ZL, respectively. If Z = 0 and ZL = ZG (for real ZG) we have a matched load, i.e. -
Integrated Radio Frequency Isolator
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2014-04-30 Integrated Radio Frequency Isolator Henrikson, Christopher Erik Henrikson, C. E. (2014). Integrated Radio Frequency Isolator (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/26572 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/1461 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Integrated Radio Frequency Isolator by Christopher Erik Henrikson A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING CALGARY, ALBERTA APRIL, 2014 c Christopher Erik Henrikson 2014 Abstract Radio frequency isolators based on ferrite junction circulators have been the domi- nant isolator technology for the past fifty years, yet they have not been integrated practically because ferrites are generally incompatible with semiconductor processes and their size is inversely proportional to their operating frequency. Hall isolators are another approach whose operating frequency is independent of their size, are compat- ible with semiconductor processes and are thus appropriate for integration. Through simulation, this thesis demonstrates that these devices can be on the order of microns in size and have a bandwidth from DC to over a terahertz. -
Short Course on Isolators and FM Antennas
Shively Labs® Short Course on Isolators and FM Antennas Introduction Isolators have been around for more than 50 years, and during that time have been used in applications across a wide electromagnetic spectrum. Until recently, however, they have not been widely used in the FM band, and the uses that did exist did not require the development of units that could handle more than a few hundred watts. Now, as stations begin to go on the air with digital radio in ever increasing numbers, FM isolators are receiving a great deal of attention as a key component in a number of IBOC installations. Early deployment has been limited by the low power ratings of the available units, but power capacity is rising quickly as manufacturers devote time and resources to developing isolators specifically to address the needs of the new FM market. On the other side of the fence, RF engineers are rapidly familiarizing themselves with the principles of isolators and their advantages and limitations. As with any emerging technology, integrating vari- as advances in power rating sometimes came with ous components of the FM IBOC transmission chain conditions that limited the usefulness of the units. has had both successes and setbacks. Isolators have Size, weight, and cooling requirements that might be been involved in both. As with all test sites, some of suitable at some sites made the units impractical at the early deployments could be said to be more edu- others. For example, in at least one application, an cational than successful, but as often as not these isolator capable of handling the return power of the setbacks were not so much the fault of the isolators station was only efficient enough to do so when it themselves as of the inexperience of the engineers was warmed up. -
Introduction to Transmission Lines
INTRODUCTION TO TRANSMISSION LINES DR. FARID FARAHMAND FALL 2012 http://www.empowermentresources.com/stop_cointelpro/electromagnetic_warfare.htm RF Design ¨ In RF circuits RF energy has to be transported ¤ Transmission lines ¤ Connectors ¨ As we transport energy energy gets lost ¤ Resistance of the wire à lossy cable ¤ Radiation (the energy radiates out of the wire à the wire is acting as an antenna We look at transmission lines and their characteristics Transmission Lines A transmission line connects a generator to a load – a two port network Transmission lines include (physical construction): • Two parallel wires • Coaxial cable • Microstrip line • Optical fiber • Waveguide (very high frequencies, very low loss, expensive) • etc. Types of Transmission Modes TEM (Transverse Electromagnetic): Electric and magnetic fields are orthogonal to one another, and both are orthogonal to direction of propagation Example of TEM Mode Electric Field E is radial Magnetic Field H is azimuthal Propagation is into the page Examples of Connectors Connectors include (physical construction): BNC UHF Type N Etc. Connectors and TLs must match! Transmission Line Effects Delayed by l/c At t = 0, and for f = 1 kHz , if: (1) l = 5 cm: (2) But if l = 20 km: Properties of Materials (constructive parameters) Remember: Homogenous medium is medium with constant properties ¨ Electric Permittivity ε (F/m) ¤ The higher it is, less E is induced, lower polarization ¤ For air: 8.85xE-12 F/m; ε = εo * εr ¨ Magnetic Permeability µ (H/m) Relative permittivity and permeability -
WAVEGUIDE ATTENUATORS : in Order to Control Power Levels in a Microwave System by Partially Absorbing the Transmitted Microwave Signal, Attenuators Are Employed
UNIT II MICROWAVE COMPONENTS Waveguide Attenuators- Resistive card, Rotary Vane types. Waveguide Phase Shifters : Dielectric, Rotary Vane types. Waveguide Multi port Junctions- E plane and H plane Tees, Magic Tee, Hybrid Ring. Directional Couplers- 2 hole, Bethe hole types. Ferrites-Composition and characteristics, Faraday Rotation. Ferrite components: Gyrator, Isolator, Circulator. S-matrix calculations for 2 port junction, E & H plane Tees, Magic Tee, Directional Coupler, Circulator and Isolator WAVEGUIDE ATTENUATORS : In order to control power levels in a microwave system by partially absorbing the transmitted microwave signal, attenuators are employed. Resistive films (dielectric glass slab coated with aquadag) are used in the design of both fixed and variable attenuators. A co-axial fixed attenuator uses the dielectric lossy material inside the centre conductor of the co-axial line to absorb some of the centre conductor microwave power propagating through it dielectric rod decides the amount of attenuation introduced. The microwave power absorbed by the lossy material is dissipated as heat. 1 In waveguides, the dielectric slab coated with aquadag is placed at the centre of the waveguide parallel to the maximum E-field for dominant TEIO mode. Induced current on the lossy material due to incoming microwave signal, results in power dissipation, leading to attenuation of the signal. The dielectric slab is tapered at both ends upto a length of more than half wavelength to reduce reflections as shown in figure 5.7. The dielectric slab may be made movable along the breadth of the waveguide by supporting it with two dielectric rods separated by an odd multiple of quarter guide wavelength and perpendicular to electric field. -
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Theory E.C. Duin
Wilfred R. Hagen Electron Paper: EPR spectroscopy as a probe of metal centres in Paramagnetic biological systems (2006) Dalton Trans. 4415-4434 Resonance Book: Theory Biomolecular EPR Spectroscopy (2009) Fred Hagen completed his PhD on EPR of metalloproteins at the University of Amsterdam in 1982 with S.P.J. Albracht E.C. Duin and E.C. Slater. 1 3 EPR, the Technique…. Spectral Simulations • Molecular EPR spectroscopy is a method to look at the • The book ‘Biomolecular EPR spectroscopy’ comes with a structure and reactivity of molecules. suite of programs for basic manipulation and analysis of EPR data which will be used in this class. • EPR is limited to paramagnetic substances (unpaired electrons). When used in the study of metalloproteins not the • Software: www.bt.tudelft.nl/biomolecularEPRspectroscopy whole molecule is observed but only that small part where the paramagnetism is located. Isotropic Radicals • This is usually the central place of action – the active site of Simple Spectrum Single Integer Signal enzyme catalysis. • Sensitivity: 10 μM and up. Hyperfine Spectrum GeeStrain-5 • Naming: Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electron Visual Rhombo spin resonance (ESR), electron magnetic resonance (EMR) EPR File Converter EPR Editor 2 4 1 BYOS (Bring Your Own Sample) EPR Theory A Free Electron in Vacuo Learn how to use the EPR spectrometer and apply your new knowledge to obtain valuable Free, unpaired electron in space: information on a real EPR sample. electron spin - magnetic moment 5 7 Discovery A Free Electron in a Magnetic Field In 1944, E.K. Zavoisky discovered magnetic resonance. Actually it was EPR on CuCl2. -
Proposed New Circulator with Coplanar Waveguide Structure
Trans. Magn. Soc. Japan, 4, 56-59 (2004) Proposed New Circulator with Coplanar Waveguide Structure S. Yamamoto, K. Shitamitsu, H. Kurisu, M. Matsuura, K. Oshiro *,H. Mikami**,and S. Fujii** Facultyof Engineering,Yamaguchi Univ., 2-16-1 Tokiwadai,Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611 *Ch ugoku TechnologyPromotion Center, 4-33 Komachi, Nakaku, Hiroshima 730-0041 **Hi tachi Metals,Ltd. , 5200 Mikajiri,Kumagaya, Saitama 360-0843 A small circulator with a coplanar waveguide structure process. Wen and Bayard have reported that their was confirmed to have nonreciprocal transmission two-port-type CPW circulator operating at 7 GHz needs characteristics by a high-frequency electromagnetic an internal magnetic field of more than 170 kA/m and simulation based on a three-dimensional finite element that the device width is as long as 20 mm3).4). Ogasawara method. The circulator consists of a hexagonal YIG reported that Y-junction circulators with CPW ferrite substrate and a Y-junction with coplanar successfully operated at some frequencies. However, no waveguide transmission lines. Operating at 7 GHz, the detail of the circulators and their transmission circulator has an insertion loss •bS21•b of 0.69 dB, isolation characteristics were given in his papers). Since the |S31| of 32.7 dB, retum loss |S11| of 32.2 dB, a皿d abovementioned pioneering work, no significant progress bandwidth of 77 MHz. The nonreciprocal operation of the in research on CPW circulators has been reported. circulator is attributed to the wavy nonuniform The purpose of this study is to propose a small distribution of the electric field in the YIG ferrite circulator with a CPW structure and operation frequency substrate. -
Role of Circulator, Isolator and Power Divider in the C-Band Microwave Front End System
Role of Circulator, Isolator and Power Divider in the C-Band Microwave Front End System C. Chandrasekharan, S. Raghavendran & Sumi Sunny VSSC/ISRO, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering E-mail : [email protected] dividers, attenuators and crystal detectors are Abstract - In space communications, the transponder aids in tracking the launch vehicle. Microwave Front End characterized and selected. System is designed for testing the onboard transponder. Those selected devices are inter-connected and Microwave front end unit acts as an interface to connect tested. Next step is the complete integration including the high power onboard transponder to the ground RF RF cables routing and device fixation to chassis. Then checkout system with suitable isolation between them. Microwave front end unit basically consists of microwave integrated level testing is performed and finally it is devices like circulator, isolator, attenuator, power divider deployed in the test bed. and crystal detector with RF cables and adaptors interconnecting them. In this paper, the devices like II. DESIGN AND OPERATION OF MICROWAVE circulator, isolator and power divider are characterized FRONT END SYSTEM based on the study of performance of each device in tandem with the theoretical specification of the devices in Based on the studies of characteristics and the designated frequency range and design procedure of performance analysis, various microwave devices are microwave front end unit is also explained. characterized and the required devices like circulators, Keywords - Circulator, Isolator, Microwave Front End Unit, isolators, power dividers and attenuators suitable for the Transponder. desired application are selected. Those selected devices are inter-connected and tested. Next step is the complete I.