Thelytokous Parthenogenesis in Unmated Queen Honey Bees (Apis
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S41598-018-21689-Z.Pdf
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Demographic analysis of arrhenotokous parthenogenesis and bisexual reproduction Received: 10 October 2017 Accepted: 8 February 2018 of Frankliniella occidentalis Published: xx xx xxxx (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Tianbo Ding1, Hsin Chi2, Ayhan Gökçe2, Yulin Gao3 & Bin Zhang 1 Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a serious pest that is capable of bisexual and arrhenotokous reproduction. In arrhenotokous reproduction, virgin females initially produce male ofspring; later, when their sons are sexually mature, the mothers begin bisexual reproduction by carrying out oedipal mating with their sons. Because a virgin female produces many male ofspring before oedipal mating occurs, multiple oedipal mating is common. In this study, we investigated the efect of multiple oedipal mating on the population growth of F. occidentalis by using the age-stage, two-sex life table theory. In the arrhenotokous cohorts, all unfertilized eggs developed into males. In the bisexual cohorts, the ofspring sex ratio was signifcantly female biased with the mean number of female ofspring and male ofspring being 72.68 and 29.00, respectively. These were the same as the net reproductive rate of female ofspring and male ofspring. In arrhenotokous cohorts, the number of males available for oedipal mating signifcantly afected the production of female ofspring. The number of female ofspring increased as the number of sons available for oedipal mating increased. Correctly characterizing this unique type of reproduction will provide important information for predicting the timing of future outbreaks of F. occidentalis, as well as aiding in formulating successful management strategies against the species. Te western fower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Tysanoptera: Tripidae), is one of the most economically important insect pests of many horticultural crops especially in greenhouses1,2. -
The Evolution of Insect Genetic Systems Tyler Myerly Dan Sheridan
The Evolution Of Insect Genetic Systems Tyler Myerly Dan Sheridan Patterns of Evolutionary Transition Goal: Understanding variation in genetic systems is dependent on understanding the the transition between the different genetic systems What genetic system is being favored in this image? What causes this? Discussion Question Why is this seen mostly in just insects? We rarely have mammals being able to possess these systems that allow them to produce offspring in different ways. Why wouldn’t they lean towards evolving in this way if it is so advantageous? Evolution of Alternative Genetic Systems Major classes of systems: ● Diploid males- Diplodiploidy ● Effective haploid males- Haplodiploidy ● Without males- Thelytoky Mixed systems overlap these three major classes. This is where it gets confusing. Diplodiploidy ● Ancestral genetic system ● Individuals have a diploid genome, where each parent contributes a recombined haploid genome to each offspring ● Alternate genetic systems derive from diplodiploidy and evolutionary arise from dynamics such as sex-determination and intersexual conflicts Thelytoky ● Females transmit maternal genes and produce only female offspring ● Endosymbiont related ○ Thelytokous Parthenogenesis: No mating and no males ■ Apomixis: no meiosis, diploid egg produced via mitosis ■ Automixis: meiosis where the two products re-fuse to form a diploid female Aphids alternate between diplodiploidy and apomictic thelytokus parthneogenesis Haplodiploidy ● Arrhenotoky and PGE ● Originated at least 10 different times in Insects! -
Sex Determination in the Haplodiploid Wasp Nasonia Vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): a Critical Consideration of Models and Evidence Leo W
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 18 (2007) 371–378 Review Sex determination in the haplodiploid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): A critical consideration of models and evidence Leo W. Beukeboom ∗, Albert Kamping, Louis van de Zande Evolutionary Genetics, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, Biological Centre, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands Available online 13 January 2007 Abstract Sex determining mechanisms are highly diverse. Like all Hymenoptera, the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis reproduces by haplodiploidy: males are haploid and females are diploid. Sex in Nasonia is not determined by complementary alleles at sex loci. Evidence for several alternative models is considered. Recent studies on a polyploid and a gynandromorphic mutant strain point to a maternal product that is balanced against the number of chromosomal complements in the zygote and a parent-specific (imprinting) effect. Research is now focused on the molecular details of sex determination in Nasonia. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Genomic imprinting; Hymenoptera; Nasonia; Polyploidy; Sex determination Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 371 2. Mutant strains .......................................................................................................... 372 3. Sex determination models ............................................................................................... -
University of Groningen No Patrigenes Required for Femaleness in The
University of Groningen No patrigenes required for femaleness in the haplodiploid wasp Nasonia vitripennis Beukeboom, L.W.; Kamping, A. Published in: Genetics DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.044743 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2006 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Beukeboom, L. W., & Kamping, A. (2006). No patrigenes required for femaleness in the haplodiploid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Genetics, 172(2), 981-989. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.105.044743 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. -
Evolution of Haplont, Diplont Or Haploid-Diploid Life Cycles When Haploid and Diploid fitnesses Are Not Equal
Evolution of haplont, diplont or haploid-diploid life cycles when haploid and diploid fitnesses are not equal Michael F Scott1, Marie Rescan2;3 1 Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3529-6270 Univer- sity Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4 2 CNRS, Unit´eMixte Internationale 3614, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology of Algae, Roscoff, France 3 Sorbonne Universit´es,Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie, University of Paris 6, Roscoff, France email: [email protected]. Keywords: alternation of generations, life cycle evolution, diplohaplontic, modifier model, multilocus simulations Running Title: Haploid-Diploid Evolution 1 Abstract 2 Many organisms spend a significant portion of their life cycle as haploids and as diploids (a haploid-diploid life cycle). However, the 4 evolutionary processes that could maintain this sort of life cycle are unclear. Most previous models of ploidy evolution have assumed that 6 the fitness effects of new mutations are equal in haploids and homozy- gous diploids, however, this equivalency is not supported by empirical 8 data. With different mutational effects, the overall (intrinsic) fitness of a haploid would not be equal to that of a diploid after a series 10 of substitution events. Intrinsic fitness differences between haploids and diploids can also arise directly, e.g., because diploids tend to have 12 larger cell sizes than haploids. Here, we include intrinsic fitness differ- ences into genetic models for the evolution of time spent in the haploid 14 versus diploid phases, in which ploidy affects whether new mutations are masked. Life cycle evolution can affected by intrinsic fitness dif- 16 ferences between phases, the masking of mutations, or a combination of both. -
Parthenogensis
PARTHENOGENSIS Parthenogenesis is the development of an egg without fertilization. (Gr.Parthenos=virgin; gensis=birth). The individuals formed by parthenogenesis are called parthenotes. Parthenogenesis may be of two types. They are natural parthenogenesis and artificial parthenogenesis. 1. NATURAL PARTHENOGENESIS When parthenogenesis occur spontaneously, it is said to be natural parthenogenesis. Parthenogenesis is a regular natural phenomenon in a few groups of animals. Some animals reproduce exclusively by parthenogenesis. 1 In some other species, parthenogenesis alternates with sexual reproduction. Based on this, natural parthenogenesis is divided into two groups, namely complete parthenogenesis and incomplete parthenogenesis. 1) Complete Parthenogenesis In certain animal parthenogenesis is the only method of reproduction. This type of parthenogenesis is called complete or total or obligatory parthenogenesis. Populations exhibiting total parthenogenesis consist entirely of females. There are no males. E.g. Lacerta (lizard). 1) Incomplete Parthenogenesis In some animals parthenogenesis reproduction and sexual reproduction occur alternately. This is called incomplete or cyclical parthenogenesis. 2 Example a. In gallflies, there is one parthenogenetic reproduction and one sexual reproduction per year (P,S,P,S, (P,S,………). b. In aphids, daphnids and rotifers one sexual reproduction occurs in summer after many parthenogenetic reproductions, (P,P,P,P,P,S,…..P,P,P,P,P,S……..P,). Natural parthenogenesis is further classified into two types. They are haploid parthenogenesis or arrhenotoky and diploid parthenogenesis or thelytoky. A. Haploid Parthenogenesis or Arrhenotoky It is the development of a hyploid egg into a haploid animal. All the haploid individulas are males. Arrhenotoky occur in insects, rotifers and arachnids. 3 i. Haploid Parthenogenesis in insects: In insects haploid parthenogenesis is exhibited by hymenoptera, homoptera, colepters and thysanoptera. -
Thelytoky in Cape Honeybees (Apis Mellifera Capensis) Is Controlled by a Single Recessive Locus Denise Aumer, Mike H
Thelytoky in Cape honeybees (Apis mellifera capensis) is controlled by a single recessive locus Denise Aumer, Mike H. Allsopp, H. Michael G. Lattorff, Robin F. A. Moritz, Antje Jarosch-Perlow To cite this version: Denise Aumer, Mike H. Allsopp, H. Michael G. Lattorff, Robin F. A. Moritz, Antje Jarosch-Perlow. Thelytoky in Cape honeybees (Apis mellifera capensis) is controlled by a single recessive locus. Api- dologie, Springer Verlag, 2017, 48 (3), pp.401-410. 10.1007/s13592-016-0484-0. hal-01676925 HAL Id: hal-01676925 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01676925 Submitted on 6 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2017) 48:401–410 Original article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2016 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-016-0484-0 Thelytoky in Cape honeybees (Apis mellifera capensis ) is controlled by a single recessive locus 1 2 1,4 Denise AUMER , Mike H. ALLSOPP , H. Michael G. LATTORFF , 1,3,4 1 Robin F. A. MORITZ , Antje JAROSCH-PERLOW 1Department of Molecular Ecology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Hoher -
Gene Flow in Trichogramma Wasps
Heredity 73 (1994) 317—327 Received 28 February 1994 The Genetical Society of Great Britain Cytogenetics of microbe-associated parthenogenesis and its consequences for gene flow in Trichogramma wasps RICHARD STOUTHAMERff* & DAVID J. KAZMERt tDepartmentof Entomology, University of Cailfornia, Riverside, CA 92521 and Departrnent of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, U.S.A. Cytogeneticsand gene flow were studied in microbe-associated parthenogenetic (thelytokous) forms of three species of the genus Trichogramma (T pretiosum, T deion and T. nr. deion). The chromosome behaviour in newly laid eggs indicated that the mechanism allowing restoration of diploidy in unfertilized thelytokous eggs was a segregation failure of the two sets of chromosomes in the first mitotic anaphase. This results in a nucleus containing two sets of identical chromosomes. The mechanism is known as gamete duplication and results m complete homozygosity. This was confirmed by investigation of the segregation pattern of allozymes in the offspring of heterozygous thelytokous females. Contrary to the generally assumed genetic isolation of thelytokous lines, thelytokous females of these species can mate and will use the sperm to fertilize some of their eggs. These fertilized eggs give rise to females whose genome consists of one set of chromosomes from each parent. Egg fertilization and the resulting syngamy of the sperm and egg pronucleus apparently precludes the gamete duplication that would have taken place if the egg had remained unfertilized. Most field populations of Trichogramma contain both parthenogenetic (thelytokous) and sexual (arrhenotokous) forms. In the two field populations that we studied there was evidence for high levels of gene flow from the sexual (arrhenotokous) fraction to the parthenogenetic (thelytokous) fraction of the population. -
The Evolution of Eusociality, Including a Review of the Social Status of Ropalidia Marginata Raghavendra Gadagkar
Natural History and Evolution of Paper-Wasps EDITED BY STEFANO TURILLAZZI Department of Animal Biology and Genetics University of Florence, Italy and MARY JANE WEST-EBERHARD Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Oxford New York Tokyo OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1996 15 The evolution of eusociality, including a review of the social status of Ropalidia marginata Raghavendra Gadagkar What is eusociality? Social insects, esi>ecially bees and wasps exhibit such a bewildering variety of so cial organizations thal we wouJd be quite lost without a sound classification and some technical terms with universally accepted definitions. A system of classi fication that is built along lines of progressively varying degr~es of social organiza tion and sophistication would be even more attractive. Michener (1969) has presented just such a system of classification that has been so popularized by Wilson (1971) that it has now the added virtue of being nearly universally accept able. According to this system-of classification, eusocial insects (the only truly social insects, by definition) are defined as those that possess all of the three funda mental lraits of eusociality namely: ( 1) cooperative brood care; (2) differentiation of colony members into fertile reproductive castes (queens or kings as the case may be) and sterile non-reproductive castes (workers) (simply referred to hereafter as reproductive caste differentiation); (3) an overlap of generations such that offspring assist their parents in brood care and other tasks involved in colony maintenance. The s.ystem explicitly recognizes equa1ly well-defined groups that are not eusocial. Omit the criterion of overlap of generations and we have the semisocia1. -
Diploid Males Support a Two-Step Mechanism of Endosymbiont-Induced Thelytoky in a Parasitoid Wasp Wen-Juan Ma1,2*, Bart A
Ma et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2015) 15:84 DOI 10.1186/s12862-015-0370-9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Diploid males support a two-step mechanism of endosymbiont-induced thelytoky in a parasitoid wasp Wen-Juan Ma1,2*, Bart A. Pannebakker3, Louis van de Zande1, Tanja Schwander1,2, Bregje Wertheim1 and Leo W. Beukeboom1 Abstract Background: Haplodiploidy, where females develop from diploid, fertilized eggs and males from haploid, unfertilized eggs, is abundant in some insect lineages. Some species in these lineages reproduce by thelytoky that is caused by infection with endosymbionts: infected females lay haploid eggs that undergo diploidization and develop into females, while males are very rare or absent. It is generally assumed that in thelytokous wasps, endosymbionts merely diploidize the unfertilized eggs, which would then trigger female development. Results: We found that females in the parasitoid wasp Asobara japonica infected with thelytoky-inducing Wolbachia produce 0.7–1.2 % male offspring. Seven to 39 % of these males are diploid, indicating that diploidization and female development can be uncoupled in A. japonica. Wolbachia titer in adults was correlated with their ploidy and sex: diploids carried much higher Wolbachia titers than haploids, and diploid females carried more Wolbachia than diploid males. Data from introgression lines indicated that the development of diploid individuals into males instead of females is not caused by malfunction-mutationsinthehostgenomebutthatdiploidmalesaremost likely produced when the endosymbiont fails to activate the female sex determination pathway. Our data therefore support a two-step mechanism by which endosymbionts induce thelytoky in A. japonica: diploidization of the unfertilized egg is followed by feminization, whereby each step correlates with a threshold of endosymbiont titer during wasp development. -
Paternal Effects on Apis Mellifera Capensis Worker Ovary Size Rebecca J
Paternal effects on Apis mellifera capensis worker ovary size Rebecca J. Reid, Emily J. Remnant, Michael H. Allsopp, Madeleine Beekman, Benjamin P. Oldroyd To cite this version: Rebecca J. Reid, Emily J. Remnant, Michael H. Allsopp, Madeleine Beekman, Benjamin P. Oldroyd. Paternal effects on Apis mellifera capensis worker ovary size. Apidologie, 2017, 48 (5), pp.660-665. 10.1007/s13592-017-0510-x. hal-02973436 HAL Id: hal-02973436 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02973436 Submitted on 21 Oct 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Apidologie (2017) 48:660–665 Original article * INRA, DIB and Springer-Verlag France, 2017 DOI: 10.1007/s13592-017-0510-x Paternal effects on Apis mellifera capensis worker ovary size 1 1 2 1 Rebecca J. REID , Emily J. REMNANT , Michael H. ALLSOPP , Madeleine BEEKMAN , 1 Benjamin P. OLDROYD 1Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, Macleay Building A12, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia 2Honey Bee Research Section, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X5017, Stellenbosch, South Africa Received 16 November 2016 – Revised 30 March 2017 – Accepted 13 April 2017 Abstract – The kinship theory of genomic imprinting argues that conflicting reproductive interests between males and females can lead to epigenetic modifications to the genome, altering gene expression in offspring in a parent-of- origin specific manner. -
A Genomic Imprinting Model of Termite Caste Determination: Not Genetic but Epigenetic Inheritance Influences Offspring Caste Fate
vol. 191, no. 6 the american naturalist june 2018 A Genomic Imprinting Model of Termite Caste Determination: Not Genetic but Epigenetic Inheritance Influences Offspring Caste Fate Kenji Matsuura,1,*,† Nobuaki Mizumoto,1,† Kazuya Kobayashi,1 Tomonari Nozaki,1 Tadahide Fujita,1 Toshihisa Yashiro,1 Taro Fuchikawa,1 Yuki Mitaka,1 andEdwardL.Vargo2 1. Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; 2. Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 Submitted September 18, 2017; Accepted December 29, 2017; Electronically published March 23, 2018 Online enhancements: supplemental material. Keywords: caste differentiation, social insect, genome imprinting, abstract: Eusocial insects exhibit the most striking example of phe- epigenetic inheritance, reproductive division of labor. notypic plasticity. There has been a long controversy over the factors determining caste development of individuals in social insects. Here we demonstrate that parental phenotypes influence the social status of offspring not through genetic inheritance but through genomic im- Introduction printing in termites. Our extensive field survey and genetic analysis of the termite Reticulitermes speratus show that its breeding system Reproductive division of labor is a hallmark of social insects, is inconsistent with a genetic caste determination model. We therefore where individuals follow different developmental trajectories developed a genomic imprinting model, in which queen- and king- resulting in distinct morphological castes (Wilson 1971). In- specific epigenetic marks antagonistically influence sexual development creasing evidence in the last decade for heritable influences of offspring. The model accounts for all known empirical data on caste on division of labor has put an end to the assumption that differentiation of R.