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Ex Vivo Smooth Muscle Pharmacological Effects of a Novel Ex Vivo Smooth Muscle Pharmacological Effects of a Novel Bradykinin-Related Peptide, and Its Analogue, from Chinese Large Odorous Frog, Odorrana livida Skin Secretions Xiang, J., Wang, H., Ma, C., Zhou, M., Wu, Y., Wang, L., Guo, S., Chen, T., & Shaw, C. (2016). Ex Vivo Smooth Muscle Pharmacological Effects of a Novel Bradykinin-Related Peptide, and Its Analogue, from Chinese Large Odorous Frog, Odorrana livida Skin Secretions. Toxins, 8(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins8100283 Published in: Toxins Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Queen's University Belfast - Research Portal: Link to publication record in Queen's University Belfast Research Portal Publisher rights © 2016 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. 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Oct. 2021 toxins Article Ex Vivo Smooth Muscle Pharmacological Effects of a Novel Bradykinin-Related Peptide, and Its Analogue, from Chinese Large Odorous Frog, Odorrana livida Skin Secretions Jie Xiang 1,†, Hui Wang 2,†, Chengbang Ma 1, Mei Zhou 1, Yuxin Wu 1,*, Lei Wang 1,*, Shaodong Guo 3, Tianbao Chen 1 and Chris Shaw 1 1 Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK; [email protected] (J.X.); [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (T.C.); [email protected] (C.S.) 2 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China; [email protected] 3 Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, 123A Cater Mattil Hall, 2253 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (L.W.); Tel.: +44-28-9097-2361 (Y.W. & L.W.); Fax: +44-28-9094-7794 (Y.W. & L.W.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. Academic Editor: R. Manjunatha Kini Received: 3 September 2016; Accepted: 21 September 2016; Published: 27 September 2016 Abstract: Bradykinin-related peptides (BRPs) are one of the most extensively studied frog secretions-derived peptide families identified from many amphibian species. The diverse primary structures of BRPs have been proven essential for providing valuable information in understanding basic mechanisms associated with drug modification. Here, we isolated, identified and characterized a dodeca-BRP (RAP-L1, T6-BK), with primary structure RAPLPPGFTPFR, from the skin secretions of Chinese large odorous frogs, Odorrana livida. This novel peptide exhibited a dose-dependent contractile property on rat bladder and rat ileum, and increased the contraction frequency on rat uterus ex vivo smooth muscle preparations; it also showed vasorelaxant activity on rat tail artery smooth muscle. In addition, the analogue RAP-L1, T6, L8-BK completely abolished these effects on selected rat smooth muscle tissues, whilst it showed inhibition effect on bradykinin-induced rat tail artery relaxation. By using canonical antagonist for bradykinin B1 or B2 type receptors, we found that RAP-L1, T6-BK -induced relaxation of the arterial smooth muscle was very likely to be modulated by B2 receptors. The analogue RAP-L1, T6, L8-BK further enhanced the bradykinin inhibitory activity only under the condition of co-administration with HOE140 on rat tail artery, suggesting a synergistic inhibition mechanism by which targeting B2 type receptors. Keywords: bradykinin related peptide (BRP); B2 receptor; rat tail artery; agonist and antagonist; smooth muscle 1. Introduction Bradykinin (BK) is a nonapeptide hormone first discovered in 1949 by Rocha et al. upon the basis of its inherent capability to dilate vessels [1]. It has subsequently been reported that, in mammals, endogenous BK is generated via the effect of kallikrein on kininogen, which was derived mostly from, but not restricted to, liver tissues [2,3]. Since the first amphibian canonical BK was reported in the defensive skin secretions systems in 1965 from Rana temporaria [4], numerous bradykinin-related peptides (BRPs), with extraordinary diverse primary structure flanked by C/N-terminal extension, Toxins 2016, 8, 283; doi:10.3390/toxins8100283 www.mdpi.com/journal/toxins Toxins 2016, 8, 283 2 of 15 were isolated and identified from the Ascaphidae, Hylidae, Ranidae and Bombinatatoridae families. Of note is that mammals, reptiles, birds, and even fish were found to produce structurally discrete BRPs [5]. The research that focused on elucidating the hypervariable primary structures of BRPs across vertebrates was initially conducted by Conlon and his colleagues, and found that the diverse BRPs presented in unique vertebrate taxa all have identical counterparts in certain amphibian species [3,6]. Following on from this, the hypothesis was proposed that taxon-specific BRPs might be the most effective ligands for activating taxon-specific receptor mediated signal pathways, and for the improper BRP-ligands, they were believed to act as antagonists of the receptors to suppress the downstream signalling. DNA sequences that encode a wide range of BRPs have been cloned from frog skin secretions of different genus and species, many of which have been proved to have myotropic activities by using diverse mammalian smooth muscle preparations [5]. BK triggers its effect mainly through two types of receptors, B1 and B2, which all belong to the G protein-coupled receptors family. Compared with B2 receptors, which are generally expressed in multiple tissues, B1 receptors are only constitutively expressed in certain tissues, such as spinal cord, brain, and artery endothelial cells in the aorta and lung [7]. While upon inflammatory stimulus, B1 receptor expressions in a variety of tissues are upregulated in response to NF-κB (extensively studied transcription factors involved in immune response and infection) activation [8]. Stimulation or inhibition of B1 or B2 receptors is thought to be related with many pathophysiological disorders. Therefore, development of agonists or antagonists for either B1 or B2 receptors or even both would provide researchers significant implications no matter in the fields of pharmacology or clinical therapy. Here, we reported a novel BRP, RAP-L1, T6-BK, which was isolated and identified from the skin secretion of the Chinese large odorous frog Odorrana livida by using 30RACE and 50RACE “shotgun” cloning technique. The primary sequence was further confirmed via the MS/MS fragmentation sequencing approach. The synthetic replicates of this novel peptide and its analogue RAP- L1, T6, L8-BK, were characterized by multiple organ-bath based ex vivo rat smooth muscle tissue probes. The wild-type RAP-L1, T6-BK was found to stimulate rat bladder, ileum, uterus contractile and tail artery relaxant responses. By contrast, the analogue RAP-L1, T6, L8-BK completely abrogated these functions, and it showed strong inhibition effect upon the BK-induced rat tail artery relaxation. Further pharmacological analysis revealed that BK B2 receptors are highly likely to be involved in the rat tail artery related effects caused by this novel BRP and its analogue. 2. Results 2.1. Molecular Cloning of cDNA Encoding the Biosynthetic Precursor of the Novel Bradykinin-Related Peptide The preprobradykinin-like peptide encoding cDNA was consistently cloned from the Odorrana livida skin secretion-constructed cDNA library, the open-reading frame of this novel BRP precursor consists of 61 amino acids, and the architecture of translated open-reading frame can be divided into four domains. The 50 N-terminus begins with a putative signal peptide with 22 amino acid residues followed by a 21 acidic residue-rich spacer, the putative 12-mer mature peptide is preceded by a propeptide convertase processing site -VK-, and it was followed by a C-terminal extension peptide (Figure1). 2.2. Isolation and Structure Characterization of the Novel BRP Reverse-phase HPLC chromatogram of the Odorrana livida skin secretion is shown in Figure2. The fraction with the same mass of the peptide deduced from the molecular cloning (with calculated molecular mass 1355.59 Da) by using the specific BRP degenerate primer, which was described in Section 4.2, was identified by MS/MS fragmentation sequencing using the electrospray ion-trap mass spectrometer, the observed molecular mass was 1355.78 Da (Figure3). Together with the result of the molecular cloning, the primary structure of the novel bradykinin-related peptide is unambiguously Toxins 2016, 8, 283 3 of 15 ToxinsL1, T6,2016 L8, 8,‐ 283BK (with calculated molecular mass 1320.59 Da) was confirmed by observation 3of of its 15 molecular mass of 1321.01 Da by using MALDI‐TOF (Figure S2). determinedToxins as RAPLPPGFTPFR,2016, 8, 283 which is named as RAP-L1, T6-BK. Meanwhile, the analogue3 of 15 RAP-L1, T6, L8-BK (with calculated molecular mass 1320.59 Da) was confirmed by observation of its molecular mass of 1321.01L1, T6, DaL8‐BK by (with using calculated MALDI-TOF molecular (Figure mass S2).1320.59 Da) was confirmed by observation of its molecular mass of 1321.01 Da by using MALDI‐TOF (Figure S2).
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