Vol. 33 No.4 Engaging the Community February 19, 2019 PYLYP ORLYK’S COAT OF ARMS AND OTHER ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDS AT BATURYN IN 2017-2018 Baturyn residents perished in this civil palace architecture with pre- Volodymyr Mezentsev, Ph. D. punitive offensive. The attackers dominantly bastion defences. CIUS, Toronto plundered and burned the town From the late 16th century, this to the ground. The total merciless type of Italian fortified villas During the war in Ukraine, 350th anniversary of the estab- destruction of the hetman capital, spread throughout Western and conditions for carrying out exca- lishment of Baturyn as the capital together with its inhabitants, Central Europe, reaching western vations in Baturyn, Chernihiv of the Cossack realm. This event spread fear throughout Ukraine Ukraine in the early 17th century. Oblast, have remained difficult. will be commemorated at the na- and doomed Mazepa’s uprising Inside the ramparts of the Hon- to failure. charivka manor, occupying an Baturyn was raised from the area of nine hectares, besides ashes and experienced its last ur- Mazepa’s palatial court, a fruit ban upsurge under the reign of garden, a birch grove, and an Hetman Kyrylo Rozumovsky arable field were located. The (1750-1764, d. 1803), the out- graphic reconstruction of this es- standing reformer of the Cossack tate, with its orderly network of polity. He facilitated local manu- straight lanes, resembles the reg- facturing and trade with Western ular layout of so-called “French Fortifications, the Resurrection Church, and initial hetman resi- and Eastern Europe in the second parks”. The design of man-made dence in the 17th-century Baturyn citadel, reconstructed on the half of the 18th century. parks with vegetation areas cul- base of archaeological data in 2008. Aerial photo by N. Rebrova. While Ukraine was stateless, tivated in geometric forms and the former hetman capital de- straight or figured alleys originated the expedition continued exploring Colonel of the Kyivan Cossack clined, turning into a small provin- in Renaissance Italy and became the site of the home of Chancellor regiment in Pokorshchyna, in the cial borough or mistechko. In in- popular in France during the General Pylyp Orlyk, personal vicinity of the town of Kozelets, dependent Ukraine, the town has baroque era. Mazepa likely created secretary, closest associate, and Chernihiv Oblast. This one-floor recovered, becoming an important khata was constructed of squared centre for tourism, and historical, logs set on a brick foundation cultural, and patriotic education and plastered. for the Ukrainians, particularly Many fragments of terracotta the youth. In 2018, over 172,000 and polychrome glazed ceramic tourists from Ukraine and the tiles facing the heating stoves at West visited Baturyn’s museums Orlyk’s house were unearthed of antiquities and its reconstructed amidst its remnants. Some of architectural monuments. Despite them exhibit fire damage, indi- the war in Ukraine, their influx cating that his residence was has been increasing substantially, burned during the sack of Baturyn up from 130,000 sightseers in by Russian soldiers. Yu. Sytyi 2014, when the war began. asserts that these tiles were pro- According to my research, be- duced locally. He considers their tween 1696 and 1700, Mazepa high technical and artistic qualities Richly illustrated booklet providing the update on excavations commissioned his stately three- a match to the best stove tiles at in Baturyn, published by “Homin Ukrainy” in 2018 story masonry palace in Hon- Mazepa’s fortified manor in Honcharivka, the Mazepa’s palace in Honcharivka. charivka, the environs of Baturyn. environs of Baturyn, before its destruction in 1708. But the ornamentations of Orlyk’s Notwithstanding, the historical tional level throughout Ukraine. Archaeologists believe that the Hypothetical reconstruction by O. Bondar. tiles are distinctive in their origi- and archaeological research of In 1708, Mazepa concluded polygonal ramparts with a glacis his principal residence in Baturyn chief adviser of Mazepa. Later, nality and not mere imitations of the town has progressed well in an alliance with Sweden and re- and five earthen bastions of this along the models of contempo- he became the hetman-in-exile those found in the hetman’s resi- 2017-2018. belled against Moscow’s growing manor were modelled on ad- raneous Western fortified palatial from 1710 to 1742 and author of dence. Hence, the stove tiles dis- These years, Baturyn excava- curtailment of the Hetmanate sov- vanced 17th-century Dutch strong- complexes with regular parks. He the first Constitution of Ukraine covered at Orlyk’s home represent tions engaged 95 students and ereignty. That year, on order from holds. These bastion fortifications became acquainted with them (1710). valuable pieces of local ceramic scholars from Chernihiv and Tsar Peter I, the Russian army are the earliest-known in Left- while serving at the royal court In 2017-2018, part of the brick applied and heraldic arts in Hlukhiv universities and the In- attacked insurgent Baturyn and Bank Ukraine. in Poland and during his diplo- foundation of Orlyk’s house was Mazepa’s capital. Several shards stitute of Archaeology of the Na- seized it, albeit with the assistance Within the Cossack realm, the matic missions, university studies, excavated. Yu. Sytyi contends with the family coats of arms of tional Academy of Sciences of and travels to Germany, Holland, Ukraine in Kyiv. Archaeologist France, and Italy in the 1650s Yurii Sytyi of the Chernihiv Col- and 1660s. lege National University leads I surmise that prior to the as- the Baturyn archaeological ex- sault by the superior in number pedition. Archaeologist Dr. Russian army in 1708, the military Volodymyr Mezentsev (Canadian personnel and servants of Institute of Ukrainian Studies, Mazepa’s manor in Honcharivka Toronto) is the executive director retreated to the larger and safer of the Canada-Ukraine Baturyn Baturyn fortress to reinforce its project. Excavation of the rampart with moat of the hetman estate garrison. In fact, Muscovite troops From 1669 to 1708, Baturyn at Honcharivka in 2001. Photo by V. Mezentsev. occupied this abandoned estate was the capital of the Cossack without military resistance and state, or Hetmanate. It had become of a traitor. The Cossacks and Honcharivka estate also repre- pillaged and burned the opulent known in the West as the major, townspeople, including clerics sented the first known example hetman palace. prosperous, and well-fortified and women, valiantly defended of a fortified villa called palazzo Researchers have graphically town in central Ukraine, as well Mazepa’s stronghold, but to no e fortezza (“palace and fortress”), recreated the ground plan and ex- Bastion, rampart, and moat of Mazepa’s manor and their defence as the seat of Hetman Ivan Mazepa avail. Tsarist forces savagely ex- which appeared in Italy in the terior design of the timber church with cannon and musket’s fire. Computer graphic by S. Dmytri- th (1687-1709), the Cossack ruler ecuted the captive Cossack officers 16 century and superseded me- (before 1700) at Mazepa’s court. ienko on the basis of reconstructions by O. Bondar. most respected in Europe. The and slaughtered the entire civilian dieval masonry or wooden castles. Its remnants were excavated in Ukrainian government has de- population, sparing neither infants Such complexes, like that in Hon- 2011-2015. This lost structure that it was a spacious one-story both Orlyk and Mazepa in relief clared 16 March 2019 as the nor the elderly. Up to 14,000 charivka, combined early modern was representative of late 17th- building or khata of local tradition were found there. century folk wooden ecclesiastical made of logs sometime between Using computer photo collage architecture in the Chernihiv re- 1700 and 1708. A comparable and graphic techniques, re- gion. example of such a well-to-do searchers have reconstructed a th In 2018, near the site of a well dwelling is the extant mid-18 * on Honcharivka’s estate, the ex- century home of Yuhym Darahan, Pylyp.... page 2 UE pedition uncovered the debris of a 2 m-wide brick corridor with stairs leading down to the well’s shaft. Yu. Sytyi suggests that the corridor, extending some 7 m to the west, was a secret underground vaulted tunnel connecting the well’s shaft with the basement of the neighbouring building at Mazepa’s court. Archaeological investigation of the remnants of this extraordinary and intriguing structure will continue in order Mazepa’s palace in Honcharivka before 1708. Wooden church at Mazepa’s court (prior to 1700). to establish conclusively its layout, Hypothetical reconstruction by V. Mezentsev, Hypothetical reconstruction by O. Bondar. size, and specific purpose. computer graphic by S. Dmytriienko. In Baturyn’s northern suburb, Ukrainian students excavating the capital of the Cossack state. Ukrainian Echo February 19, 2019 2 letter Ц obviously refers to His title in Slavic: Tsar (Цар). Such a brief monogram for Christ’s name and title, with only four characters (ІС, Х, Ц), is rarely employed on modern Orthodox crosses with Greek or Cyrillic inscriptions. Longer monograms for Jesus Christ (ІС, ХC) and His title as the “King of Glory” (Цар Слави) are more common. The brevity of this particular mono- gram could be due to the small size of this child’s cross. During the 2017 excavations at the Baturyn fortress, a remark- able bronze ring with a seal on Burnt multicoloured glazed ceramic stove tile bearing Orlyk’s coat of arms (1700-1708). its glass insert of Mazepa’s era Reconstructions, computer photo collage and graphic by S. Dmytriienko. was found. The seal depicts a stylized masonry fortress over Rozumovsky periods. Excavations sity of Toronto, and the Ucrainica Integrative Pharmacy (Omelan which an eagle is fighting a ser- of the remnants of Orlyk’s resi- Research Institute in Toronto have and Zenia Chabursky, owners) in pent or a dragon in the sky.