Bibliography

[1] Ralph Abraham and Joel Robbin, Transversal mappings and flows , W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York- Amsterdam, 1967. MR 39 #2181 [2] B. Aebischer, M. Borer, M. K¨alin, Ch. Leuenberger, and H. M. Reimann, Symplectic geometry, Progress in Mathematics, vol. 124, Birkh¨auser Verlag, Basel, 1994. MR 96a:58082 [3] Selman Akbulut and John D. McCarthy, Casson’s invariant for oriented homology 3-spheres, Math- ematical Notes, vol. 36, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1990. MR 90k:57017 [4] A. Andronov and L. Pontrjagin, Systemes´ grossiers, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSR 14 (1937), 247– 251. [5] Vladimir Arnol0d, Sur une propriet´e´ topologique des applications globalement canoniques de la mecanique´ classique, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 261 (1965), 3719– 3722. MR 33 #1861 [6] D. K. Arrowsmith and C. M. Place, An introduction to dynamical systems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990. MR 91g:58068 [7] M. F. Atiyah, Convexity and commuting Hamiltonians , Bull. London Math. Soc. 14 (1982), no. 1, 1– 15. MR 83e:53037 [8] , Angular momentum, convex polyhedra and algebraic geometry , Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. (2) 26 (1983), no. 2, 121– 133. MR 85a:58027 [9] M. F. Atiyah and R. Bott, The Yang-Mills equations over Riemann surfaces , Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 308 (1983), no. 1505, 523– 615. MR 85k:14006 [10] M. Audin and J. Lafontaine Editors, Holomorphic curves in symplectic geometry , Progress in Math- ematics, vol. 117, Birkh¨auser Verlag, Basel, 1994. MR 95i:58005 [11] Mich`ele Audin, The topology of torus actions on symplectic manifolds , Progress in Mathematics, vol. 93, Birkh¨auser Verlag, Basel, 1991. MR 92m:57046 [12] , Symplectic and almost complex manifolds , Holomorphic curves in symplectic geometry, 1994, pp. 41– 74. MR 1 274 926 [13] D. M. Austin and P. J. Braam, Morse-Bott theory and equivariant cohomology , The Floer memorial volume, 1995, pp. 123– 183. MR 96i:57037 [14] Augustin Banyaga, On fixed points of symplectic maps , Invent. Math. 56 (1980), no. 3, 215– 229. MR 81a:58023 [15] , The structure of classical diffeomorphism groups , Mathematics and its Applications, vol. 400, Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Dordrecht, 1997. MR 98h:22024 [16] Augustin Banyaga and David E. Hurtubise, A proof of the Morse-Bott Lemma, Expositiones Mathe- maticae (2004). [17] S. Berceanu and A. Gheorghe, On the construction of perfect Morse functions on compact manifolds of coherent states, J. Math. Phys. 28 (1987), no. 12, 2899– 2907. MR 88m:58026 310 Bibliography

[18] Rolf Berndt, An introduction to symplectic geometry , Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. 26, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2001. MR 2001f:53158 [19] P. Biran, Lagrangianbarriers and symplectic embeddings , Geom. Funct. Anal. 11 (2001), no. 3, 407– 464. MR 2002g:53153 [20] Jean-Michel Bismut and Weiping Zhang, An extension of a theorem by Cheeger and M uller¨ , Ast´erisque (1992), no. 205, 235. MR 93j:58138 [21] Raoul Bott, Nondegenerate critical manifolds, Ann. of Math. (2) 60 (1954), 248– 261. MR 16,276f [22] , On torsion in Lie groups, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 40 (1954), 586– 588. MR 16,12a [23] , An application of the Morse theory to the topology of Lie-groups , Bull. Soc. Math. France 84 (1956), 251– 281. MR 19,291a [24] , The stable homotopy of the classical groups , Ann. of Math. (2) 70 (1959), 313– 337. MR 22 #987 [25] , Lectures on Morse theory, old and new , Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 7 (1982), no. 2, 331– 358. MR 84m:58026a [26] , Morse theory indomitable, Inst. Hautes Etudes´ Sci. Publ. Math. (1988), no. 68, 99– 114 (1989). MR 90f:58027 [27] , Raoul Bott: collected papers. Vol. 1, Contemporary Mathematicians, Birkh¨auser Boston Inc., Boston, MA, 1994. MR 95i:01027 [28] Raoul Bott and Hans Samelson, Applications of the theory of Morse to symmetric spaces , Amer. J. Math. 80 (1958), 964– 1029. MR 21 #4430 [29] , Correction to “Applications of the theory of Morse to symmetric spaces” , Amer. J. Math. 83 (1961), 207– 208. MR 30 #589 [30] Glen E. Bredon, Topology and geometry, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993. MR 94d:55001 [31] Theodor Brocker¨ and Tammo tom Dieck, Representations of compact Lie groups , Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 98, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995. MR 97i:22005 [32] Morton Brown, Locally flat imbeddings of topological manifolds , Ann. of Math. (2) 75 (1962), 331– 341. MR 24 #A3637 [33] J. W. Cannon and G. R. Conner, The combinatorial structure of the Hawaiian earring group , Topol- ogy Appl. 106 (2000), no. 3, 225– 271. MR 2001g:20020 [34] Ralph L. Cohen, Topics in Morse theory: Lecture notes, unpublished, Stanford University, 1991. [35] Charles Conley, Isolated invariant sets and the Morse index , CBMS Regional Conference Series in Mathematics, vol. 38, American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I., 1978. MR 80c:58009 [36] Lawrence Conlon, Differentiable manifolds: a first course, Birkh¨auser Advanced Texts: Basler Lehrbucher.¨ [Birkh¨auser Advanced Texts: Basel Textbooks], Birkh¨auser Boston Inc., Boston, MA, 1993. MR 94d:58001 [37] C.W. Curtis, Linear algebra: An introductory approach , Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984. [38] James F. Davis and Paul Kirk, Lecture notes in algebraictopology , Graduate Studies in Mathematics, vol. 35, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 2001. MR 2002f:55001 [39] Albrecht Dold, Lectures on algebraic topology , Classics in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1995. MR 96c:55001 [40] Wojciech Dorabiala, Personal communication, Penn State Altoona (2003). [41] Stamatis Dostoglou and Dietmar Salamon, Instanton homology and symplectic fixed points , Sym- plectic geometry, 1993, pp. 57– 93. MR 96a:58065 [42] B. A. Dubrovin, A. T. Fomenko, and S. P. Novikov, Modern geometry—methods and applications. Part I, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 93, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. MR 92h:53001 [43] James Dugundji, Topology, Allyn and Bacon Inc., Boston, Mass., 1978. MR 57 #17581 [44] Nelson Dunford and Jacob T. Schwartz, Linear operators. Part I, Wiley Classics Library, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1988. MR 90g:47001a Bibliography 311

[45] James Eells Jr. and Nicolaas H. Kuiper, Manifolds which are like projective planes , Inst. Hautes Etudes´ Sci. Publ. Math. (1962), no. 14, 5– 46. MR 26 #3075 [46] C. Ehresmann, Les connexions infinitesimales´ dans un espace fibr e´ differentiable´ , Colloque de topologie, bruxelles, 1950, pp. 29– 55. [47] Ronald Fintushel and Ronald J. Stern, Instanton homology of Seifert fibred homology three spheres , Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 61 (1990), no. 1, 109– 137. MR 91k:57029 [48] , Invariants for homology 3-spheres, Geometry of low-dimensional manifolds, 1 (durham, 1989), 1990, pp. 125– 148. MR 93e:57025 [49] , Integer gradedinstanton homologygroupsfor homology three-spheres ,Topology 31 (1992), no. 3, 589– 604. MR 93f:57018 [50] Andreas Floer, Viterbo’s index and the Morse index for the symplectic action , Periodic solutions of hamiltonian systems and related topics (il ciocco, 1986), 1987, pp. 147– 152. MR 89j:58030 [51] , An instanton-invariant for 3-manifolds, Comm. Math. Phys. 118 (1988), no. 2, 215– 240. MR 89k:57028 [52] , Morse theory for Lagrangian intersections , J. Differential Geom. 28 (1988), no. 3, 513– 547. MR 90f:58058 [53] , A relative Morse index for the symplectic action , Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 41 (1988), no. 4, 393– 407. MR 89f:58055 [54] , The unregularized gradient flow of the symplectic action , Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 41 (1988), no. 6, 775– 813. MR 89g:58065 [55] , Symplectic fixed points and holomorphic spheres , Comm. Math. Phys. 120 (1989), no. 4, 575– 611. MR 90e:58047 [56] , Witten’s complex and infinite-dimensional Morse theory , J. Differential Geom. 30 (1989), no. 1, 207– 221. MR 90d:58029 [57] Theodore Frankel, Fixed points and torsion on Kahler¨ manifolds, Ann. of Math. (2) 70 (1959), 1– 8. MR 24 #A1730 [58] , Critical submanifolds of the classical groups and Stiefel manifolds , Differential and combi- natorial topology (a symposium in honor of marston morse), 1965, pp. 37– 53. MR 33 #4952 [59] John M. Franks, Morse-Smale flows and homotopy theory , Topology 18 (1979), no. 3, 199– 215. MR 80k:58063 [60] Robert Franzosa, Index filtrations and the homology index braid for partially ordered Morse decom- positions, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 298 (1986), no. 1, 193– 213. MR 88a:58121 [61] Robert D. Franzosa, The connection matrix theory for Morse decompositions , Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 311 (1989), no. 2, 561– 592. MR 90a:58149 [62] Stephen H. Friedberg, Arnold J. Insel, and Lawrence E. Spence, Linear algebra, Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1997. MR 1 434 064 [63] Kenji Fukaya and Kaoru Ono, Arnold conjectureand Gromov-Witteninvariant for generalsymplectic manifolds, The arnoldfest (toronto, on, 1997), 1999, pp. 173– 190. MR 2000m:53121 [64] William Fulton and Joe Harris, Representation theory, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 129, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991. MR 93a:20069 [65] M. Goresky and R. MacPherson, Stratified morse theory, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988. [66] Marvin J. Greenberg and John R. Harper, Algebraic topology, Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co. Inc. Advanced Book Program, Reading, Mass., 1981. MR 83b:55001 [67] Phillip Griffiths and Joseph Harris, Principles of algebraicgeometry, Wiley-Interscience[John Wiley & Sons], New York, 1978. MR 80b:14001 [68] M. Gromov, Pseudoholomorphic curves in symplectic manifolds , Invent. Math. 82 (1985), no. 2, 307– 347. MR 87j:53053 312 Bibliography

[69] John Guckenheimer and Philip Holmes, Nonlinear oscillations, dynamical systems, and bifurcations of vector fields, Applied Mathematical Sciences, vol. 42, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1990. MR 93e:58046 [70] Martin A. Guest, Morse theory in the 1990s , Invitations to geometry and topology, 2002, pp. 146– 207. MR 1 967 749 [71] Victor Guillemin and Alan Pollack, Differential topology, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1974. MR 50 #1276 [72] Victor Guillemin and Shlomo Sternberg, Geometric asymptotics, American Mathematical Society, Providence, R.I., 1977. MR 58 #24404 [73] , Symplectic techniques in physics , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984. MR 86f:58054 [74] Theodor Hangan, A Morse function on Grassmann manifolds , J. Differential Geometry 2 (1968), 363– 367. MR 39 #6357 [75] Sigurdur Helgason, Differential geometry, Lie groups,and symmetric spaces , Pure and Applied Math- ematics, vol. 80, Academic Press Inc. [Harcourt Brace JovanovichPublishers], New York, 1978. MR 80k:53081 [76] Morris W. Hirsch, A proof of the nonretractibility of a cell onto its boundary , Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 14 (1963), 364– 365. MR 26 #3033 [77] , Differential topology, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994. MR 96c:57001 [78] Morris W. Hirsch and Stephen Smale, Differential equations, dynamical systems, and linear algebra , Academic Press [A subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers], New York-London, 1974. MR 58 #6484 [79] David E. Hurtubise, The Floer homotopy type of height functions on complex Grassmann manifolds , Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 349 (1997), no. 6, 2493– 2505. MR 97h:58013

[80] , The flow category of the action functional on LGn,n+k (C), Illinois J. Math. 44 (2000), no. 1, 33– 50. MR 2001i:57047 [81] Dale Husemoller, Fibre bundles, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 20, Springer-Verlag,New York, 1994. MR 94k:55001 [82] M. C. Irwin, On the stable manifold theorem, Bull. London Math. Soc. 2 (1970), 196– 198. MR 42 #6873 [83] , Smooth dynamical systems, Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 94, Academic Press Inc. [Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers], New York, 1980. MR 82c:58018 [84] Nathan Jacobson, Lie algebras, Dover Publications Inc., New York, 1979. MR 80k:17001 [85] I. M. James, General topology and homotopy theory , Springer-Verlag, New York, 1984. MR 86d:55001 [86] Mei-YueJiang, Morse homologyand degenerateMorse inequalities , Topol. MethodsNonlinear Anal. 13 (1999), no. 1, 147– 161. MR 2000f:57037 [87] Katsuo Kawakubo, The theory of transformation groups , The Clarendon Press Oxford University Press, New York, 1991. MR 93g:57044 [88] A. A. Kirillov, Elements of the theory of representations , Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1976. MR 54 #447 [89] Frances Clare Kirwan, Cohomologyof quotients in symplectic and algebraic geometry , Mathematical Notes, vol. 31, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1984. MR 86i:58050 [90] Anthony W. Knapp, Representation theory of semisimple groups , Princeton Mathematical Series, vol. 36, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1986. MR 87j:22022 [91] Antoni A. Kosinski, Differential manifolds, Academic Press Inc., Boston, MA, 1993. MR 95b:57001 [92] Ivan Kupka, Contribution a` la theorie´ des champs gen´ eriques´ , Contributions to Differential Equa- tions 2 (1963), 457– 484. MR 29 #2818a [93] Peter Lancaster, Theory of matrices, Academic Press, New York, 1969. MR 39 #6885 Bibliography 313

[94] Serge Lang, Real analysis, Addison-WesleyPublishing CompanyAdvancedBook Program, Reading, MA, 1983. MR 87b:00001 [95] Janko Latschev, Gradient flows of Morse-Bott functions, Math. Ann. 318 (2000), no. 4, 731– 759. MR 2001m:58026 [96] Rafael de la Llave and C. Eugene Wayne, On Irwin’s proof of the pseudostable manifold theorem , Math. Z. 219 (1995), no. 2, 301– 321. MR 96g:58102 [97] Juan Margalef Roig and Enrique Outerelo Dominguez, Differential topology, North-Holland Mathe- matics Studies, vol. 173, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1992. MR 93g:58005 [98] Dusa McDuff and Dietmar Salamon, J-holomorphic curves and quantum cohomology , University Lecture Series, vol. 6, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1994. MR 95g:58026 [99] , Introduction to symplectic topology , Oxford Mathematical Monographs, The Clarendon Press Oxford University Press, New York, 1998. MR 2000g:53098 [100] J. Milnor, Morse theory, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1963. MR 29 #634 [101] , Differential topology, Lectures on modern mathematics, vol. ii, 1964, pp. 165– 183. MR 31 #2731 [102] John Milnor, Lectures on the h-cobordism theorem, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965. MR 32 #8352 [103] John W. Milnor, Topology from the differentiable viewpoint, Based on notes by David W. Weaver, The University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va., 1965. MR 37 #2239 [104] John W. Milnor and James D. Stasheff, Characteristic classes, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J., 1974. MR 55 #13428 [105] Marston Morse, Relations between the critical points of a real function of n independent variables, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 27 (1925), no. 3, 345– 396. MR 1 501 318 [106] , The calculus of variations in the large , American Mathematical Society Colloquium Publi- cations, vol. 18, American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1996. MR 98f:58070 [107] Jurgen¨ Moser, On the volume elements on a manifold , Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 120 (1965), 286– 294. MR 32 #409 [108] James R. Munkres, Topology:a first course, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1975. MR 57 #4063 [109] , Elements of algebraic topology, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Menlo Park, CA, 1984. MR 85m:55001 [110] Charles Nash, Differential topology and quantum field theory , Academic Press Ltd., London, 1991. MR 93c:58002 [111] Richard S. Palais, The Morse lemma for Banach spaces , Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 75 (1969), 968– 971. MR 40 #6593 [112] J. Palis, On Morse-Smale dynamical systems , Topology 8 (1968), 385– 404. MR 39 #7620 [113] J. Palis and S. Smale, Structural stability theorems, Global analysis (proc. sympos. pure math., vol. xiv, berkeley, calif., 1968), 1970, pp. 223– 231. MR 42 #2505 [114] Jacob Palis Jr. and Welington de Melo, Geometric theory of dynamical systems , Springer-Verlag, New York, 1982. MR 84a:58004 [115] M. M. Peixoto, Structural stability on two-dimensional manifolds , Topology 1 (1962), 101– 120. MR 26 #426 [116] , Structural stability on two-dimensional manifolds. A further remark. , Topology 2 (1963), 179– 180. MR 26 #6533 [117] Lawrence Perko, Differential equationsand dynamical systems , Texts in Applied Mathematics, vol. 7, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1991. MR 91m:34001 [118] Everett Pitcher, Inequalities of critical point theory, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 64 (1958), 1– 30. MR 20 #2648 314 Bibliography

[119] S. Ramanujam, Topology of classical groups, Osaka J. Math. 6 (1969), 243– 249. MR 41 #6246 [120] S. Ramanujan, An application of Morse theory to certain symmetric spaces , J. Indian Math. Soc. (N.S.) 32 (1968), 243– 275 (1969). MR 41 #2708 [121] , Application of Morse theory to some homogeneous spaces ,Tohokuˆ Math. J. (2) 21 (1969), 343– 353. MR 40 #3576 [122] Joel W. Robbin and Dietmar Salamon, Dynamical systems, shape theory and the Conley index , Ergodic Theory Dynam. Systems 8∗ (1988), no. Charles Conley Memorial Issue, 375– 393. MR 89h:58094 [123] H. L. Royden, Real analysis, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1988. MR 90g:00004 [124] Walter Rudin, Principles of mathematical analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1976. MR 52 #5893 [125] , Real and complex analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1987. MR 88k:00002 [126] David Ruelle, Elements of differentiable dynamics and bifurcation theory , Academic Press Inc., Boston, MA, 1989. MR 90f:58048 [127] Dietmar Salamon, Connected simple systems and the Conley index of isolated invariant sets , Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 291 (1985), no. 1, 1– 41. MR 87e:58182 [128] , Morse theory, the Conley index and Floer homology , Bull. London Math. Soc. 22 (1990), no. 2, 113– 140. MR 92a:58028 [129] , Lectures on Floer homology, Symplectic geometry and topology (park city, ut, 1997), 1999, pp. 143– 229. MR 2000g:53100 [130] Dietmar Salamon and Eduard Zehnder, Morse theory for periodic solutions of Hamiltonian systems and the Maslov index, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 45 (1992), no. 10, 1303– 1360. MR 93g:58028 [131] Matthias Schwarz, Morse homology, Birkh¨auser Verlag, Basel, 1993. MR 95a:58022

[132] P. Seidel, π1 of symplectic automorphism groups and invertibles in quantum homology rings , Geom. Funct. Anal. 7 (1997), no. 6, 1046– 1095. MR 99b:57068 [133] Michael Shub, Albert Fathi, and R´emi Langevin, Global stability of dynamical systems, Springer- Verlag, New York, 1987. MR 87m:58086 [134] Ana Cannas da Silva, Lectures on symplectic geometry, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, vol. 1764, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2001. MR 2002i:53105 [135] S. Smale, Stable manifolds for differential equations and diffeomorphisms , Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa (3) 17 (1963), 97– 116. MR 29 #2818b [136] Stephen Smale, Morse inequalities for a dynamical system , Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 66 (1960), 43– 49. MR 22 #8519 [137] , On gradient dynamical systems, Ann. of Math. (2) 74 (1961), 199– 206. MR 24 #A2973 [138] Edwin H. Spanier, Algebraic topology, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1966. MR 96a:55001 [139] Michael Spivak, A comprehensive introduction to differential geometry. Vol. I , Publish or Perish Inc., Wilmington, Del., 1979. MR 82g:53003c [140] Robert E. Stong, Notes on cobordism theory, Mathematical notes, Princeton University Press, Prince- ton, N.J., 1968. MR 40 #2108 [141] Arne Strøm, Note on cofibrations, Math. Scand. 19 (1966), 11– 14. MR 35 #2284 [142] , Note on cofibrations. II, Math. Scand. 22 (1968), 130– 142 (1969). MR 39 #4846 [143] W. Szlenk, An introduction to the theory of smooth dynamical systems , PWN—Polish Scientific Publishers, Warsaw, 1984. MR 86f:58042 [144] Clifford Henry Taubes, Casson’s invariant and gauge theory , J. Differential Geom. 31 (1990), no. 2, 547– 599. MR 91m:57025 [145] Ren´e Thom, Sur une partition en cellules associ ee´ a` une fonction sur une vari et´e´, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 228 (1949), 973– 975. MR 10,558b Bibliography 315

[146] Pierre Tremblay, The Unstable Manifold Theorem: A proof for the common man , Master’s Paper in Mathematics, The Pensylvania State University (1988). [147] Karen K. Uhlenbeck, Connections with Lp bounds on curvature , Comm. Math. Phys. 83 (1982), no. 1, 31– 42. MR 83e:53035 [148] Frank W. Warner, Foundationsof differentiable manifolds and Lie groups , Graduate Texts in Mathe- matics, vol. 94, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983. MR 84k:58001 [149] John C. Wells, Invariant manifolds of non-linear operators , Pacific J. Math. 62 (1976), no. 1, 285– 293. MR 54 #6206 [150] George W. Whitehead, Elements of homotopy theory, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 61, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1978. MR 80b:55001 [151] J. H. C. Whitehead, Combinatorial homotopy. I, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 55 (1949), 213– 245. MR 11,48b [152] , On simply connected, 4-dimensional polyhedra, Comment. Math. Helv. 22 (1949), 48– 92. MR 10,559d [153] Edward Witten, Supersymmetry and Morse theory , J. Differential Geom. 17 (1982), no. 4, 661– 692 (1983). MR 84b:58111 [154] Catalin Zara, Personal communication, Penn State Altoona (2004). [155] Andreas Zastrow, The second van-Kampen theorem for topological spaces , Topology Appl. 59 (1994), no. 3, 201– 232. MR 95j:55028