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Linux Systems Performance Tracing, Profiling, and Visualization G. Amadio (EP-SFT) Nov, 2020 Performance is challenging Some things that can go wrong: ● Measurement ○ Overhead from instrumentation and measurement ○ Variable CPU frequency scaling (turbo boost, thermal throttling) ○ Missing symbols (JIT, interpreted languages, stripped binaries) ○ Broken stack unwinding (deep call stacks, inlining, missing frame pointer) ● Optimization and Tuning ○ Concurrency issues (shared resources with hyperthreading, contention) ○ Compiler optimizations (exceptions vs vectorization, denormals, dead code) ○ Memory alignment, access patterns, fragmentation ○ Addressing the wrong issue (optimizing compute for memory bound problem and vice-versa) 2 A pinch of UNIX wisdom – on handling complexity Rule 1 You can't tell where a program is going to spend its time. Bottlenecks occur in surprising places, so don't try to second guess and put in a speed hack until you've proven that's where the bottleneck is. Rule 2 Measure. Don't tune for speed until you've measured, and even then don't unless one part of the code overwhelms the rest. Rule 3 Fancy algorithms are slow when n is small, and n is usually small. Fancy algorithms have big constants. Until you know that n is frequently going to be big, don't get fancy. (Even if n does get big, use Rule 2 first.) Rule 4 Fancy algorithms are buggier than simple ones, and they're much harder to implement. Use simple algorithms as well as simple data structures. Rule 5 Data dominates. If you've chosen the right data structures and organized things well, the algorithms will almost always be self-evident. Data structures, not algorithms, are central to programming. Rule 6 There is no Rule 6. from “Notes on C Programming”, by Rob Pike 3 System Observability Tools Linux Observability Tools 5 top – display Linux processes 6 htop – interactive process viewer 7 latencytop – tool to visualize system latencies 8 powertop – power consumption diagnosis tool 9 mpstat – report processor statistics 10 mpstat – report processor statistics 11 iostat – report CPU and I/O statistics 12 iostat – report CPU and I/O statistics 13 vmstat – report virtual memory statistics 14 vmstat – report virtual memory statistics 15 perf stat – report performance counter statistics 16 perf stat – report performance counter statistics 17 Tracing Tools strace – trace system calls and signals 19 bash ~ $ strace cat /dev/null execve("/bin/cat", ["cat", "/dev/null"], 0x7ffc38125548 /* 76 vars */) = 0 brk(NULL) = 0x55b0fade6000 access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) straceopenat(AT_FDCWD, "/etc/ld.so.cache", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3 fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=300584, ...}) = 0 mmap(NULL, 300584, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7efde08c9000 close(3) = 0 openat(AT_FDCWD, "/lib64/libc.so.6", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3 read(3, "\177ELF\2\1\1\3\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\3\0>\0\1\0\0\0\300?\2\0\0\0\0\0"..., 832) = 832 fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0755, st_size=18996000, ...}) = 0 mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7efde08c7000 mmap(NULL, 1873248, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0) = 0x7efde06fd000 mprotect(0x7efde071f000, 1695744, PROT_NONE) = 0 mmap(0x7efde071f000, 1404928, PROT_READ|PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x22000) = 0x7efde071f000 mmap(0x7efde0876000, 286720, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x179000) = 0x7efde0876000 mmap(0x7efde08bd000, 24576, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_DENYWRITE, 3, 0x1bf000) = 0x7efde08bd000 mmap(0x7efde08c3000, 13664, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7efde08c3000 close(3) = 0 mmap(NULL, 8192, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7efde06fb000 arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_FS, 0x7efde08c85c0) = 0 mprotect(0x7efde08bd000, 16384, PROT_READ) = 0 mprotect(0x55b0f9bd2000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 mprotect(0x7efde093e000, 4096, PROT_READ) = 0 munmap(0x7efde08c9000, 300584) = 0 brk(NULL) = 0x55b0fade6000 brk(0x55b0fae07000) = 0x55b0fae07000 openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib64/locale/locale-archive", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = 3 fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=4566336, ...}) = 0 mmap(NULL, 4566336, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 3, 0) = 0x7efde02a0000 close(3) = 0 fstat(1, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0620, st_rdev=makedev(0x88, 0x12), ...}) = 0 openat(AT_FDCWD, "/dev/null", O_RDONLY) = 3 fstat(3, {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0666, st_rdev=makedev(0x1, 0x3), ...}) = 0 fadvise64(3, 0, 0, POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL) = 0 mmap(NULL, 139264, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7efde08f1000 read(3, "", 131072) = 0 munmap(0x7efde08f1000, 139264) = 0 close(3) = 0 close(1) = 0 close(2) = 0 exit_group(0) = ? +++ exited with 0 +++ 20 bash ~ $ strace -e 'openat' --failed-only -- root.exe -l -q 2>&1 | grep ENOENT openat(AT_FDCWD, "/home/amadio/.rootrc", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/etc/env.d/gcc/config-x86_64-linux-gnu", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) straceopenat(AT_FDCWD, "/etc/env.d/gcc/config-x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/etc/redhat-release", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/etc/debian_version", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/etc/SuSE-release", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/etc/new", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/etc//cling/new", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/include/new", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "./Rtypes.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/etc/Rtypes.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/etc//cling/Rtypes.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "./TError.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/etc/TError.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/etc//cling/TError.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/etc/string", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/etc//cling/string", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/include/string", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/etc/cassert", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/etc//cling/cassert", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/include/cassert", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/8.4.0/include/g++-v8/bits/c++config.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/etc/assert.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/etc//cling/assert.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/root/6.22/include/assert.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/8.4.0/include/g++-v8/assert.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/8.4.0/include/g++-v8/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/assert.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/8.4.0/include/g++-v8/backward/assert.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) openat(AT_FDCWD, "/usr/local/include/assert.h", O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory) 21 ltrace – library call tracer 22 ltrace – library call tracer 23 uftrace – function (graph) tracer for userspace https://github.com/namhyung/uftrace 24 uftrace – function (graph) tracer for userspace https://github.com/namhyung/uftrace 25 bpftrace – the eBPF tracing language & frontend 26 bpftrace – the eBPF tracing language & frontend 27 cpudist – summarize on- and off-CPU time per task 28 cpudist – summarize on-CPU time per task 29 Linux eBPF-based Observability Tools 30 Measuring Performance perf – Performance analysis tools for Linux ● Official Linux profiler (source code is part of the kernel itself) ● Both hardware and software based performance monitoring ● Much lower overhead compared with instrumentation-based profiling ● Kernel and user space ● Counting and Sampling ○ Counting — count occurrences of a given event (e.g. cache misses) ○ Event-based Sampling — a sample is recorded when a threshold of events has occurred ○ Time-based Sampling — samples are recorded at a given fixed frequency ○ Instruction-based Sampling — processor follows instructions and samples events they create ● Static and Dynamic Tracing ○ Static — pre-defined tracepoints in software ○ Dynamic — tracepoints created using uprobes (user) or kprobes (kernel) 32 perf – subcommands bash ~ $ perf usage: perf [--version] [--help] [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS] The most commonly used perf commands are:
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    SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP4 System Analysis and Tuning Guide System Analysis and Tuning Guide SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP4 An administrator's guide for problem detection, resolution and optimization. Find how to inspect and optimize your system by means of monitoring tools and how to eciently manage resources. Also contains an overview of common problems and solutions and of additional help and documentation resources. Publication Date: September 24, 2021 SUSE LLC 1800 South Novell Place Provo, UT 84606 USA https://documentation.suse.com Copyright © 2006– 2021 SUSE LLC and contributors. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or (at your option) version 1.3; with the Invariant Section being this copyright notice and license. A copy of the license version 1.2 is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. For SUSE trademarks, see https://www.suse.com/company/legal/ . All other third-party trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Trademark symbols (®, ™ etc.) denote trademarks of SUSE and its aliates. Asterisks (*) denote third-party trademarks. All information found in this book has been compiled with utmost attention to detail. However, this does not guarantee complete accuracy. Neither SUSE LLC, its aliates, the authors nor the translators shall be held liable for possible errors or the consequences thereof. Contents About This Guide xii 1 Available Documentation xiii