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The Ecology of Freshwater Bivalves in the Lake Sapanca Basin, Turkey

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The Ecology of Freshwater Bivalves in the Lake Sapanca Basin, Turkey Turkish Journal of Zoology Turk J Zool (2013) 37: 730-738 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/zoo-1212-23 The ecology of freshwater bivalves in the Lake Sapanca basin, Turkey 1, 2 1 3 4 Ertan ERCAN *, Özcan GAYGUSUZ , Ali Serhan TARKAN , Martin REICHARD , Carl SMITH 1 Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Kotekli, Muğla, Turkey 2 Faculty of Fisheries, İstanbul University, Laleli, İstanbul, Turkey 3 Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic 4 School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, UK Received: 17.12.2012 Accepted: 12.06.2013 Published Online: 04.10.2013 Printed: 04.11.2013 Abstract: Despite the ecological importance and globally threatened status of freshwater bivalves, the freshwater mussel fauna of Turkey has hitherto received little attention. The aim of this study was to describe the ecology of freshwater mussels of the Lake Sapanca basin (northwest Turkey) to provide baseline data against which to measure future trends. Five native mussel species belonging to 3 genera were encountered in surveys: Anodonta cygnea, A. anatina, Unio pictorum, U. crassus, and Dreissena polymorpha. In addition, an invasive species from Asia, A. woodiana, was recorded in the region for the first time. A. cygnea and U. pictorum were the most abundant species in the lake, while U. crassus was most abundant in the associated stream. Age and growth parameters were estimated for U. pictorum and U. crassus, and indicated that the latter species had a younger median age and faster growth rate than the former, possibly a function of exclusively occupying a nutrient-enriched stream. The bioecological features of the bivalve fauna of the Lake Sapanca basin, as well as the implications of the introduction of A. woodiana, are discussed. Key words: Turkey, water quality, invasive species, age, growth 1. Introduction are few baseline data against which to measure ongoing Freshwater bivalves are a key component of the ecology population declines or recovery. In Turkey, freshwater of aquatic ecosystems. As sedentary suspension feeders, bivalve communities have received little attention, though they have a direct impact on suspended material in the a limited number of studies have addressed their biology water column and potentially exert bottom-up control on in Turkish freshwaters (Akyurt and Erdoğan, 1993; Kara, phytoplankton blooms (Vaughn et al., 2008; Allen et al., 2004; Yalçın, 2006; Koşal Şahin and Yıldırım, 2007; Ercan, 2011). Large bivalve populations can influence the calcium 2009; Yılmaz, 2011). Additionally, the taxonomic status budget of the water bodies in which they occur (Green, of many bivalves has yet to receive revision in light of 1980), and they provide an integral resource link between modern molecular biology techniques. In this study, we freshwater pelagic and benthic habitats (Howard and Cuffe, describe the freshwater bivalve community of the Lake 2006; Strayer, 2008). The amount and rate of particulate Sapanca basin in northwestern Turkey. Lake Sapanca is an matter removed from the water column by bivalves can be important water body in northwestern Turkey, both from considerable, and freshwater mussels can function in the an ecological and economic perspective. An initial survey rehabilitation of organically polluted waters, particularly of the mollusk fauna of Lake Sapanca was performed by those associated with aquaculture (Ercan, 2009). In addition, Koşal Şahin and Yıldırım (2007) using grab and dredge freshwater mussels are preyed upon by a range of terrestrial sampling. Using these techniques, they identified 4 and aquatic organisms (Öktener, 2004; Vaughn, 2010). species of bivalves, of which 2 were unionids (Anodonta They serve as the intermediate hosts for several parasitic anatina and Unio pictorum). Our aim was to perform species, and some species are themselves parasitic as larvae more comprehensive dive surveys of the bivalve fauna, (Dillon, 2000). Globally, freshwater bivalves are threatened, as well as estimating age and growth parameters on the primarily through habitat deterioration, and in some cases most common mussel species in the lake. We also assessed through direct exploitation (Lydeard et al., 2004). the bioecological features of the native mussel fauna and Despite their key ecological role and threatened status, considered the potential implications of an invasive bivalve mussel faunas in many regions are poorly studied and there species in the region. * Correspondence: [email protected] 730 ERCAN et al. / Turk J Zool 2. Materials and methods mussels were most abundant there (Koşal Şahin and Lake Sapanca is located in the Marmara region of Yıldırım, 2007). northwestern Turkey (40°41′ to 40°30′N, 30°09′ to 30°20′E) Bivalve surveys were conducted between 2007 and 2009 and is one of the most important lakes in the region in by hand collection to a maximum water depth of 3 m. Hand terms of its fisheries and as a source of drinking water collection was used in combination with a bathyscope to (Figure 1). Its surface area is 46.8 km2 with a maximum spot mussel siphons at the sediment surface. All bivalves depth of 55 m. It is 30 m above sea level, with 13 rivers were measured (width, height, and length) using digital flowing into the lake (the rivers Karaçay, Yanık, Kurtköy, calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm and their wet weight Mahmudiye, İstanbul, Maşukiye, Keçi, Sarp, Balıkhane, determined on an electronic balance to the nearest 0.001 Eşme, Liman, Maden, and Arifiye). The lake has one g (Bilgin, 1980). Identification of mussels was performed outflowing river (Çark). The lake is used as a source of in accordance with Killeen et al. (2004). The number of D. drinking water for the city and district of Sakarya and as a polymorpha individuals attached to the shells of Anodonta recreational amenity. Although Lake Sapanca water shows species and U. pictorum was counted. Density of Unio and evidence of enrichment with nitrates and phosphates from Anodonta spp. at the sampling sites was calculated as the trout farms, of which there are more than 30 in the vicinity number of individuals per m2, which was determined by of the lake, it has an oligotrophic character (Albay et al., transects. Mussel collection was maintained for 30 min 2003). Sampling stations around the lake and in associated with skin diving in each sampling occasion. rivers were chosen to be representative of the major habitat Age was determined by thin sectioning of shells types in the lake. There are 3 sampling stations in total: 1 in (Singer and Gangloff, 2011), confirmed by length– the Maşukiye River, 1 at the southern shore (at the mouth frequency analysis (e.g., Negus, 1966). Age determination of the Yanık River), and 1 at the northern shore of Lake was possible only for Unio species; the shells of Anodonta Sapanca (Figure 1). The Maşukiye River site was the most spp. were too thin to section and score reliably (Neves and impacted, since sampling was conducted downstream of Moyer, 1988). Fresh dead shell material for sectioning was its confluence with the Balıkhane River, which has high collected at sample site 1 (Figure 1). quantities of suspended organic and inorganic material Length–weight relationships of mussels were estimated derived from anthropogenic activities. Sampling sites using the function: W = aLb, where W is the total (wet) were concentrated on the western shore of the lake, since weight (expressed in grams), L is the total shell length Değrmen S. Maden S. TURKEY Kuru S. Fındık S. YUKARIDERE 1 : 40,000,000 Lman S. EŞME 3 Çark S. 1 2 Maşukye Stream SAPANCA LAKE ARİFİYE MAŞUKİYE SARIGÖL KURTKÖY YANIK MAHMUDİYE SAPANCA İstanbul S. Sapanca S. 1:75,000 Yanık S. Kurtköy S. Mahmudye S. N Figure 1. Sampling sites in the Lake Sapanca basin. 731 ERCAN et al. / Turk J Zool (expressed in millimeters), and a and b are the parameters was first filtered and then extracted through ethanol. After of the equation. Regressions on log-transformed data centrifugation, absorbance was measured before and after were analyzed using analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) acidification in a spectrophotometer (Ryther and Yentsch, to examine differences in slopes between species (Zar, 1957). 1999). Total shell radius (R) and the radius of annual rings were measured as the smallest distance between the shell 3. Results center and the distal edge. Lengths at previous ages were 3.1. Environmental variables back-calculated using the Fraser–Lee equation (Francis, Seasonally collected environmental variables showed that 1990): Lt = c + (Lc – c)(St/R), where Lt is L when growth the Maşukiye River had a higher nutrient content than the mark t was formed, Lc is L at the time of capture, St is the other sample sites (Table 1). U. crassus occurred exclusively distance from shell center to the growth mark t, R is shell in the Maşukiye River (see below), and was positively radius, and c is the intercept on the length axis of the linear correlated with chemical parameters indicating enriched regression between L and shell radius. The von Bertalanffy waters (NO2, NO3, PO4, TP) and low water temperature growth equation was fitted to lengths at age. The form of (Table 1, r > 0.82, P < 0.01). The abundance of the other –k (t – to) the growth curve is Lt = L∞{1 – e } (Ricker, 1975), bivalve species was not correlated with the chemical and where Lt is the total length of mussel at time t, L∞ is the physical variables measured in the study (Table 1). asymptotic total length, k is the growth coefficient, ando t is 3.2. Bivalve fauna the hypothetical time at which mussel total length is zero. Six species of bivalve belonging to 3 genera were collected Since there was no fishery for mussels in the Lake in surveys: A.
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