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UNIVERSIDADE DO ALGARVE Predicting intention to work with social robots Nuno José Guerreiro Piçarra Tese apresentada para obtenção do grau de doutor em Psicologia Trabalho efetuado sob a orientação de: Professor Doutor Jean-Christophe Giger 2014 Originality Statement and Copyright Predicting intention to work with social robots Declaração de autoria de trabalho “Declaro ser o autor deste trabalho, que é original e inédito. Autores e trabalhos consultados estão devidamente citados no texto e constam da listagem de referências incluída.” Assinatura ………………………… Data………………………………… Copyright “A Universidade do Algarve tem o direito, perpétuo e sem limites geográficos, de arquivar e publicitar este trabalho através de exemplares impressos reproduzidos em papel ou de forma digital, ou por qualquer outro meio conhecido ou que venha a ser inventado, de o divulgar através de repositórios científicos e de admitir a sua cópia e distribuição com objetivos educacionais ou de investigação, não comerciais, desde que seja dado crédito ao autor e editor.” 2 “A mind is like a parachute. It doesn't work if it is not open.” Frank Zappa 3 Acknowledgements To all the accomplices who made this journey possible: My supervisor: J. C. Giger The University The Students My Friends My Family 4 List of Publications and Conference Presentations Publications: Piçarra, N., Giger, J.-C-, Pochwatko, G., & Gonçalves, G. (under review). Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Negative Attitudes Towards Robots Scale. Piçarra, N., Giger, J.-C., Gonçalves, G., & Pochwatko, G. (submitted). A Representação Social do Robô: uma análise estrutural [The social representation of robot: a structural analysis]. Conference presentations: Piçarra, N., Giger, J.-C., Pochwatko, G., & Gonçalves, G. (2012, October). The Robot Got the Looks. Social Robots Appearance as Predictor of Anthrpomorphism and Intention to Work. Presentation at the Workshop on Motivational Aspects of Robotics in Physical Therapy, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Inteligent Robots and Systems (IROS). Vilamoura, Portugal. Piçarra, N., Giger, J.-C., Pochwatko, G. & Gonçalves, G. (2012, July). Prédicteurs psychosociologiques de l'intention de travailler avec un robot social [Psycho- sociological predictors of the intention to work with a social robot]. Presentationa at the 9e Colloque International de Psychologie Sociale en Langue Française. Porto, Portugal. Piçarra, N., Giger, J.-C., Pochwatko, G. & Gonçalves, G. (2012, July). Angoisse face à la mort, sens de l'immortalité symbolique, et attitudes face à la technologie comme prédicteurs de l’attitude envers les robots sociaux. [Death Anxiety, sense of symbolic immortality, and attitudes toward technology as predictors of attitudes towards social robots.]. Presentationa at the 9e Colloque International de Psychologie Sociale en Langue Française. Porto, Portugal. 5 Piçarra, N., Giger, J.C. (2012, May). O robô social: um parceiro de trabalho aceitável? [Social robot: an acceptable work partner?]. Presentation at the VII Encontro de Investigação em Psicologia Social e das Organizações, ISCTE (Escola de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa). Lisboa, Portugal. Piçarra, N., Giger, J.C., Pochatko, G. e Gonçalves, G. (2012, May). Preditores das atitudes face aos robôs sociais. O papel das atitudes face à tecnologia [Predictors of attitude towards social robots. The role of attitudes towards technology]. Poster presented at the XI Encontro de Psicologia no Algarve, Universidade do Algarve. Faro, Portugal. Piçarra, N., Giger, J.C., Pochatko, G. e Gonçalves, G. (2011, May). O Robô Humano: Efeitos do need for cognition, da tomada de perspectiva e das crenças na unicidade da natureza humana na antropomorfização de um robô social [The human robot: effects of need for cognition, perspective taking and belief in human nature uniqueness in the anthropomorphization of a social robot]. Poster presented at the X Encontro de Psicologia no Algarve, Universidade do Algarve. Faro, Portugal. Piçarra, N. (2010, December). Inteligência Robótica. Robôs Sociais. Um novo campo de intervenção para a Psicologia? [Robot inteligence. Social robots. A new field of intervention for psychology?]. Presentation at the Instituto Superior Manuel Teixeira Gomes, Portimão. 6 Resumo Em 1998, uma parceria entre o Instituto de Robótica da Universidade de Carnegie Mellon e o Museu de História Natural de Carnegie deu vida ao SAGE. SAGE é um robô guia, cuja função é acompanhar os visitantes através do Hall dos Dinossauros, fornecendo-lhes informação multimédia. Ao fim de nove meses, os seus criadores (Nourbakhsh et al., 1999) reportavam 174 dias de operação sem supervisão, 135 dos quais sem qualquer erro. Muitos mais casos poderiam ser relatados de forma a ilustrar a crescente utilização de soluções robóticas autónomas orientadas para a interação com os seres humanos. Esta nova geração de robôs recebeu a designação de robôs sociais (ou socializáveis) uma vez que sua construção tem sido orientada por um novo paradigma, o interface social. Ou seja, a construção de um robô social é orientada no sentido de proporcionar ao seu utilizador uma interação “natural”, através de uma presença física (que pode recorrer a formas mais ou menos humanoides), discurso verbal, utilização de gestos ou reconhecimento de estados afetivos. Dadas estas características, é expectável que a crescente utilização de robôs socias em contextos profissionais, venha a colocar novos desafios organizacionais, obrigando à redefinição das competências de várias categoriais profissionais, bem como à redefinição de vários aspetos das relações laborais. É dentro deste quadro que a presente investigação coloca a seguinte questão: Como predizer a intenção de trabalhar com robôs sociais? A pertinência desta questão prende-se com a necessidade de perceber que fatores sociocognitivos irão facilitar ou dificultar a adaptação a esta nova realidade. De forma a estudar esta questão, vários modelos sociocognitivos, que têm recebido suporte empírico por parte da investigação acerca da intenção comportamental e a sua relação com o comportamento futuro são utilizados. O modelo da ação raciocinada (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) afirma que o principal preditor de um comportamento é a intenção comportamental. Esta por sua vez é determinada pela atitude da pessoa acerca do comportamento em causa e da norma subjetiva (a norma subjetiva é definida como aquilo que a pessoa acha que alguém 7 significativo pensa que ele deveria fazer relativamente ao comportamento em questão). A atitude e a norma subjetiva são determinadas por crenças comportamentais e crenças normativas. O modelo do comportamento planeado (Ajzen, 1985, 1991) acrescenta ao anterior modelo a variável controlo comportamental percebido. Desta forma o modelo pode ser também utilizado para estudar comportamentos que não estão completamente sob o controlo volicional da pessoa. O controlo comportamental percebido inclui avaliações objetivas dos recursos (pessoais e materiais) disponíveis, bem como avaliações subjetivas. Tal como a atitude e a norma subjetiva, também o controlo comportamental é determinado por crenças, neste caso designadas, crenças de controlo. O modelo do comportamento dirigido por objetivos (Perugini & Bagozzi, 2001) afirma que, ao contrário do que é postulado pelos dois outros modelos, a motivação para a realização do comportamento não reside na intenção. Da mesma forma, a atitude, a norma subjetiva e o controlo comportamental percebido, embora sugiram uma razão para o comportamento, também não proporcionam a motivação para o realizar. O elemento motivacional seria proporcionado por uma outra variável, o desejo. Para além do desejo, estes autores propõem mais duas variáveis de caracter afetivo, as emoções antecipadas positivas e as emoções antecipadas negativas. Assim, embora a intenção comportamental continue a ser o principal preditor do comportamento, o efeito das outras variáveis, atitude, norma subjetiva, controlo comportamental percebido e emoções antecipadas, passa a ser mediado pelo desejo. Qualquer um dos modelos anteriores tenta explicar o comportamento recorrendo ao menor número possível de variáveis possível (principio da parcimónia). Como tal prescrevem que todas as variáveis externas ao modelo terão sempre o seu efeito sobre o comportamento mediado pelas variáveis do modelo. Com base na literatura e investigação sobre robótica e cognição social/ perceção social, alguns fatores externos foram escolhidos para que os seus efeitos sobre as variáveis dos modelos pudessem ser estudados. Os fatores escolhidos foram: a aparência do robô social (mecânico, humanoide, androide), a crença numa natureza humana única, a perceção de calor e competência (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002), o 8 antropomorfismo (Epley, Waytz and Cacioppo, 2007) e as atitudes negativas relativamente aos robôs (Nomura, Kanda, & Suzuki, 2004, July). De forma a perceber qual a ideia contemporânea de robô, o estudo 1 visou a identificação da representação social de robô seguindo uma abordagem estrutural (Abric, 1993). O núcleo central da representação é dominado pelos temas máquina, tecnologia, futuro e ajuda. Os estudos 2 e 3 testaram a estrutura da tradução portuguesa da escala de atitudes negativas relativamente aos robôs. A análise em componentes principais e a análise fatorial confirmatória identificaram que versão portuguesa era composta por dois fatores, atitudes negativas relativamente a robôs com características humanas e atitudes negativas relativamente a interações com robôs.
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    COVER STORY • 9 Robotopia Rising – Next Generation of Robots in Japan Brings SF Closer to Fact – By Tim Hornyak Photos: Greg McCartney The children were completely ingly fast industrial robots have been immersed in the battle being fought turning out everything from luxury before their eyes. Two teams struggled sedans to printer cartridges, batteries, to gain control of the ball, get it across and, of course, more robots. Japan the pitch and slot it home into the became the most automated place on enemy’s net. When at last one of the earth, but now a new generation of strikers booted it between the posts, the robots designed to help and entertain kids cheered with delight. This was ordinary people instead of improving soccer with a twist – all the players corporate productivity is quickly grow- were robots, humanoid machines that ing up. kids can build and control themselves. The 2005 Aichi Expo held outside It is the latest trend in a technological Nagoya was a world fair that stood out revolution that is sweeping Japan as not only for its 22 million visitors but robots are finally moving out of the fac- for showcasing about 70 types of new tory and into homes across the country. robots that included security patrol machines working on-site, humanoids Big in Japan that marched in a musical band, and lifelike, interactive androids. In fact, Japan has dominated global robotics robots stole the show. Such exhibitions development since robots began work- are nothing new – Expo ‘85 in Tim Hornyak, author ing in manufacturing plants in the Tsukuba, northeast of Tokyo, for of “Loving the Machine: The Art 1970s.
  • FCJ-204 Degrees of Freedom

    FCJ-204 Degrees of Freedom

    FCJ-204 Degrees of Freedom Elena Knox, Waseda University. Abstract: This paper critiques a choreographed performance of embodied agency by a ‘very humanlike’ (Ishiguro, 2006) gynoid robot. It draws on my experience in 2013 with Actroid-F (or Geminoid-F), designed by ATR Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories, when I created six artworks making up Actroid Series I. My analysis here proceeds from and through the part-programmed, part-puppeteered actions and vocalisations of Actroid-F for my six-minute video Radical Hospitality, in which the robotic gynoid actor performs compound negotiations of embodied authority, docility, and compliance. Design of ‘very humanlike’ androids risks instilling into robotic agents existing and discriminatory societal standards. My performance, installation and screen works trouble the gendered aesthetics predominant in this realm of engineering design. doi: 10.15307/fcj.28.204.2017 This paper critiques a choreographed performance of embodied agency by a 'very humanlike' (Ishiguro, 2006) gynoid robot. It draws on my experience at the Creative Robotics Lab, UNSW Australia, in 2013, with Actroid-F (or Geminoid-F), designed by ATR Hiroshi Ishiguro Laboratories [1], when I created six artworks making up Actroid Series I (2015). My analysis here proceeds from and through the part-programmed, part- puppeteered actions and vocalisations of Actroid-F in my six-minute video Radical Hospitality, in which the robotic gynoid actor performs compound negotiations of embodied authority, docility, and compliance. All six artworks in the series seek to induce moments of feminist hyper-awareness, or cognitive lysis (Randolph, 2001), that work against the normalisation of instilling gendered societal restrictions into humanoid robots via their embodiments and functionalities.