MATEC Web of Conferences 168, 04002 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816804002 XXI. AEaNMiFMaE-2018

Analysis of thermodynamic parameters and their influence on the thermal comfort in the working environment

Zuzana Kolková1,*, Peter Hrabovský1, Jozef Matušov1, and Radovan Nosek2 1University of Žilina, Research centre, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia 2University of Žilina, Department of Power Energy, Univerzitná 8215/1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia

Abstract. Air quality inside the building is an important measure of comfort for people living and working in it. Achieving optimal air quality requires a regulated indoor air control system, often in combination with thermal regeneration. Typical short ventilation, irregular window and door ventilation are rarely adequate. From the point of view of the thermal comfort of the environment, it is necessary to predict the development and selection of suitable systems for the thermal comfort of the environment to predict how many thermal factors will affect the population, room temperature uniformity, asymmetry of the radiation temperature, and turbulence intensity of the flowing air. People are capable of detecting heat, temperature changes can feel not only globally, but also as local heat loss on the parts of the body. Thermal comfort is given by the air temperature and radiant heat, air velocity and relative humidity in the room. The main impact of these factors on the comfort level of individuals depends on the activity and type of clothing. The bad thermal comfort is detrimental to workers' health, increasing the risk of accidents and affects adverse effects on the psyche. The assessment of impact of the working environment to human form comparing actual and optimal parameter values of the working environment.

1 Introduction The human body is a continuous source of heat. This metabolic heat production is divided into basal and muscle metabolism. Basic metabolism is the heat produced by biological processes. Muscle metabolism arises in human activity. Heat produced by the organism must be taken to the environment or body temperature changes. The temperature inside the human body is around 37 °C, while the skin temperature may range from 31 to 34 °C depending on the surrounding environment. Differences arise over time but also by parts of the human body [1]. Indoor environments in buildings create many components. Thermal humidity, smell, aerosol, microbial and acoustic components are essential. The basic influence on people has the thermal humidity parameters of the living room. In terms of impact on human health, air

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). MATEC Web of Conferences 168, 04002 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816804002 XXI. AEaNMiFMaE-2018

uality seems to e the most important fator ost of these enironmental omponents are affete y entilation pae temperature uniformity, asymmetry of the raiation temperature, an turulene intensity of the flow air affet thermal omfort eople are apale of eteting heat an they an feel hanges in temperature gloally on the entire surfae of the oy ut also loally on oy parts t has een shown that humans an alimate to amient temperature physiologially an psyhologially t is therefore important to aress the issues of thermal omfort in the interiors uilings an to eperimentally etermine a suitale way of reating the optimal onitions of the enironment he goal is to ensure a sense of satisfation from the enironment an also to inrease work performane an a sense of omfort 3

2 Dantec system Comfortense is a multihannel system for measurement air eloity an air temperature, humiity an operatie temperature t alulates statistial alues – raught rate , reite ean ote an reite erentage issatisfie Comfortense an e use for many appliations inluing C researh an eelopment, testing of entilation euipment, uiling researh, passenger omfort stuies in the automotie an aiation inustries hermal omfort measurements with Comfortense omply with nternational tanars 131, , 3, stanar 113 an stanar he Comfortense system onsists of a main frame with input hannels for up to 1 proes he omniiretional proes measure oth air eloity an temperature he ruggely esigne proes an ales are perfetly suite for large test rooms he raft proe is euippe with an omniiretional thinfilm sensor for measuring air eloity an a small fastresponse thermistor for measuring air temperature igure 1

Fig. 1. rat rob robust vlot tratur rob a ak vrso he manikin ersion of the raft proe is ery ompat, with a fleile ale onnetion to the proe tip, making it suitale for uiling into a manikin for passenger omfort appliations eloity range is to ms, iniates up to 1 ms an temperature is to °C for both types. Robust velocity and temperature proe has eloity range 1 to 3ms umiity range is – 1 ante has also operatie temperature proe he sensor element simulates a staning person when it is ertial, a sitting person when tilte 3 °C from vertical and a reclining person when in the horizontal position. emperature range is – 4 °C (Figure 4

Fig. 2. Hut rob oratv tratur rob a a ra

2 MATEC Web of Conferences 168, 04002 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816804002 XXI. AEaNMiFMaE-2018

uality seems to e the most important fator ost of these enironmental omponents are 3 ASHRAE STANDARD 55 affete y entilation pae temperature uniformity, asymmetry of the raiation temperature, an turulene R tandard (hermal nvironmental Conditions for uman ccupancy is a intensity of the flow air affet thermal omfort eople are apale of eteting heat an standard that provides minimum reuirements for acceptable thermal indoor environments. they an feel hanges in temperature gloally on the entire surfae of the oy ut also t establishes the ranges of indoor environmental conditions that are acceptable to achieve loally on oy parts t has een shown that humans an alimate to amient temperature thermal comfort for occupants. ercent dissatisfied ( represent percentage of people physiologially an psyhologially t is therefore important to aress the issues of predicted to be dissatisfied due to local discomfort. redicted mean vote ( is an inde thermal omfort in the interiors uilings an to eperimentally etermine a suitale way that predicts the mean value of the votes of a large group of persons on the seven point of reating the optimal onitions of the enironment he goal is to ensure a sense of thermal sensation scale. redicted percentage of dissatisfied ( is an inde that satisfation from the enironment an also to inrease work performane an a sense of establishes a uantitative prediction of the percentage of thermally dissatisfied people omfort 3 determined from .

2 Dantec system 4 Experimental setup Comfortense is a multihannel system for measurement air eloity an air temperature, e have a laboratory of chemical analysis. his worplace has three devices which have humiity an operatie temperature t alulates statistial alues – raught rate , furnaces with heating up to °C. We have several systems to ensure optimal woring reite ean ote an reite erentage issatisfie Comfortense conditions. he laboratory is oriented to the outhast side. Roller shutters are installed on an e use for many appliations inluing C researh an eelopment, testing of the windows to regulate the intensity of sunlight during the day when the laboratory is most entilation euipment, uiling researh, passenger omfort stuies in the automotie an used. Floor heating is used to provide heat ceiling cooling to ensure the cold. aiation inustries hermal omfort measurements with Comfortense omply with he ventilation of the laboratory is ensured by circulating air through the ceiling spouts. e nternational tanars 131, , 3, stanar 113 an also use a ceiling airconditioning unit to reduce room temperature. f all three devices are stanar he Comfortense system onsists of a main frame with input hannels for up in full operation room temperature rises rapidly. orers are subect to varying to 1 proes he omniiretional proes measure oth air eloity an temperature temperature changes in a relatively short time in this laboratory. aboratory space is m he ruggely esigne proes an ales are perfetly suite for large test rooms he raft high ( wide is . m ( and long m (. he basis of eperimental verification of proe is euippe with an omniiretional thinfilm sensor for measuring air eloity an a laboratory environment parameters will be the monitoring and graphical comparison of small fastresponse thermistor for measuring air temperature igure 1 velocity humidity and operating temperature. he standard determines the optimal values of environmental parameter according to the purpose of use. etting the room measurement and parameters is in the antec program. t is possible to set the room size location of the measuring probes in the space display options. he natural state of the environment the woring status of the various analysers the use of the air conditioning unit the draft and various weather conditions can be simulated using the laboratorys technological euipment.

Fig. 1. rat rob robust vlot tratur rob a ak vrso 5 Results of measurement he manikin ersion of the raft proe is ery ompat, with a fleile ale onnetion to the proe tip, making it suitale for uiling into a manikin for passenger omfort easurement of environmental parameters was performed during simulated loads. he first appliations eloity range is to ms, iniates up to 1 ms an temperature is measurement was in full operation ( load conditions were monitored at full operation of to °C for both types. Robust velocity and temperature proe has eloity range 1 to two machines without cooling by an air conditioning unit or natural ventilation. he second 3ms umiity range is – 1 ante has also operatie temperature proe measurement was the condition using the air conditioning unit. n this measurement the he sensor element simulates a staning person when it is ertial, a sitting person when effect of air conditioning was measured at the maimum (C and minimum ( setting of tilte 3 °C from vertical and a reclining person when in the horizontal position. the unit. he maimum temperature setting was °C and minimum 22 °C. Measurement emperature range is – 4 °C (Figure 4 – ambient temperature °C, relative humidity 37 wind velocity mh measurement C and – ambient temperature °C, relative humidity 82 and wind velocity mh. he graphical method is used to evaluate the and indices which display individual eperimental measurements and allow instant comparison with the permissible and optimal value. valuation of relative humidity optimal value according to determines – we measured for measurement value . for C . and for . . easurement does not meet the reuirements in the Fig. 2. Hut rob oratv tratur rob a a ra standard. valuation of operative temperature optimal value according to determines – °C, we measured for PP measurement value 25.08 °C, for C – . °C

3 MATEC Web of Conferences 168, 04002 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816804002 XXI. AEaNMiFMaE-2018

and for 22.25 °C. Condition omlies with the norm. t is oolin y the air onditioner at 22 °C. Load PP and C the measured values eeed the otimal value. iure 3 shows the evaluation of the PP and PM arameters and their interdeendene, whih meets the reuirements of the 55 nde tandards at the thermal omfort limits. or PP 0 PMM value and 20 P value of dissatisfied ersons in the iven thermal state of the environment and PM n the rane of 0.5 PM 0.5 PMM value and PM PM .

Fig. 3. a M – asurt

iure shows that load measurements C and under the onditions of simulated load omly with the 55 standard for PM and PP.

Fig. 4. a M – asurt a

4 MATEC Web of Conferences 168, 04002 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816804002 XXI. AEaNMiFMaE-2018 and for 22.25 °C. Condition omlies with the norm. t is oolin y the air 6 Conclusion onditioner at 22 °C. Load PP and C the measured values eeed the otimal value. iure 3 shows the evaluation of the PP and PM arameters and their interdeendene, nn a oo a ann a n an nad aoao. na whih meets the reuirements of the 55 nde tandards at the thermal omfort a a n a o – °C even out of operation. This means limits. or PP 0 PMM value and 20 P value of dissatisfied a a onan aadn ad o on a. ana a ersons in the iven thermal state of the environment and PM n the rane of 0.5 PM ad a – °C during operation. n a a nnad a 0.5 PMM value and PM PM . a nd o od o a. n n n anoon on a d. naon o n n a ndo. a n aoao onan a °C ad o oaon. an n a oaon o nn and a onan a n oo. a oad a ad no adn n a and aa on naon n. a od n n an and a nad ad on an a. n o a oo o a o a a d o ood o and onn aann. an o nn o nd o oo a and on a oo. a aa n ad on nn o n aoa and nad no nn dn Cono .

a od oan a nd – o and e project KEGA No. 042ŽU” Cooling by physical and chemical processes”.

Fig. 3. a M – asurt References uan Theral nvironentals iure shows that load measurements C and under the onditions of simulated Theral oort ssessent o uildins load omly with the 55 standard for PM and PP. Tepelná ochrana budov. Tepelnotechnické vlastnosti stavebných konštrukcií a budov. Časť 3: Vlastnosti prostredia a stavebných výrobkov lubčík, M. Palacka, J. Jandačka, J, eaia 2014 P. Nemec, M. Malcho, J. Jandačka, onerence roceedins 1558

Fig. 4. a M – asurt a

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