Standards of Human Comfort

Relative and Absolute

Michael Boduch and Warren Fincher

csd Center for Sustainable Development

UTSoA - Meadows Seminar Fall 2009

Standards of Human Comfort: Relative and Absolute

Michael Boduch Warren Fincher

Figures 01 and 02. Humans maintain comfort levels in very diverse climates. For something so desirable, comfort While discomfort is about can unfortunately be a nebulous approaching extremes, comfort concept. The room that makes is primarily about determining one person put on a sweater can ranges. Various organizations, make another wish they were in such as American Society of shorts, and some people focus Heating, Refrigeration, and Air- better in contemplative silence while Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), others need ear-splitting music the International Organization simply to get motivated. In these for Standardization (ISO), and differences, however, is the kernel to the European Committee for understanding the nature of comfort: Standardization (CEN) have each that it is phenomenological. written publications that establish these ranges in detail. Yet while Our interface to the world is through these standards provide a set of our senses: touch, sight, hearing, conventions that can be approached smell, and taste. Each one of these as targets, the experience of comfort senses can lead to a greater or remains a product of our senses. lesser degree of comfort, and they can act independently or in concert. Thermal Comfort For instance, our sensation of cold can be so overwhelming that Temperature is the most significant we literally shut down our bodily component to the experience functions, yet at other times we will of comfort in a space. Our tolerate discomfort for a pleasurable bodies perform within an internal experience, such as standing in temperature range much narrower the rain and mud for a concert. than external temperatures. In the Indeed we are more likely to be process our bodies’ metabolism in agreement on the absence of generates heat, which must dissipate comfort. into the surrounding air or surfaces.

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When external temperatures are Differences in temperature within a high, this process becomes more room or across a body can create a difficult and we may overheat or feel sense of discomfort (see Figure 03). Relevant Publications warm. When external temperatures When temperatures from different are low, the rate of heat loss surfaces diverge, we sense a surface ASHRAE Standard 55 3 becomes more rapid, and we may as radiating heat or “giving off” cold. ISO 7730 4 feel uncomfortably cold. When the ceiling is the contrasting EN 15251 5 surface, we note discomfort when Surfaces of a Room. When the ceiling is greater than 9˚ F (5˚ assessing thermal comfort in a C) warmer or 25˚ F (14˚ C) colder temperature to provide a sense confined space, we must examine than the other surface temperatures of discomfort. High levels of both the general temperature in in the room. We allow a greater relative humidity can work against the room, as well as the uneven divergence of wall temperature the evaporative cooling effects of distribution of heat in the room. from alternate surfaces temperature sweating and leave the body prone Typically when people refer to before we sense discomfort, 41˚ F to over-heating. Further, high levels temperature, they mean the (23˚ C) for warmer walls and 18˚ F of relative humidity in inclement 1 temperature of the air; however, (10˚ C) for cooler walls. As well, a winter weather produce a greater our experience of thermal comfort vertical air difference from our feet to sense of cold.6 depends on more than simply air our head shouldn’t exceed 5.5˚ F (3˚ 2 temperature. The mean radiant C), otherwise the high temperature Human beings are sensitive to slight temperature entails averaging gradient highlights one part of the temperature changes, yet cannot the temperatures of each surface body as feeling notably warmer or perceive differences in relative in the room. Combined with the colder than the other. humidity levels within the range of air temperature this produces an 25% and 60%, which is the primary overall measure, the mean operative Relative Humidity. While reason that this range is often cited temperature. However, even this temperature is the most as the baseline.7 If relative humidity measure has its limitations, as how important factors in generating a falls outside this range, there are close a person wil be to a particular phenomenological sense of thermal notable effects. When relative surface is usually variable, and in comfort, many other climatic factors humidity gets too high, discomfort these cases different surfaces will contribute. Relative humidity plays a develops, either due to the feeling of 8 dominate at different times. large part in conjunction with the moisture itself, which is unable to evaporate from the skin, or due to increased friction between skin and clothing with skin moisture.9 When relative humidity gets too low, skin and mucous surfaces <25˚F cooler >9˚F warmer become drier, leading to complaints about dry nose, throat, eyes, and skin.10 In particular, discomfort in >5.5˚F Dierence working environments, which are prone to significant eyestrain, such as an office with a computer, is exacerbated (see Figure 04).11 <18˚F >41˚F cooler warmer Velocity of Air. Air velocity plays a role in the perception of thermal comfort. In hot weather, as the body tries to cool itself, the flow Figure 03. Allowable temerpature variances of air across the body will assist

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evaporative cooling from sweating. When air has a high relative humidity, the air next to the sweating summer and winter comfort zones body may become saturated with moisture, but by moving the air next to the body away and bringing 90 in fresh, lower-humidity air, the evaporation of sweat can continue. Mechanisms of convection can 85 “warm” zone further move the heat generated by metabolic processes from the skin 80 and into the surrounding air. All this condensation issues in winter; leads to continued cooling, and the static mold higher the velocity of air, the more 75 electricity in effective is the process. winter; dry eyes

As helpful as airflow can be in ºF temperature, 70 warm and humid conditions, it can be problematic in others. In cool settings, the same processes of 65 “cool” zone evaporative cooling and convection, which play a key part in cooling the 60 warm body, may cool the inhabitants beyond their levels of comfort. Aside from the cooling effect of airflow, the air speed itself can cause discomfort 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 (see Figure 05). Generally, airflow relative humidity, % slower than 100 feet per minute feels either pleasant or goes unnoticed. summer Higher than that, and the flow of air winter can within an enclosed space can Figure 04. Comfort zones for summer and winter. provoke distraction (up to 200 fpm) and annoyance (above 200 fpm).12

The Role of Color. As a further complication, temperature is not air velocity impact air velocity in feet per minute (fpm) completely determined by our sense of touch. The presence of particular colors found in a space can influence our perceptions of temperature as well as climatic 50 fpm and less 50 -100 fpm 100 - 200 fpm 200-300 fpm 300 fpm + qualities. Experiments reveal that unnoticed pleasant generally pleasant, from slightly drafty requires corrective but causing a to annoyingly drafty measures if work rooms painted in hues between blue constant awareness and health are to be or green can feel colder than rooms of air movement maintained at high efficiency with red or orange walls by as much as 7ºF (3ºC).13

Metabolism. The biggest source of difference in perception, however, Figure 05. Air Velocity Impacts.

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may be our individuality. Our abosorbed, or reflected. The color of perception of surrounding items, bodies generally do a terrific job at a surface represents the frequency and glare can be reduced with light regulating temperatures, but each of the spectrum reflected back to from multiple sources. What is body has a different metabolism the observer. A surface that is white interesting, however, is how these that can change over the course of has most of the spectrum reflected items are only part of the story of years or in the space of a day. Our back equally, whereas one that is visual comfort, and how sometimes metabolisms differ based on long- black has had most of the energy it may be desirable for each of these term factors such as genetics and absorbed. answers to be subverted. sex, medium-term factors such as seasonality, and short-term factors The main focus on visual comfort Role of Other Senses in Interpreting such as exercise or diet. And has traditionally been light levels, Visual Cues. One problem is that metabolism even changes based on contrast, and glare, and upon though we receive light solely with external temperature, further making these there is agreement on many our eyes, our perception is often complex attempts to definitively principles. The first is the more conflated with a reaction occurring anticipate an experience of thermal intense the task, the brighter the light concurrently to our other senses. comfort by the designer, leaving required. This is the main reason For instance, the light that falls from the inhabitant of the architectural operating rooms are much brighter the sun is simultaneously perceived space to engage in a variety of than offices, which are in turn much with the warmth on our skin, which individualistic solutions for regulating brighter than living rooms (see most find a pleasurable experience. the body. Figure 07). The second pertains to Likewise, the light that falls from a contrast: the greater the contrast, fluorescent tube may be associated Visual Comfort the easier the comprehension. This with the background hum of the is why almost every publication uses electrical ballast that produces it, Visible light is that portion of the black text on white paper. The final which most find undesirable. There electomagnetic spetrum that point is that glare is undesirable, as it have been no studies that prove that permits humans to see. It is just a makes it difficult to see the object of office light leads to less productivity, small band of the total spectrum, attention. yet indeed almost uniformly we as indicated in Figure 06. Light believe this to be so. has particle properties and wave Parameters of Light Intensity. Each properties, and when considered as of these issues has been solved Color. There are also other effects a wave, it has a frequency that is tied to some degree. For instance, beyond light levels, contrast, to color. tables exist that indicate desired and glare. Color pertains to a light levels for different types of particular frequency of light, and When light strikes a surface, use, contrast ratios of 1:3 to 1:10 color can have an effect on one’s its energy is either transmitted, foster concentration but still allow comfort. Though it is has not been established whether the influence is

electromagnetic spectrum from the color itself or derived from cultural and historical associations, 100 150 200 300 500 750 1000 1500 2000 people react differently to various segments of the spectrum. For cosmic gamma x-rays ultra infrared radar shortwave instance, gambling has been rays rays violet shown to increase under red light.14 Another consideration is whether

1022 1020 1018 10 16 10 14 10 12 10 10 10 8 10 6 10 4 the light is steady or flickering, frequency in hertz (cycle per second) as flickering light tends to create eyestrain.15 When watching a television or a computer screen, the Firgure 06. Visible Light and the Elecomagenetic Spectrum refresh rate, or how often the image changes, can have a dramatic effect

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lux required for appropriate illuminance 50 100 150 200 300 500 750 1000 1500 2000 seeing little detail little some detail or large size or large low contrast) low difficult (small, difficult or color difficult or color with n detail but with n detail visual tasks with visual tasks visual tasks very very visual tasks for movement and movement for judgment required some risk to others some risk to occasional interiors interiors occasional visual tasks difficult visual tasks occuied interiors for for interiors occuied rarely used interiors used interiors rarely (small, low contrast) (small, low movement and casual and casual movement local lighting will help local easy with high contrast easy with high contrast visual tasks extremely extremely visual tasks occasional interiors for for interiors occasional local lighting may help local visual tasks moderately moderately visual tasks visual tasks moderately moderately visual tasks difficult ,optical aids and difficult ,optical difficult ,optical aids and difficult ,optical visual tasks exceptionally exceptionally visual tasks

tunnels, corridors, loading bays, foyers and libraries, general drawing general fine work and assembly of walkways changing medical entrances, sports and offices, offices, inspection, inspection, minute rooms, stores, turbine halls, assembly engine ceramic electronic hand mechanisms, auditoria plant rooms dining rooms halls, assembly, decoration, assembly, tailoring, finished fabric teaching kitchens, labs meat gauge and precision inspection spaces inspection, tool rooms, assembly chain stores supermarkets

Figure 07. Illuminance levels for room use

on comfort.16 Yet the very fact that can phenomenological enhance the ear stands between thresholds of the light of a candle flickers is also occupation of space. both frequency and magnitude. The what creates its sensual mood. range of pitches humans can hear Auditory Comfort lies between 20 and 20000 Hz.17 As Which is a reminder that visual the body ages, however, the range effects are perhaps the most Sound is created by waves of of frequencies our ears can sense phenomenological of all the comfort compressed air that we perceive begins to diminish, and the ear categories. When entering St with our ear. There are many requires more energy (measured Petri in Klippan, Sweden, a 1960’s objective properties that contribute as higher decibels) in order to hear church by Sigurd Lewerentz, the to how we measure sound based each pitch. Thresholds of sound first impression is one of complete on its wave nature. For instance, pressure also exist for the human darkness. The hollowness of the density of air impacts how fast a ear. Measured in decibels, we can the place, followed by the slow sound moves across a space. The generally hear sounds as quiet as dripping of the baptismal font, is distance between waves, both in 0 db, and 130 db generally stands what draws you into the main space terms of a linear distance as well at the commencement of pain, before your eyes adjust. Each of as time, gives a sound its pitch. though this can depend on the the laws is broken — blindness on Sound also embodies energy, with pitch.18 The combination gives us entry, nonexistent contrast issues, the magnitude of air compression the phenomenological experience of glare from the church windows leading to an experience of volume. loudness. as you turn the corner. Yet, as demonstrated here, the strategic Parameters of Human Hearing. The Loudness. Volume does not use of normally undesirable lighting perception of sound by the human correlate strictly with the magnitude

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of sound pressure. At any given of similarly-pitched sounds does or as locationally ambiguous as pitch or sound frequency, we will not occur. This may be one reason more disconcerting than sounds with experience higher levels of sound why it is possible to tolerate high a locatable source. And sound that pressure as louder tones, which levels of sound coming from trains is extraneous but still perceived as seems intuitive. However, if the or cars as background noise, but information-bearing causes more sound pressure remains constant still be distracted by the sound of a annoyance than the same quality of but the frequency changes, the boisterous crowd at a nearby bar. sound perceived as unintelligible. human ear will experience the sound as increasing or decreasing Noise. Along with having trouble Olfactory Comfort in volume non-linearly and can be delineating the human voice from measured in Phons.19 (see figure background sound, which is the most Olfactory experiences of space 08). Notably, the human ear is most common definition of “noise,” the are not usually recognized within sensitive in the range of frequencies listener responds with annoyance discussions of human comfort, but used in the human voice. Thus, for from a number of other auditory nonetheless the presence of smell aural comfort, there is little need to qualities.20 Sounds with higher can deeply affect our experiences in boost the energy found in sound frequencies and a higher sense one location or another. The smell of frequencies in the range of the of loudness are more prone to flowers and grasses, dust, exhaust, human voice – indeed, there may elicit annoyance. People prefer baked goods, bleach, each suggests be a need to suppress sources continuous noise and broadband a particular setting and perhaps even of sound in this range so that the sounds over intermittent noise and specific memories of places and obfuscating or “masking” of the pure tones. People generally regard events. human voice within a cacophony sounds perceived as non-stationary Indication of Hazards. Certain smells, such as that of smoke and Range of the Range of an exhaust, indicate the presence of adult human voice infant’s cry harmful substances, and proper air change in a space can evacuate 120 both the pathogen and the 120 unfavorable smell. Many smells may 110 promote headaches and may play an 100 100 important role in triggering migraine 21

90 Loudness level (phons) headaches. Along with headache- inducing smells, many restaurants 80 80 have banned perfumes for allergy 70 reasons. 60 60 Promoting Behaviors and Emotions. 50 At first it may appear that the Sound-pressure level (dB) level Sound-pressure 40 40 absence of all odors may seem 30 ideal. Yet other businesses, such as Starbucks, are so concerned Minimum 20 20 audible with smell that they will retool their 10 machines and processes to ensure that the scent identified with their 0 product is not lost.22 Research has also shown that linkages do not even 20 50 100 300 1 kHz 3 kHz 10 kHz 20 kHz need to be direct — consumers will Frequency (Hz) buy more cards, for instance, if it 23 Figure 08. Phons and the effect on the human ear is nearer a candle. Scents can

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also direct emotional responses. In Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is the strip electrons from some of the order to calm patients undergoing term used for conditions that occur molecules in a gas, which in turn an scan with an MRI device, the when occupants spend too much ionize the suspended particulates rooms housing the machines are time in a building that is loaded with in the air into charged particles often lightly scented with vanilla. contaminants, such as gases and which are consequently trapped in Thus strategic use of scents within vapors, odors, aerosols, viruses, the filter.24 Reports suggest that a space can promote desired bacteria, spores and fungi. The this new system can kill 99.999% behaviors and emotional states, situation is exacerbated when air of pathogens in a single pass, and promoting a phenomenological refresh rates are low either due to even on a short flight of about one sense of comfort, even if not tight confines or lack of circulation. hour, the cabin air will pass through consciously recognized as such. the filters approximately 30 times. Preventatives and remedies to Conceivably these technologies Hygienic Comfort poor air quality include filtering air, could be used in buildings as well. maintaining sufficient air replacement Sometimes our senses fail to alert us and ventilation rates, and appropriate Different countries have developed to discomfort, and this will happen sealing of any openings to unfiltered various scales for expressing with issues of air quality. A myriad air or gases, including subterranean outdoor air quality. In all cases, a of negative impacts -- ranging from spaces. As well, poor maintenance correlation is made between the coughs or headaches to severe of air quality equipment can limit their concentration of particulates in illness -- will happen with little efficacy. the air and the probable impact or no advance warning from our on an individual’s health status. senses. A report by the National But somestimes this is difficult, as While the air quality index (AQI) Institute of Occupational Safety and in an airplane. Traditionally fresh used by the U.S. Environmental Health (NIOSH) states that 20% of air was taken near the engines, Protection Agency only gives complaints received are concerned but as jet engine technology has general descriptions about air quality with air quality, and of those 50% matured, air intakes have become ranging from “good” to “hazardous,” were due to inadequate ventilation. compromised and the quality of the the AQIs of Canada and most external air pulled into the aircraft developed Asian countries link a The air we inhale can simply be has deteriorated. HEPA filters help, particulate density with expected nauseous, such as stale, moldy but air quality is still traditionally health problems. The limitations of air. Unfortunately, it is often low. Recently new filtration these AQI arise from the small set of worse. Formaldehyde, a toxic and systems have been developed pollutants measured, usually carbon carcinogenic chemical, has been one using “cold plasma” technology, monoxide, ground-level ozone, sulfur of the most troublesome compounds. which creates a high voltage to dioxide and gross dust particulates. It is a volatile organic compound (VOC), which means it vaporizes indoor contaminants allowable air concentration levels at room temperature. As such, formaldehyde poses a health threat carbon monoxide (CO) < 9 ppm as it off-gases. Asbestos is another carbon dioxide (CO2) < 800 ppm hazardous building material that, airborne mold and mildew simultaneous indoor/outdoor readings when aerosolized, has been proven formaldehyde < 20 µg/m 3 above outside air to promote mesothelioma and lung total VOC < 200 µg/m 3above outside air cancer. Though the detrimental 4 phenyl cyclohexene < 3 µg/m 3 forms of asbestos are no longer in 3 use, it was commonly used in the total particulates < 20 µg/m first half of the twentieth century as regulated pollutants < national ambient-air quality standards an insulating material, and asbestos other pollutants < 5% of TLV-TWA continues to be found in the extant building stock. Figure 09. Acceptable concentration levels

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Indoor air quality is measured of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Input Parameters for Design and Assessment against two primary factors: a Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 55-2004 of Energy Performance of Buildings (Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2004). Addressing Indoor Air Quality, Thermal sense of comfort from the air Figure 05: Boduch, Michael and Warren Environment, Lighting and Acoustics (Pilsen, and no ill-effects to inhabitants’ Fincher, adapted from Vitory Olgyagy, Czech Republic: EN Standards, 2007). health, inclusive of both the Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach phenomenological as well as the to Architectural Regionalism (Princeton Note 06. J. Roset, et. al., “Learning About 25 University Press, 1963). Humidity in Thermal Comfort,” Universitat physical. When speaking of indoor Politecnica de Cataluyna, http://www-fa.upc. air particulates, we may include Figure 06: Boduch, Michael and Warren es/personals/jroset/esun-058.html. odors, irritants, toxic particulate Fincher, adapted from Benjamin Stein, et. substances, biological contaminants al., Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Note 07. Joseph Lstiburek, “Relative Buildings ,10e (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Humidity” (paper presented at the Indoor Air and radon/soil gases. Odors may Wiley and Sons, 2006), 460. Conference, Austin, Texas, 23 April 2003.) or may not be problems for the inhabitants of a space, but the other Figure 07: Boduch, Michael and Warren Note 08. American Standards of Heating, four categories are by definition Fincher, adapted from CIBSE, 1994, Code for Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Interior Lighting (London: Charted Institution (ASHRAE) 2005 ASHRAE Handbook: hazardous to human health if present of Building Service Engineers, 1994.) Fundamentals, Inch-Pound Edition (Atlanta: in high enough concentrations for ASHRAE, 2005), 8-12. certain durations. Irritants may Figure 08: Boduch, Michael and Warren result from building materials, office Fincher, adapted from Benjamin Stein, et. Note 09. American Standards of Heating, al., Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers equipment and service equipment. Buildings ,10e (Hoboken, New Jersey: John (ASHRAE) 2005 ASHRAE Handbook: Toxic particulate substances Wiley and Sons, 2006), 736. Fundamentals, Inch-Pound Edition (Atlanta: includes such items as asbestos, ASHRAE, 2005), 8-12. and biological contaminants are Figure 09: Boduch, Michael and Warren Fincher, adapted from Sandra Mendler, Note 10. Joseph Lstiburek, “Relative comprised of viruses, bacteria, The Greening Curve: Lessons Learned Humidity” (paper presented at the Indoor Air fungi, and algae. Some gases, in the Design of the New EPA Campus Conference, Austin, Texas, 23 April 2003.) such as radon and methane, enter (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: U.S. a building through contact with the Environmental Protection Agency, 2001.) Note 11. Joseph Lstiburek, “Relative Humidity” (paper presented at the Indoor Air soil. Radon departs from most of Notes Conference, Austin, Texas, 23 April 2003.) the soil-released gasses in that radon produces radiation due to its Note 01. American Standards of Heating, Note 12. Vitory Olgyay, Design with Climate: tendency toward rapid decay. Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural (ASHRAE) Standard 55-2004 (Atlanta: Regionalism (Princeton University Press, ASHRAE, 2004), 7. 1963.)

Figures Note 02. American Standards of Heating, Note 13. Johannes Itten, Elements of Color Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken), passim. Cover Photo: http://www.play-montreal. (ASHRAE) Standard 55-2004 (Atlanta: com/?p=170 (accessed 10 December 2009) ASHRAE, 2004), 8. Note 14. “The Role of Light and Music in Gambling Behavior: an Empirical Pilot Study.” Figure 01: iNfinity Trading, www.tradinginfinity. Note 03. American Standards of Heating, International Journal of Mental Health and com/images/sahara_main.jpg (accessed 19 Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Addiction (Springer, New York: 2009). October 2009). (ASHRAE), 2005 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, Inch-Pound Edition (Atlanta: Note 15. New Buildings Institute, Advanced Figure 02: Flickr, www.flickr.com/photos/ ASHRAE, 2005). Lighting Guidelines, 2003 Edition (New peterkelly1/326403399 (accessed 19 October Buildings Institute, White Salmon, 2009). Note 04. International Organization for Washington), 2-15. Standardization (ISO), ISO 7730:2005 Figure 03: Fincher, Warren and Micheal Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment Note 16. New Buildings Institute, Advanced Boduch, developed from American Standards -- Analytical Determination and Interpretation Lighting Guidelines, 2003 Edition (New of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning of Thermal Comfort Using Calculation of the Buildings Institute, White Salmon, Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 55-2004 PMV And PPD Indices and Local Thermal Washington), 2-10. (Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2004), 7-8. Comfort Criteria, (Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 2005). Note 17. Benjamin Stein, et. al., Mechanical Figure 04: Boduch, Michael and Warren and Electrical Equipment for Buildings ,10e Fincher, developed from American Standards Note 05. EN Standards, Indoor Environmental (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons,

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2006), 734. EN Standards. Indoor Environmental Input Spierings E.L., A.H. Ranke, P.C. Honkoop. Parameters for Design and Assessment of “Precipitating and Aggravating Factors of Note 18. Benjamin Stein, et. al., Mechanical Energy Performance of Buildings Addressing Migraine Versus Tension-Type Headache.” and Electrical Equipment for Buildings ,10e Indoor Air Quality, Thermal Environment, Headache 41 (2001): 554-8. (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Lighting and Acoustics. Pilsen, Czech 2006), 734. Republic: EN Standards, 2007. Stein, Benjanim, et. al. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings ,10e. Note 19. Benjamin Stein, et. al., Mechanical International Organization for Standardization Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, and Electrical Equipment for Buildings ,10e (ISO). ISO 7730:2005 Ergonomics of 2006. (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, the Thermal Environment -- Analytical 2006), 734-6. Determination and Interpretation of Thermal Comfort Using Calculation of the PMV and Note 20. Benjamin Stein, et. al., Mechanical PPD Indices and Local Thermal Comfort and Electrical Equipment for Buildings ,10e Criteria. Geneva: International Organization (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, for Standardization, 2005. 2006), 748. Mendler, Sandra. The Greening Curve: Note 21. E.L. Spierings, A.H. Ranke, P.C. Lessons Learned in the Design of the New Honkoop, “PPrecipitating and Aggravating EPA Campus. Research Triangle Park, North Factors of Migraine Versus Tension-Type Carolina: U.S. Environmental Protection Headache,” Headache 41 (2001): 558. Agency, 2001.

Note 22. Julie Jargon, “At Starbucks, It’s Back Itten, Johannes. Elements of Color. to the Grind,” Wall Street Journal (17 June Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons, 1970. 2009). Jargon, Julie. “At Starbucks, It’s Back to the Note 23. Deborah J. Mitchell, Barbara Grind,” Wall Street Journal, 17 June 2009. E. Kahn and Susan C. Knasko, “There’s Something in the Air: Effects of Congruent Lstiburek, Joseph. “Relative Humidity.” Paper or Incongruent Ambient Odor on Consumer presented at the Indoor Air Conference, Decision-Making,” Journal of Consumer Austin, Texas, 23 April 2003. Research 22(2): 229-238. Mitchell, Deborah J., Barbara E. Kahn and Note 24. “Breathing More Easily,” The Susan C. Knasko, “There’s Something in Economist (17 September 2009). the Air: Effects of Congruent or Incongruent Ambient Odor on Consumer Decision- Note 25. Benjamin Stein, et. al., Mechanical Making,” Journal of Consumer Research and Electrical Equipment for Buildings ,10e 22(2): 229-238. (Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, 2006), 112. New Buildings Institute, Advanced Lighting Guidelines, 2003 Edition. White Salmon, Washington: New Buildings Institute, 2003. Bibliography Olgyay, Vitory. Design with Climate: American Standards of Heating, Refrigerating Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Regionalism. Princeton: Princeton University Standard 55-2004. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2004. Press, 1963.

American Standards of Heating, Refrigerating Roset, J., et. al. “Learning About Humidity in and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Thermal Comfort.” Universitat Politecnica de 2005 ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals, Cataluyna, http://www-fa.upc.es/personals/ Inch-Pound Edition. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2005. jroset/esun-058.html (accessed October 19, 2009). “Breathing More Easily,” The Economist, September 17, 2009. Spenwyn, Jenny, Doug J. K. Barrett, and Mark D. Griffiths. “The Role of Light and Music Chartered Institution of Building Service in Gambling Behavior: an Empirical Pilot Engineers (CIBSE). Code for Interior Lighting. Study.” International Journal of Mental Health London: Charted Institution of Building and Addiction (June 11, 2009). http://www. Service Engineers, 1994. springerlink.com/content/rr35377625w20262.

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