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Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery http://oto.sagepub.com/ Expansion Sphincter Pharyngoplasty: A New Technique for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Kenny P. Pang and B. Tucker Woodson Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery 2007 137: 110 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2007.03.014 The online version of this article can be found at: http://oto.sagepub.com/content/137/1/110 Published by: http://www.sagepublications.com On behalf of: American Academy of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery Additional services and information for Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery can be found at: Email Alerts: http://oto.sagepub.com/cgi/alerts Subscriptions: http://oto.sagepub.com/subscriptions Reprints: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsReprints.nav Permissions: http://www.sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav >> Version of Record - Jul 1, 2007 What is This? Downloaded from oto.sagepub.com at UCLA on March 23, 2014 Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery (2007) 137, 110-114 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty: A new technique for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea Kenny P. Pang, FRCSEd, and B. Tucker Woodson, MD, Republic of Singapore; and Milwaukee, WI maneuver noted with the fiberoptic flexible nasopharyngos- OBJECTIVE: In this study, we assessed the efficacy of a new copy. The Muller maneuver is usually graded on a 5-point method (expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty [ESP]) to treat ob- scale,2 from 0 to 4; Terris3 describedet al the Muller structive sleep apnea. maneuver finding based on three levels: soft palatal col- STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a prospective, randomized lapse, lateral pharyngeal wall collapse, and base of tongue controlled trial. collapse. Lateral pharyngeal muscle wall collapse has been METHODS: Forty-five adults with small tonsils, body mass index less than 30 kg/m2, of Friedman stage II or III, of type I demonstrated to be important in the pathogenesis of OSA in 4,5 Fujita, and with lateral pharyngeal wall collapse were selected for imaging studies. Hence, lateral pharyngeal wall collapse the study. should be noted and documented, as it plays a significant RESULTS: The mean body mass index was 28.7 kg/m2. The role in the pathogenesis of OSA. Most authors concur that apnea-hypopnea index improved from 44.2 Ϯ 10.2 to 12.0 Ϯ 6.6 it is difficult to create, surgically, adequate lateral pharyn- (P Ͻ 0.005) following ESP and from 38.1 Ϯ 6.46 to 19.6 Ϯ 7.9 in geal wall tension to prevent its collapse. the uvulopalatopharyngoplasty group (P Ͻ 0.005). Lowest oxygen The lateral pharyngoplasty, first described by1 Cahali, saturation improved from 78.4 Ϯ 8.52% to 85.2 Ϯ 5.1% in the was aimed at addressing the lateral pharyngeal wall collapse ϭ Ϯ Ϯ ESP group (P 0.003) and from 75.1 5.9% to 86.6 2.2% in in patients with OSA. The procedure showed promising P Ͻ the uvulopalatopharyngoplasty group ( 0.005). Selecting a results; however, many patients had dysphagia postopera- threshold of a 50% reduction in apnea-hypopnea index and apnea- tively. hypopnea index less than 20, success was 82.6% in ESP compared with 68.1% in uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (P Ͻ 0.05). The ideal procedure would involve one that is easy to CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The ESP may offer benefits perform, has low morbidity and minimal complications, and in a selected group of OSA patients. does not require any special equipment. 6 © 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Orticochea was first to describe the construction of a Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved. dynamic muscle sphincter, by isolating the palatopharyn- geus muscle, and apposing them bilaterally superiorly in the noring is produced by the vibration of the soft tissues in midline, for the treatment of velopharyngeal incompetence Sthe oral cavity—the soft palate, uvula, tonsils, base of in patients with cleft palates. The modified Orticochea pro- tongue, epiglottis, and lateral pharyngeal walls. These vi- cedure was described by Christel7; theet alprocedure dif- brating soft tissues, when subjected to negative pressure fered by isolating the palatopharyngeus muscle bilaterally, within the upper airway, may lead to collapse of the upper apposing them more superiorly and closing the lateral pha- airway. This collapse (partial or complete) results in upper ryngeal defects with Z-plasty sutures. Using these proce- airway obstruction and apneas. It is known that when the dures, the authors present an innovative technique in creat- inspiratory transpharyngeal pressure exceeds the pharyngeal ing this tension in the lateral pharyngeal walls, preventing dilating muscle action, these apneas and hypopneas1 itsoccur. collapse and reducing the number of apneic episodes. Collapse of the upper airway is usually multilevel, at the The expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty basically consists level of the velopharynx, the base of tongue, and the lateral of a tonsillectomy, expansion pharyngoplasty, rotation of pharyngeal walls. Many patients with obstructive sleep ap- the palatopharyngeus muscle, a partial uvulectomy, and nea (OSA) have bulky thick lateral pharyngeal walls that closure of the anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars. Our contribute to the collapse of the upper airway in these hypothesis was that the expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty patients. The level of collapse is assessed using the Muller technique is superior to the traditional uvulopalatopharyn- Received November 18, 2006; accepted March 8, 2007. 0194-5998/$32.00 © 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2007.03.014 Downloaded from oto.sagepub.com at UCLA on March 23, 2014 Pang and Woodson Expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty: A new . 111 goplasty (UPPP) in patients with small tonsils and signifi- cant lateral pharyngeal wall collapse. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted in 45 consecutive patients. All patient were adults (older than 18 years) who have type I Fujita (retropalatal obstruction) and lateral pharyngeal wall collapse noted on flexible nasoendos- copy. The inclusion criteria included patients with small tonsils (tonsil size 1 and 2), body mass index (BMI) less than 30 kg/m2, and Friedman clinical stage II and III who cannot tolerate nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy or for whom CPAP therapy failed. All patients under- Figure 2 went a thorough clinical examination that included height and Horizontal incision made to divide the inferior end of the palatopharyngeus muscle. weight measurements, neck circumference, BMI, and assess- ment of the nasal cavity, posterior nasal space, oropharyngeal area, soft palatal redundancy, uvula size and thickness, tonsillar procedure with orotracheal intubation, with a Boyle-Davis size, and Friedman tongue position. Flexible nasoendoscopy mouth gag within the oral cavity to keep the mouth open, was performed for all patients, and collapse during a Mueller’s and with isolation of the endotracheal tube forward. A maneuver was graded for the soft palate, lateral pharyngeal 3 bilateral tonsillectomy is performed (Fig 1). The palato- walls, and base of tongue on a 5-pointPatients scale.with pharyngeus muscle is identified; its inferior end is small tonsils, Friedman clinical stage II or III, type I Fujita, and transected horizontally (Fig 2) and rotated superolaterally lateral pharyngeal wall collapse seen on endoscopy were ran- with a figure 8 suture, through the muscle bulk itself, with domized into either the traditional UPPP procedure or the a Vicryl 3-0 round body needle. The muscle is isolated and expansion sphincter pharyngoplasty (ESP). All patients had left with its posterior surface partially attached to the pos- only palatal surgery with no hypopharyngeal surgery. Patients with large tonsils were excluded because we know, from Fried- terior horizontal superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles man’s clinical staging of OSA, that patients with large tonsils (Fig 3). Sufficient muscle has to be isolated to mobilize the have a 80% success rate with traditional UPPP; hence, use of muscle and to allow suturing of the muscle with the Vicryl this new technique (ESP) on patients with large tonsils will not suture. A superolateral incision is made on the anterior pillar justify good results if they are obtained. The mean follow-up arch bilaterally, identifying the arching fibers of the palato- was 6.5 months. All patients had a postoperative polysomno- glossus muscles (Fig 4). The palatopharyngeus muscle is gram at 6 months. The study was approved by the institutional then attached to the arching fibers of the soft palate anteri- review board, ethics committee in the institution. orly with a figure 8 suture, through the muscle bulk itself, with a Vicryl 3-0 round body needle (Fig 5). A partial Surgical Technique uvulectomy is then performed. The anterior and posterior The procedure is performed under general anesthesia, with the patient in the supine position. The authors perform the Figure 3 The palatopharyngeus muscle is mobilized, although not completely, with care taken to leave its fascia attachments to Figure 1 Tonsillectomy is performed. the deeper horizontal constrictor muscles. Downloaded from oto.sagepub.com at UCLA on March 23, 2014 112 Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Vol 137, No 1, July 2007 Figure 4 Superolateral incision made on the soft palate, reveal- ing the arching fibers of the palatini muscles. Figure 5 Vicryl sutures used to hitch up the palatopharyngeus muscle to the soft palate muscles superolaterally. tonsillar pillars are then apposed with Vicryl sutures. The 50% reduction in AHI and AHI less than 15, the ESP same steps are repeated on the opposite side (Figsuccess 6). rate was 78.2%, compared with that of the UPPP All patients were monitored in the postanesthesia care group at only 45.5% (P Ͻ 0.005) (Table 3). Postoperative unit for 4 hours before being transferred to the high depen- endoscopic findings also demonstrated significant reduction dency ward for overnight monitoring. Monitoring included of lateral pharyngeal wall collapse in the ESP group, with continuous pulse oximetry, blood pressure, and pulse rate.
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