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Dalchork Woodland Development Project

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Dalchork Woodland Development Project Dalchork Woodland Development Project Archaeological Evaluation Walkover Survey and Risk Assessment Fig 1: Clearance Cairn Showing Broch Mound in Background Completed by Lewis Prentice on Behalf of Pete Campbell Lewis Prentice - Archaeological Consultant Culnara Bonar Bridge Ardgay IV24 3AP Email: [email protected] Phone: 01863 766719 Mobile: 07909798246 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 2 Executive Summary 3 1.1: Introduction 4 1.2: Site Location, topography and geology 4 2: Desk Based Assessment 7 2.2: Digital Database Archive Sources 7 2.3: National Libraries of Scotland online map resource (NLS) 12 2.4: Archaeological and Historical Background 14 2.5: Archaeological potential 14 3: Walkover Survey 15 3.1: Methodology 15 3.2: Results 15 4: Conclusions and Recommendations 23 Bibliography 25 Appendix 1: Field Records Fig 1: Clearance Cairn Showing Broch Mound in Background Fig 2: Location map Fig 3: Areas targeted for development Fig 4: Shapes 1 & 2 Fig 6: Shapes 3 & 4 Fig 7: Map showing details of enclosure complex (HER) Fig 8: Sites within shape 2 (HER) Fig 9: Bartholemews “Half Inch to the Mile Maps” of Scotland 1899-1905, (1904) Fig 10: OS 1st Edition, Sheet 102, Lairg (1881) Fig 11: OS 2nd Edition 1885 – 1900, Sheet 102 - Lairg (1896) Fig 12: Location of sites identified during the field survey within shapes 1 & 2 Fig 13: Modern Bridge, bank and ditch system. Site 2 007. From S. Fig 14: The low bank, site 2 004, extending NW close to the broch mound. From SW Fig 15: Sites Identified During Field Survey Within Shapes 3 & 4 Fig 16: Site 3 009. Showing stone foundations and walling of potential building. From S Fig 17: Site 3 014. Stone defined feature. From N. Fig 18: Site 4 017, Irregular V shaped bank and ditch. From SW. Fig 19: Newly Surveyed Hut Circle showing view across to Loch Shin. From E. Fig 20: Area of erosion caused by cattle on Cnoc Chatha Hut Circle B. From NW. Acknowledgements I wish to thank Pete Campbell and family, Graeme Wilson and Hazel Moore of EASE Archaeology and Mairead Ni Challanain. 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In August 2013 an archaeological assessment was completed in lieu of a proposed forestry development project aiming to re-establish a plantation of native woodland species in the Dalchork area, North of Lairg in the county of Sutherland. This comprised of a desk based analysis, walkover survey and subsequent risk assessment aiming to establish the scale, scope and extent of the upstanding archaeology within the proposed development area and to assess the impact of the development upon the visible archaeological remains. Several previously known sites, including a broch, several hut circles and an enclosure complex were identified and surveyed within the direct vicinity of the area for development and an assessment of the potential risk to these sites is provided. In addition the survey identified several previously unknown sites, mainly confined to field boundaries, drystone dykes, clearance cairns, probable borrow pits and stone dumps. A previously unknown hut circle and a possible farmstead were also identified and surveyed. Although these sites lie in the vicinity of the development it is considered that appropriate establishment of exclusion zones, avoidance strategies, consideration of mitigation measures and conscientious land management will allow minimal disturbance to and preservation of the archaeological remains in situ. It is considered that direct impact upon the archaeology requiring mitigation need not be necessitated although some monitoring close to sensitive archaeological remains may be desirable. The scale, scope and implementation of these remain at the discretion of the Highland council archaeology unit. Further to this it is argued that the shift from agricultural to silvicultural land management strategies in this area may prevent further adverse taphonomic activity from degrading the archaeological remains and continue to preserve the monuments within their natural landscape setting. 3 1: Introduction An archaeological assessment was conducted by the author on behalf of Pete Campbell in August 2013 in the vicinity of the Dalchork area to the North of Lairg in the county of Sutherland. The survey area comprised 81 hectares of land identified as viable for the establishment of a new forestry plantation of native woodland species. The aim of the survey was to record the location, extent and significance of any archaeological remains through completion of a desk based assessment and walkover survey. Further to this advice was sought to assess the impact of the proposed development upon the integrity of the archaeology and to further suggest potential measures for implementation that would negate any detrimental effect upon the known archaeological remains. An outline of the survey area is provided. The methodology and results of the desk based assessment and walkover survey are discussed in detail with a full collation of the resultant data gleaned from field survey supplied in the appendices. A brief summary of the proposed development along with consideration of its potential impact is included. Through consultation of guidelines set out by the national and local planning authorities and the Forestry Commission (1995) strategies are suggested to prevent any disturbance to the archaeological remains 1.1: Site location, topography and geology. Fig 2: Location map 4 5 Fig 3: Areas targeted for development The Dalchork region is situated in the parish of Lairg in the county of Sutherland. The southern limits of Loch Shin lies immediately to the west at the base of a gently sloping valley within which the survey area is located. It is bordered by Strath Tirry to the west and to the south east, east and north east by Dalchork forest. The town of Lairg, meaning “bordering the lake” (Lairg statistical accounts 1791-99:569) situated several miles to the south. Geologically the area comprises part of the Moine Super Group sedimentary psammite and metamorphic migmatitic rock, and Lewisian gneiss alongside igneous intrusions. Loch Shin has a bed of limestone along its peripheral flank (British Geological Survey). The immediate landscape comprises mainly of undulating open ground, forestry and scattered farmsteads in a sparsely populated rural area. The survey area comprises of 81 hectares of land which is currently used as common grazing although has been identified as suitable for re- establishment of native woodland species. The proposed development area is bisected on both sides by the A836 road and constitutes mainly of rough pasture located immediately between Dalchork forest to the east and the River Shin to the west. A border area lies to the west which is subject to rising of the water table resultant in seasonal flooding rendering the area unsuitable for the establishment of new woodland. Two separate self contained landscape transects have been targeted for development (see fig 3,4 & 5). The first area comprises 51 hectares of rough pasture. Shape 1 lies to the east of the A836 and borders forest to the east and north east with a recently constructed forestry access road cutting through its mid point. A burn runs through the southeast area where the Dalchork Bridge crosses. The area to the west of the roadside (shape 2) defines its western boundary from a prominent curve in the river Tirry creating a slightly raised promontory to the west upon which the broch is situated. The road defines the eastern boundary with a farmstead and access road at the southern extremes. Fig 4: Shapes 1 & 2 6 A second area of approximately 31 hectares lies either side of the A836 just before the junction leading to Shinness. The area to the west of the road (shape 3) is mainly good pasture although with some overgrown and boggy area. The scars from deforestation are clearly visible in the southern extremes. The eastern half (Shape 4) is defined by a slightly raised, westerly sloping hillside, is bordered to the east by Dalchork Forst and is cut through in the upper third by a series of electricity pylons going N-S. Fig 6: Shapes 3 & 4 2: Desk Based Assessment 2.1: Methodology Numerous sources were consulted prior to the undertaking of fieldwork in order to assess the archaeological significance of the general area, to develop an understanding of the changing nature of the landscape over time, to identify the specific archaeological features noted within the development and to identify any areas within the development area that may contain previously unrecorded archaeological remains. This included the consultation of: • Highland Council Historic Environment Records (HER) • National Monuments Record of Scotland (RCAHMS) • National Libraries of Scotland online map resource (NLS) • Written sources • Archive sources • Secondary literature relating to the area • Guideline documentation produced by government bodies (Highland Council, Scottish Government). 2.2: Digital Database Archive Sources The digital archives held by the RCAHMS Canmore database and Highland council HER proved an invaluable resource in identifying the general form and character of the local archaeology of the region 7 and facilitated the recognition of any prior survey work undertaken in the area. Several sites were identified in the direct vicinity of the development area and have been compiled below. A small number of sites identified as being out with the survey area have been compiled in addition given there prima facie relevance to the development. Both the HER and RCAHMS database archives share almost identical site reports although the digital HER reports often contained more data referring to relevant publications, previous survey work and nearby developments which were consulted and referenced where relevant. The database entries have been compiled and referenced in accordance with there geographical location within shapes 1 - 4 in order to provide ease of reference with the results of the walkover survey. Where relevant a summary of the results of the walkover survey has been provided at the end of each entry although shall be dealt with in more detail below.
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