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Symposium – Plant Morphology - Evolving Morphology Conference

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Symposium – Plant Morphology - Evolving Morphology Conference Symposium – Plant Morphology - Evolving Morphology Conference 6th-7th October 2017 – Goetheanum, Dornach- Switzerland Time: 3 – 4:30 pm Languages: English and German. • FLO-RE-S and BELLIS Group Meeting • Participants introducing their work • Deepening questions from contributions • Potential collaborative research • Finding a common agenda Abstracts from Contributions to Plant Morphology Thursday 5th – 9:00 – 9:45 am João Felipe Ginefra Toni Some Notes on the Origins, Method and Contemporary Relevance of Goethe’s Biology of Form, Formation and Transformation. Morphology can be seen as an independent and an auxiliary scientific discipline. By tracing back the origins of morphology, some historical aspects of its program and development are presented as an attempt to reassess Goethe’s (process- oriented) morphological method in contemporary biology. Examples of studies in plant systematics and evolutionary developmental biology can reveal that morphology does not only contribute to, but rather, it is at the inceptions of such research areas. Thursday 5th – 3:00 – 4:30 pm Louis Ronse de Craene Space matters: How spatial constraints affect the Morphology of Flowers It is generally assumed that floral morphology is essentially regulated by the play of genetic and environmental forces. However, morphological novelties in flowers are often caused by subtle changes in the relationship of organs at their initiation. Three major factors are responsible in changing the spatial configuration of flowers: heterochrony (or shifts in the initiation sequence of organs), external and internal pressures of organs, and the relationship between organ size and diameter of the floral apex. A number of examples of the order Caryophyllales (Caryophyllaceae, Montiaceae, Phytolaccaceae) demonstrates the effect of spatial constraints on floral morphology and evolution. It is suggested that floral evolution is regulated by a changing balance of biophysical forces, genetic predisposition, and pollinator choice, which act in variable degrees. Kester Bull-Hereñu Morphological changes in flowers linked to size shifts of meristems To understand how flower and inflorescence form changes through evolution it is important to understand in the first place how the floral phenotype is achieved in the individuum, i.e. how the corresponding ontogenetic process occurs and under which principles it takes place. Understanding the ontogenetic process and its drivers is a powerful framework for understanding and inferring changes that the floral phenotype of a given lineage might have experienced in evolutive time. Since flower and inflorescences are formed on a meristematic tissue, the particular conditions found therein at the time of floral initiation should certainly have an influence over the resulting mature phenotype. Here we present three examples of how floral and inflorescential morphology has evolved in intimate relation to their evolving meristematic sizes. We first show how the presence or absence of a terminal flower in the umbellet of Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae) correlates with the size of the floral unit's meristematic size before the terminal flower is initiated. Secondly, we present how heterostylic morphs in Oxalis L. (Oxalidaceae) species are linked to the area of the meristems from which they are formed. We finish by showing that diversity of organ number observed in flowers of different Eucryphia Cav. (Cunoniaceae) species is also correlated with meristematic dimension prior to organ inception. We conclude that variation in meristematic size does have an effect over the resulting floral phenotype and that extracting general principles governing the consequences of meristematic size shifts in flowers could contribute to the understanding of the evolving flower morphology. Jan-Albert Rispens Die Fruchtbildung bei der bedecktsamigen Pflanze aus goetheanistischer Sicht In Goethes „Metamorphose der Pflanze” ist die Rede von einer dreimaligen, qualitativ jeweils verschiedenartige Ausdehnung und Zusammenziehung des Blattorgans, das als Ur-Organ der Pflanze gedeutet wird; im vegetativen Bereich, innerhalb der Blüte und postfloral, während der Frucht- und Samenbildung. In diesem Kurzbeitrag soll das Augenmerk auf die bisher goetheanistisch „vernachlässigte” Fruchtbildung, ihre Voraussetzungen innerhalb der Blüte und ihr reiches Potential an Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten gelenkt werden. Friday 6th – 9:00 – 10:30 am Rolf Sattler Philosophy of Plant Morphology Eight philosophies or world-views will be discussed and it will be shown how they influence morphological research: the questions we ask and the answers we give. Goethe’s outlook and morphology encompassed all of these eight world- views. Modern evolving morphology could greatly benefit from such an all- embracing outlook. Peer Schilperoord Form as a Process – Taking hold and letting go Plant morphology is the branch of science which deals with the comparison of plant forms. Goethe is seen as the founder of morphology as he developed comparison into a standard method. One of the central concepts in his works is that of “metamorphosis”. Metamorphosis means transformation. Goethe's work “The Metamorphosis of Plants” describes the different forms which the leaf assumes from germination up to fruit formation. Nowadays this concept is only used in science to describe the diversity of forms shown by the basic organs of leaf, root and shoot. Goethe regarded metamorphosis as a process which progresses linearly in time. He took annual plants as models and developed and explained his ideas on them. Upon critical analysis, it appears that this classical metamorphosis is not a continuous process: it does not follow a linear course. In the study of metamorphosis, too little attention has been paid to perennial plants which lignify. They are better suited as a model to explain metamorphosis. In addition, there are several types of metamorphoses: in fact, the life cycle of a plant can be understood as a metamorphosis cycle. The leaf has two outward forms: on the one hand the leaf scale and on the other the classical leaf with leaf base, leaf stalk and leaf blade. The idea that the scale is a leaf reduced to the leaf base undervalues the importance of the leaf scale. It has its own role, just as does the leaf. Bud and twig, scale and stem leaf are mutually dependent, and together are one. Vegetative bud and flower bud: the formation of the flower is accompanied by the impulse of bud formation, the impulse for the formation of spores and, directly following this, the formation of the gametes in the pollen grains and the ovules. The impulse for flower formation takes hold of all the organs of the vegetative bud. The metamorphosis of the flower is not linear. Stamens do not turn into carpels. There are several levels of wholeness: 1. Taking all the sciences together – including molecular genetics and spiritual science – enables a holistic view of the plant. Insights from these areas can have a stimulating effect on the study of morphology. 2. A holistic approach to the plant at the level of form works from the whole into the parts. It is complemented by the prevailing viewpoint which attempts to construct the whole starting from the parts (building blocks). The holistic approach divides. The metamorphosis associated with this is that of “organic division”. The essential complement to the traditional model of the basic organs of root, stem and leaf (building block model) is the dividing model. The plant is divided into shoot and root and then into stem axis and root axis i.e. into the organs of leaf and root. The leaf is divided into scale and stem leaf. The power to judge in beholding: the power to judge in beholding is an ability which develops by actively following the transformation of form. Through this the imagination as a faculty achieves a flexibility which is related to that which lives in the plant kingdom. The work in this metamorphosis project has progressed to the point where the results can be presented to the general public and the didactic resources required for teaching can be developed. Thinking about form as a process is an aid to the development of flexible thinking. This flexibility is required in all areas of life. Saturday 7th – 9:45 – 10:30 am Rolf Rutishauser Hiding Proteus – or Chaos? Eye and Mind in modern plant morphology and Evo-Devo research Complementary perspectives may serve as heuristic devices for the elucidation of evolutionary and developmental aspects of plant forms, e.g. the holographic paradigm as anticipated by Agnes Arber (1879 – 1960), and process morphology as proposed by Rolf Sattler, being somewhat related to Goethe’s dynamic morphology. Goethe recognized the “leaf” of vascular plants as transforming Proteus who may be hidden completely. – There are various groups of flowering plants not fitting the bauplan of typical vascular plants (cormophytes). River- weeds (Podostemaceae), relatives of St. John’s wort (Hypericum), and bladderworts (Lentibulariaceae, especially Utricularia), relatives of snap- dragon (Antirrhinum) have lost the classical root-stem-leaf (or root-shoot) model. They show new and often somewhat chaotic patterns that may be understood as adaptation to an (often submerged) aquatic life. For example, many river-weeds transform their “roots” into green ribbons or disk-like crusts that are attached to rocks in tropical waterfalls and river-rapids. – Presence and absence of spiral tendency in the plant kingdom is another topic of my talk, as shown by phyllotaxis patterns
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