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An Ecoregional Conservation Plan for the Caucasusan Ecoregional Conservation Plan for the Caucasus

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An Ecoregional Conservation Plan for the Caucasusan Ecoregional Conservation Plan for the Caucasus AN ECOREGIONAL CONSERVATION PLAN FOR THE CAUCASUSAN ECOREGIONAL CONSERVATION PLAN FOR THE CAUCASUS Second Edition May 2006 ISBN 99940-58-55-X Design and printing Contour Ltd 8, Kargareteli street, Tbilisi 0164, Georgia May, 2006 Coordinated by: In collaboration with: With the technical support of: Assisted by experts and contributors: ARMENIA MAMMEDOVA, S. NAKHUTSRISHVILI, G. POPOVICHEV, V. AGAMYAN, L. MUKHTAROV, I. NINUA, N. PTICHNIKOV, A. AGASYAN, A. NAJAFOV, A. SERGEEVA, J. BELANOVSKAYA, E. AKOPYAN, S. ORUJEV, Ad. SIKHARULIDZE, Z. SALPAGAROV, A. AMBARTSUMYAN, A. ORUJEV, Al. SOPADZE, G. SHESTAKOV, A ARZUMANYAN, G. RAKHMATULINA, I. TARKHNISHVILI, D. SKOROBOGACH, J. BALYAN, L. RZAEV, R. TOLORDAVA, K. SPIRIDONOV, V. DANYELYAN, T. SATTARZADE, R. TAMOV, M. DAVTYAN, R. SAFAROV, S. IRAN TUNIEV, B. GABRIELYAN, E. SHAMCHIYEV, T. AGHILI, A. VAISMAN, A. GLYCHIAN, D. SULEIMANOV, M. EVERETT, J. (Coordinator) BELIK, V. GRIGORYAN, E. SULTANOV, E. FARVAR, M.T. JENDEREDJIAN, K. TAGIEVA, E. JAZEBIZADEH, K. KAZARYAN, H. KAVOUSI, K. TURKEY KAZARYAN, M. GEORGIA MAHFOUZI, M. ALTINTAS, M. KHASABYAN, M. ARABULI, A. MANSURI, J. ATAY, S KHOROZYAN, I. ARABULI, G. NAGHIZADEH, N BIRSEL, A. MANVELYAN, K. (Coordinator) BERUCHASHVILI, G. NAJAFI, A. CAN, E. MARKARYAN, N. BERUCHASHVILI, N. ZIYAEE, H. CIFTCI, N. MURADYAN, S. BUKHNIKASHVILI, A. RAHMANIYAN, M. DOMAC, A. RUKHKYAN, L. BUTKHUZI, L. GURKAN, B. SHASHIKYAN, S. CHEKURISHVILI, Z. IPEK, A. TOVMASYAN, S. DIDEBULIDZE, A. RUSSIA KALEM, S. VANYAN, A. DZNELADZE, M. BIRYUKOV, N. KUCUK, M. VARDANYAN, J. EGIASHVILI, D. BLAGOVIDOV, A. KURDOGLU, O. VOSKANOV, M. GELASHVILI, A. BRATKOV, V. KURT, B. ZIROYAN, A. GOGICHAISHVILI, L. BUKREEV, S. LISE, Y. (Coordinator) ZORANYAN, V. GOKHELASHVILI, R. CHILIKIN, V. URAS, A. GURIELIDZE, Z. ERIZHEV, K. ZEYDANLI, U. JAVAKHISHVILI, Z. GALUSHIN, V. AZERBAIJAN JORJADZE, M. KHAKUNOV, B. EXTERNAL ABDULLAEV, N. KANDAUROV, A. (Coordinator) KYATKOV, V. BAUER, G. AKHMEDOV, F. KARTSIVADZE, S. KOTLOBAY, A. EVERS, M. ALIEV, K. KAVTIASHVILI, I. KREVER, O. JUNGIUS, H. ASKEROV, E. (Coordinator) KOLBIN, G. KREVER, V. (Coordinator) LANGHAMMER, P. AYDYNOV, T. KVELADZE, I. KROKHMAL, A. MOERSCHEL, F. GULIYEV, S. LABADZE, D. LUKAREVSKI, V. NAGY, S. GUSEINOVA, F. LEJAVA, V. MAMBETOV, M. SCHMIDT-KALLERT, E. ISKANDEROV, T. LOBJANIDZE, B. MEREMKULOV, M. SCHUERHOLZ, G. ISMAILOV, H. LOLUA, G. MOSKVINA, M. STALDER, H. JAFAROV, O. LOMTADZE, Z POLITKO, A. STRAND, H. KANGARLI, T. LORTKIPANIDZE, B. POLITKO, I. SYLVEN, M. LATIFOV, D. MACHARASVILI, I. POLIVANOVA, N. WILSON, A. Edited by L. Williams, Conservation Biologist, N. Zazanashvili, G. Sanadiradze and A. Kandaurov, WWF Caucasus Programme Office 1 CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 6 PART I. BIOLOGICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENTS OF THE CAUCASUS ECOREGION .................................................................................. 8 1. Overview and Conclusions of the Biological Assessments ...................................................... 8 1.1. Global Significance ................................................................................................................... 8 1.2. Physical and Biological Characteristics of the Caucasus Ecoregion ....................................... 8 1.2.1. Landscape Features ............................................................................................................... 8 1.2.2. Climate .................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2.3. Flora ...................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2.4. Fauna ..................................................................................................................................... 11 1.3. Major Ecosystems ................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.1. Forest Ecosystems ............................................................................................................... 13 1.3.2. Freshwater Ecosystems........................................................................................................ 14 1.3.3. Marine Ecosystems ............................................................................................................... 15 1.3.4. High Mountain Ecosystems .................................................................................................. 16 1.3.5. Dry Mountain Shrubland Ecosystems .................................................................................. 16 1.3.6. Steppe Ecosystems .............................................................................................................. 17 1.3.7. Semi-Desert Ecosystems...................................................................................................... 18 1.4. The Protected Areas System in the Caucasus Ecoregion ...................................................... 18 1.4.1. Types of Protected Areas ...................................................................................................... 18 1.4.2. Current Status of the Protected Areas System ..................................................................... 19 1.4.3. Gaps in the Protected Areas System .................................................................................... 20 1.5. Major Threats to Biodiversity in the Caucasus Ecoregion ...................................................... 21 1.5.1. Illegal Logging, Fuelwood Harvesting, and the Timber Trade............................................. 21 1.5.2. Overgrazing .......................................................................................................................... 22 1.5.3. Poaching and the Illegal Wildlife Trade ............................................................................... 22 1.5.4. Overfishing ........................................................................................................................... 23 1.5.5. Infrastructure Development ................................................................................................. 23 1.5.6. Water Pollution ..................................................................................................................... 24 1.5.7. Root Causes ........................................................................................................................ 24 2. Overview and Conclusions of Socio-Economic Assessments ............................................... 25 2.1. Institutional Framework ........................................................................................................... 25 2.2. Nature Conservation Legislation ............................................................................................. 26 2.3 Economic Situation.................................................................................................................. 26 2.4. Infrastructure and Regional Development .............................................................................. 27 2.5. Demography and Social Trends .............................................................................................. 28 2.6. Stakeholders in Biodiversity Conservation in the Caucasus Ecoregion and Investment Overview ...................................................................................... 28 2.6.1. National Governments ......................................................................................................... 28 2.6.2. Bilateral and Multilateral Donors.......................................................................................... 29 2.6.3. International NGOs and Foundations .................................................................................. 30 2.6.4. Regional NGOs .................................................................................................................... 30 2.6.5. Scientific institutions ............................................................................................................ 30 2.6.6. Business Sector ................................................................................................................... 31 2.6.7. Investment Strategy of the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) for the Caucasus Hotspot and Ecoregion Conservation Plan ............................................. 31 3. Conclusions of the Biological and Socio-Economic Assessments ....................................... 32 2 PART 2. PRIORITY BIOMES, FOCAL SPECIES, AND A BIODIVERSITY VISION FOR THE CAUCASUS ECOREGION ................................................................................. 34 1. Priority Biomes ...............................................................................................................................34 1.1. Forest Biome ..........................................................................................................................34 1.2. Freshwater Biome ..................................................................................................................35 1.3. Marine Biome ..........................................................................................................................35 1.4 High Mountain Biome .............................................................................................................36 2. Focal Species .................................................................................................................................36
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