Potassium and Nitrogen Fertilization Vs. Trace Element Content of Maize (Zea Mays L.)
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Suppression Mechanisms of Alkali Metal Compounds
SUPPRESSION MECHANISMS OF ALKALI METAL COMPOUNDS Bradley A. Williams and James W. Fleming Chemistry Division, Code 61x5 US Naval Research Lnhoratory Washington, DC 20375-5342, USA INTRODUCTION Alkali metal compounds, particularly those of sodium and potassium, are widely used as fire suppressants. Of particular note is that small NuHCOi particles have been found to be 2-4 times more effective by mass than Halon 1301 in extinguishing both eountertlow flames [ I] and cup- burner flames [?]. Furthermore, studies in our laboratory have found that potassium bicarbonate is some 2.5 times more efficient by weight at suppression than sodium bicarhonatc. The primary limitation associated with the use of alkali metal compounds is dispersal. since all known compounds have very low volatility and must he delivered to the fire either as powders or in (usually aqueous) solution. Although powders based on alkali metals have been used for many years, their mode of effective- ness has not generally been agreed upon. Thermal effects [3],namely, the vaporization of the particles as well as radiative energy transfer out of the flame. and both homogeneous (gas phase) and heterogeneous (surface) chemistry have been postulated as mechanisms by which alkali metals suppress fires [4]. Complicating these issues is the fact that for powders, particle size and morphology have been found to affect the suppression properties significantly [I]. In addition to sodium and potassium, other alkali metals have been studied, albeit to a consider- ably lesser extent. The general finding is that the suppression effectiveness increases with atomic weight: potassium is more effective than sodium, which is in turn more effective than lithium [4]. -
Role of Trace Minerals in Animal Production
ROLE OF TRACE MINERALS IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION What Do I Need to Know About Trace Minerals for Beef and Dairy Cattle, Horses, Sheep and Goats? Connie K. Larson, Ph.D. Research Nutritionist, Zinpro Corporation Eden Praire, MN 55344 Presented at the 2005 Nutrition Conference sponsored by Department of Animal Science, UT Extension and University Professional and Personal Development The University of Tennessee. Introduction The role of trace minerals in animal production is an area of strong interest for producers, feed manufactures, veterinarians and scientists. Adequate trace mineral intake and absorption is required for a variety of metabolic functions including immune response to pathogenic challenge, reproduction and growth. Mineral supplementation strategies quickly become complex because differences in trace mineral status of all livestock and avian species is critical in order to obtain optimum production in modern animal production systems. Subclinical or marginal deficiencies may be a larger problem than acute mineral deficiency because specific clinical symptoms are not evident to allow the producer to recognize the deficiency; however, animals continue to grow and reproduce but at a reduced rate. As animal trace mineral status declines immunity and enzyme functions are compromised first, followed by a reduction in maximum growth and fertility, and finally normal growth and fertility decrease prior to evidence of clinical deficiency (Figure 1; Fraker, 1983; Wikse 1992). In order to maintain animals in adequate trace mineral status, balanced intake and absorption are necessary. Figure 1. Effect of declining trace mineral status on animal performance Mineral Status Immunity & Enzyme Function Adequate Maximum Growth/Fertility Normal Growth/Fertility Clinical Signs Subclinical Clinical Trace Mineral Function To better understand the role of trace minerals in animal production it is important to recognize that trace elements are functional components of numerous metabolic events. -
Determination of Trace Element Levels in Patients with Burst Fractures
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Determination of trace element levels in patients with burst fractures Shahab Ahmed Salih Gezh, M.D.,1 Abdurrahman Aycan, M.D.,2 Halit Demir, M.D.,1 Cemal Bozlına, M.D.3 1Department of Chemistry, Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Science and Literature, Van-Turkey 2Department of Neurosurgery, Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Medicine, Van-Turkey 3Department of Neurosurgery, Van Training and Research Hospital, Van-Turkey ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine trace element levels (Zn, Fe, Mn, Mg, Cu, Cd, Co, and Pb) in patients with burst fractures in Van Province, Turkey. METHODS: The study included a total of 44 participants with no additional pathologies, including 22 patients with burst fractures aged over 18 years who were admitted to the neurosurgery departments at two hospitals between June 15, 2015 and January 20, 2016 and 22 healthy volunteers. Serum samples were obtained from all participants to measure the serum levels of trace and heavy elements, including Mn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe, Co and Zn, using atomic absorbance spectrophotometry. RESULTS: The trace element levels of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Mg were significantly lower (p<0.001), whereas those of Fe, Cd, and Pb were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group. In addition, the levels of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Mg were lower and the levels of Fe, Cd, and Pb were higher in the patient group than in the control group. CONCLUSION: The probability of burst fracture and its causes leading to any injury may be considered as an indicator balance for the concentration of trace elements between the patient group and control group and may also be a risk factor associated with the bone exposed to burst fracture Significant changes in serum levels of Zn, Cd, Mn, Mg, Pb, Fe, Cu and Zn elements can be observed in patients with burst fractures. -
Adverse Health Effects of Heavy Metals in Children
TRAINING FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS [Date …Place …Event …Sponsor …Organizer] ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS IN CHILDREN Children's Health and the Environment WHO Training Package for the Health Sector World Health Organization www.who.int/ceh October 2011 1 <<NOTE TO USER: Please add details of the date, time, place and sponsorship of the meeting for which you are using this presentation in the space indicated.>> <<NOTE TO USER: This is a large set of slides from which the presenter should select the most relevant ones to use in a specific presentation. These slides cover many facets of the problem. Present only those slides that apply most directly to the local situation in the region. Please replace the examples, data, pictures and case studies with ones that are relevant to your situation.>> <<NOTE TO USER: This slide set discusses routes of exposure, adverse health effects and case studies from environmental exposure to heavy metals, other than lead and mercury, please go to the modules on lead and mercury for more information on those. Please refer to other modules (e.g. water, neurodevelopment, biomonitoring, environmental and developmental origins of disease) for complementary information>> Children and heavy metals LEARNING OBJECTIVES To define the spectrum of heavy metals (others than lead and mercury) with adverse effects on human health To describe the epidemiology of adverse effects of heavy metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper and Thallium) in children To describe sources and routes of exposure of children to those heavy metals To understand the mechanism and illustrate the clinical effects of heavy metals’ toxicity To discuss the strategy of prevention of heavy metals’ adverse effects 2 The scope of this module is to provide an overview of the public health impact, adverse health effects, epidemiology, mechanism of action and prevention of heavy metals (other than lead and mercury) toxicity in children. -
Essential Trace Elements in Human Health: a Physician's View
Margarita G. Skalnaya, Anatoly V. Skalny ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS IN HUMAN HEALTH: A PHYSICIAN'S VIEW Reviewers: Philippe Collery, M.D., Ph.D. Ivan V. Radysh, M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc. Tomsk Publishing House of Tomsk State University 2018 2 Essential trace elements in human health UDK 612:577.1 LBC 52.57 S66 Skalnaya Margarita G., Skalny Anatoly V. S66 Essential trace elements in human health: a physician's view. – Tomsk : Publishing House of Tomsk State University, 2018. – 224 p. ISBN 978-5-94621-683-8 Disturbances in trace element homeostasis may result in the development of pathologic states and diseases. The most characteristic patterns of a modern human being are deficiency of essential and excess of toxic trace elements. Such a deficiency frequently occurs due to insufficient trace element content in diets or increased requirements of an organism. All these changes of trace element homeostasis form an individual trace element portrait of a person. Consequently, impaired balance of every trace element should be analyzed in the view of other patterns of trace element portrait. Only personalized approach to diagnosis can meet these requirements and result in successful treatment. Effective management and timely diagnosis of trace element deficiency and toxicity may occur only in the case of adequate assessment of trace element status of every individual based on recent data on trace element metabolism. Therefore, the most recent basic data on participation of essential trace elements in physiological processes, metabolism, routes and volumes of entering to the body, relation to various diseases, medical applications with a special focus on iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), iodine (I), cobalt (Co), chromium, and molybdenum (Mo) are reviewed. -
High Potassium Eating
High Potassium Eating Why is eating a high potassium diet important? Potassium is a mineral found naturally in many foods. It can help lower blood pressure and may lower the risk of heart disease and stroke. It is used in your body to make the heart beat, to build protein and muscle, to make energy from food and to help kidneys work. Potassium-rich foods maintain your body’s potassium levels. Depending on your age, aim for a daily intake of: Age group (years) Recommended Potassium Intake (mg/day) 1-3 3000 4-8 3800 9-13 4500 14-70 4700 >70 4700 Pregnancy (all age groups) 4700 Breastfeeding (all age groups) 5100 Your Doctor will closely watch the potassium level in your blood. He will tell you if you need to eat more or less high potassium foods. You may need more potassium if you: take certain medications such as some types of diuretics (water pills). are losing too much potassium through urine, sweat or diarrhea. have high blood pressure. The "Steps You can Take" section below has lists of high potassium foods to help you increase your daily potassium intake. © 2017 Province of British Columbia. All rights reserved. May be reproduced in its entirety provided source is acknowledged. This information is not meant to replace advice from your medical doctor or individual counseling with a registered dietitian. It is intended for educational and informational purposes only. Updated: 2017-02-27 | PAGE 1 of 10 To increase potassium in your diet, choose potassium-rich foods most often. Choose a variety of foods from each of the four food groups to meet your potassium needs. -
Potassium Content of Foods
Potassium Content of Foods This is a guide to help you as you watch the amount of potassium you eat each day. The general guideline is to limit your intake of high potassium foods, and to choose acceptable potassium foods more often instead. Your provider may have a goal daily maximum of potassium intake per day, which is noted here: ____________ milligrams (mg) potassium per day. Serving sizes of food are important. If you eat more than 1 serving size of foods that are low or moderate in potassium, you can end up consuming a total higher amount of potassium. Actual values may vary depending on the product or processing. You can also refer to food labels or other resources for actual values. High Potassium Foods (more than 200 mg/serving): Limit/ Avoid Fruits Food Serving Size Potassium (mg) Bananas, raw 1 medium 425 Cantaloupe, raw ½ cup 215 Figs, dried 2 each 260 Kiwi, raw 1 medium 240 Mango, raw 1 each 325 Nectarine, raw 1 each 275 Oranges, raw 1 each 240 Orange Juice ½ cup 235 Pomegranate, raw 1 whole 400 Raisins ¼ cup 270 UMHS Patient Food and Nutrition Services - 1 - Vegetables Food Serving Size Potassium (mg) Artichoke, cooked 1 medium 345 Avocado, raw ¼ each 245 Bok Choy, cooked ½ cup 316 Broccoli, cooked ½ cup 230 Greens, Beet, cooked ½ cup 655 Pumpkin, canned ½ cup 250 Spinach, cooked ½ cup 420 Sweet Potatoes, baked with skin 1 medium 450 Tomatoes, raw 1 medium 290 Tomato Juice ½ cup 275 White Potatoes, baked with skin 1 medium 925 White Potatoes, boiled ½ cup 255 White Potatoes, mashed ½ cup 330 Winter Squash, cooked ½ cup 250 Zucchini, cooked 1/2 cup 220 Other Food Serving Size Potassium (mg) Chocolate 1 ½ ounce bar 165 Coconut Milk 1 cup 497 Coconut Water, ready-to-drink 1 cup 404 French Fries, fast food 3 oz/ small 470 Milk, chocolate 1 cup 420 Milk, fat free, low fat, whole 1 cup 350-380 Nuts: almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts, 1 oz 200 Brazil, cashew, mixed Nuts: pistachios 1 oz 295 Potato Chips 1 oz 465 Raisin Bran, dry 1 cup 385 UMHS Patient Food and Nutrition Services Potassium Content of Foods - 2 - Salt Substitute (i.e. -
Potassium Intake of the US Population
Potassium Intake of the U.S. Population What We Eat in America, NHANES 2009-2010 Food Surveys Research Group Dietary Data Brief No. 10 September 2012 Mary K. Hoy, EdD, RD and Joseph D. Goldman, MA Highlights Potassium is identified in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans as a nutrient to be increased in the diet (1), and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation for Adequate Intake of potassium is 4700 mg per day (2). The average potassium intake of Current evidence suggests that an increased intake of potassium lowers blood the U.S. population 2 years and pressure (1, 3, 4). A low intake may be one factor that contributes to the older was 2640 mg per day and development of high blood pressure, especially when sodium intake is high (1, intake of the U.S. population 5). Some research suggests that a higher intake of potassium may reduce the has remained relatively adverse effects of a high sodium intake on blood pressure (2, 3). Blacks and unchanged since the mid-1990s. those with hypertension may especially benefit from an increased intake of The Institute of Medicine potassium (1). In addition to its effects on blood pressure, a higher potassium recommendation for Adequate intake mayypgy(),g reduce the risk of developing kidney stones (2), and might decrease In ta ke o f po tass ium i s 4700 mg bone loss (2). Data on the intake of potassium in the United States as reported in per day. What We Eat In America, NHANES 2009-2010 are presented in this report. -
Evidence for a Carbonatite-Influenced Source Assemblage for Intraplate
minerals Article Evidence for a Carbonatite-Influenced Source Assemblage for Intraplate Basalts from the Buckland Volcanic Province, Queensland, Australia Joshua J. Shea * and Stephen F. Foley Department Earth and Planetary Sciences and ARC Centre of Excellence for Core to Crust Fluid Systems, Macquarie University, North Ryde 2109, New South Wales, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 June 2019; Accepted: 7 September 2019; Published: 10 September 2019 Abstract: Eastern Australia contains a widespread suite of primitive (MgO 7.5 wt.%) intraplate ≥ basaltic provinces, including those sited along the longest continental hotspot track on Earth ( 2000 km), the Cosgrove track. The Buckland volcanic province is the most southerly basaltic ≈ province on the Cosgrove track before a >1600 km stretch that contains only sparse leucitite volcanism. Buckland is also situated just northeast of the edge of thick cratonic lithosphere where it transitions to a thinner continental lithosphere (<110 km) to the east, which may influence the production of plume-derived melts. Here, analysis of minor and trace elements in olivines in alkali basalts and basanites from the Buckland Province are combined with whole-rock compositions to elucidate the mantle source assemblages, and to calibrate minor and trace element indicators in olivine for application to source mineralogy. Olivine xenocrysts show element concentration ranges typical for peridotites; Mn and Al concentrations indicate that the ambient mantle is spinel, rather than garnet, peridotite. High modal pyroxene content is indicated by high Ni, Zn/Fe, and Fe/Mn in olivines, while high Ti/Sc is consistent with amphibole in the source. Residual phlogopite in the source of the basanites is indicated by low K/Nb in whole rocks, while apatite contains high P2O5 and low Rb/Sr ( 0.015) and Sr/La ( 13). -
Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride
DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES DRI FOR Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate Panel on Dietary Reference Intakes for Electrolytes and Water Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes Food and Nutrition Board THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by a contract between the National Academy of Sciences and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Contract No. 282-96-0033, T03; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; the U.S. De- partment of Agriculture; Health Canada; the Institute of Medicine; the Dietary Reference Intakes Private Foundation Fund—International Life Sciences Institute-North America and the Dannon Institute; and the Dietary Reference Intakes Corporate Donors’ Fund. Contribu- tors to the Fund have included Roche Vitamins, M&M/Mars, Mead Johnson Nutritionals, and the Nabisco Foods Group. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Institute of Medicine (U.S.). -
Periodic Table Key Concepts
Periodic Table Key Concepts Periodic Table Basics The periodic table is a table of all the elements which make up matter Elements initially grouped in a table by Dmitri Mendeleev Symbols – each element has a symbol which is either a Capital Letter or a Capital Letter followed by a lower case letter Atomic Number – the number above an element’s symbol which shows the number of protons Atomic Mass – the number found below an elements symbol which shows the mass of the element. Mass = the number of protons + the number of neutrons Metals – the elements which have the properties of malleability, luster, and conductivity o These elements are good conductors of electricity & heat. o Found to the left of the zig-zag line on the periodic table Nonmetals – do not have the properties of metals. Found to the right of the zig-zag line Metalloids – elements found along the zig-zag line of the periodic table and have some properties of metals and nonmetals (B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, and Po) Groups The columns going up and down (There are 18 groups) Group 1: Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, and Francium Elements arranged so that elements with similar properties would be in the same group. o Group 1 Alkali Metals - highly reactive metals o Group 2 Alkali Earth Metals – reactive metals o Group 3-12 Transition Metals o Group 17 Halogens – highly reactive non-metals o Group 18 Noble Gases - do not react or combine with any other elements. Elements are grouped according to their properties or reactivity Reactivity is determined by the number of electrons in an element’s outer energy level These electrons are called valence electrons Periods The rows that run from left to right on the periodic table (There are 7 periods) Period 1 contains 2 elements, Hydrogen and Helium. -
NUTRIENTS in DRINKING WATER Manuel Olivares, MD Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology University of Chile Santiago, Chile
4. ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS IN DRINKING WATER Manuel Olivares, MD Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology University of Chile Santiago, Chile Ricardo Uauy, MD, PhD Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology University of Chile Santiago, Chile London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine University of London London, United Kingdom ______________________________________________________________________________________________ I. INTRODUCTION Most of the inorganic chemicals in drinking water are naturally occurring. They are acquired by the contact of water with rocks and soil and the effects of the geological setting, including climate (1-4). However, the chemical composition of drinking water also depends on the contaminating effects of industry, human settlements, agricultural activities and water treatment and distribution (1-4). Depending on water quality at the source, filtration, coagulation, and addition of chemicals to adjust pH and/or control corrosion treatments are employed (1-5). In addition, chlorination or iodination may be used for disinfection and fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries (6-8). Leaching of minerals from metal components used in water treatment plants and plumbing materials occurs when pH and hardness of water are not adjusted. Some of the main sources of dissolved metals include: for Cu- copper or brass plumbing system; Fe- cast iron, steel, and galvanised plumbing system; Zn- zinc galvanised pipes; Ni- chromium- nickel stainless plumbing system; Pb- derived from tin-lead or lead solder; and for Cd- as an impurity in zinc galvanised pipes or cadmium containing solders (1-4,9). Recently, fortification of drinking water has been used in the prevention of iron deficiency in children (10) and to provide iodine in select populations (11).