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Confucius and Immanuel Kant: the Problem of Virtue and Morality

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Confucius and Immanuel Kant: the Problem of Virtue and Morality Asian Social Science; Vol. 11, No. 19; 2015 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Confucius and Immanuel Kant: The Problem of Virtue and Morality Nazgul Zhanisovna Kudaibergenova1, Saniya Edilbay1, Gulzhan Kanaevna Abdigalieva1 & Zhandos Zhumalbekovich Kumganbayev1 1 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan Correspondence: Nazgul Zhanisovna Kudaibergenova, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan. E-mail: [email protected] Received: May 4, 2015 Accepted: May 13, 2015 Online Published: July 30, 2015 doi:10.5539/ass.v11n19p211 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n19p211 Abstract The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the basic principles of Confucius and Immanuel Kant ethics, and made an attempt to make a reconstruction of the moral ideal in the context of comparative philosophy of the East - West. Particular attention was paid to the following objectives: - to perform a comparative analysis of the Confucius teachings and Kant's philosophy to recreate the spiritual significance of Confucian and Kantian philosophy in understanding the issues of virtue, moral and spiritual development of man - based on existing research in the field of comparative studies, Confucianism and Kantian ethics to analyze the ontological, anthropological, moral content of these teachings. To reveal the essence of humanistic social and ethical teachings of Confucius and the philosophy of Kant. The philosophical teaching of Confucius had a profound impact on the development of ethical thought in China. In Western philosophical space Immanuel Kant is a significant figure, and developed by him the doctrine of moral categorical imperative and an autonomous morality is the basis of almost all further attempts to build ethical models in the West. Keywords: Confucius, I. Kant, ethics, virtue, comparative studies, Lun Yu, categorical imperative 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction to the Problem In recent years, the problem of finding the global values of Confucian tradition, as well as its interaction with the West-European philosophy has become the central issue of many philosophical studies. The representatives of the so-called "New Confucianism” who since the late 20s of the last century have been widely discussed issues of democracy, openness and cultural and religious tolerance, initiated this process. 1.2 Actuality of the Problem The concept of "humanism", in other words "humanity", focuses on a man-individual, person, or group of people or family considers as a certain form of existence. From here originates the basic assertion of humanism, that man, or rather, man's life has some form of unconditional (congenital) human value. The concept of unconditional (congenital) human value, the moral principles and moral values are the basis of fundamental moral principles in many humanistic systems. Two great thinkers in the history of philosophy - Kant and Confucius - shared commitment to morality, which they represented not only as a final duty of human existence, but also as the highest expression of humanity (humanity). Both thinkers have tried to guide humanity on the path of formation of moral principles and values. Morality is not always the result of civilization, as it was noted by Rousseau (Rousseau, 1998). Philosophers from almost every era lamented the deplorable situation of morality in their era and were convinced that they were witnesses to the moral decline as a result of many years of destruction and neglect of moral value system. Kant notes that (To a high degree, we are, through art and science, cultured. We are civilized - perhaps too much for you own good - in all sorts of social grace and decorum. But to consider ourselves as having reached morality - for that, much is lacking) (Kant, 1988). Confucius also noting the decline of moral standards of his era, recalled the old days, when the virtuous rulers, such as emperor of the Zhou Dynasty and mythical emperors Zfj and Shun were the moral inspiration for the people. The teachings of Confucius largely determined the basic parameters for the development of Chinese philosophy. The philosophical teaching of Confucius had a most profound impact on the development of ethical thought in 211 www.ccsenet.org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 11, No. 19; 2015 China. Confucian teachings originally evolved as an ethical and political doctrine, focused primarily on morality and ethics in politics and education, so that created a unique socio-cultural genotype underlying the reproduction and the functioning of the Chinese society. In Western philosophical thought on the other hand, Immanuel Kant's doctrine of morality, autonomy of the morality has become a kind of the basis of follow ethical philosophies of the West. Comparative analysis of the ethical teachings of the philosophers from the standpoint of the philosophy comparative studies is possible, based on the value approach to the creation of the two thinkers. 2. Method In the article a comparative analysis of the ethical concept of Confucius and Kant was made. To perform this task, we use in preference the dialectical method with its basic categories and principles that have been created by G. F. F. Hegel and developed by K. Marx, as well as well-known representatives of the dialectical logic, such as J. M. Abdildin, G. S. Batishchev, E. V. Ilyenkov, L. K. Naumenko, K. Jaspers and others. And also, for the disclosure of the subject such methods are used: ascent from the abstract to the concrete, historical and logical generalization, systematization. The article also uses the following methods of comparative studies: comparative historical method, analogies method, synthetic method. In the analysis of the historical and philosophical text of ancient Chinese philosophy textual and evaluative techniques were used. Undoubted role in uncovering the topic of this article played the works which carried matching of eastern and western worldview, Eastern and Western philosophy, as well as analyzed the features of the basic categories of the traditional ancient Chinese philosophy. These are the works of M. T. Stepanyants, T. P. Grigorieva, A. I. Kobzev, Froese K., Tu Wei-ming, Moe Tszunsan. 3. Results The comparative method and Hermeneutics of Confucian texts and the ethical principles of Kant allowed revealing and justifying the following: 1) The principle of "respect for the moral law" is the basis of Confucian and Kantian ethics. 2) In the ethical concepts of Confucius and Kant we can see certain things in common. According to Kant, the debt is something other than moral purity of motive and firmness of moral convictions. Through debt moral value alleges that inherent in each man as a rational and moral being. Confucius category "jen" is human beginning in man, which is also his duty. We cannot say who is a person at the same time don’t answer on the question of what are the signs of his moral. 3) According to the ethical concepts of Confucius and Kant, man is called to be encouraged the mind to moral behavior that is expressed in veneration of the moral law. The meaning of life is in the connection of virtue and happiness. Only such a duty, which contributes to the happiness of man and mankind, is an ethical value. 4. Discussion 4.1 Wise Confucius Ethics Philosophy arises at a certain stage of historical development of human culture. Karl Jaspers called it "axial time", and refers "to the spiritual process, which was between 800 and 200 years. BC "(Jaspers, 1991). VI - IV centuries BC was in China "golden centuries of philosophy", as all the major philosophical trends and ethical-political schools appeared there during this period. This intelligent surge defined in the millennium ahead the development of the spiritual life of Chinese society. According to traditional Chinese chronicles a period of Chun Qiu (770 - 476 BC.) - Zhang Guo (475 - 221 BC.). Chinese philosophy teachings took shape in the form of two major schools - Taoism ("Jia Dao") and Confucianism ("Ms. Jia"). Their founders were thinkers Lao Tzu and Confucius. But philosophy did not appear out of nowhere. It is preceded by a long period of formation of the premises and conditions of its appearance. A prerequisite for the development of philosophy in China has been long-term accumulation and assimilation of knowledge about the laws of the world device. At this stage of development the ancient Chinese man sees himself as part of nature, not separate from it his consciousness. But it was a natural stage of development, when "the emergence of ideas" connected directly with the physical activity of people and language. The researcher of ancient Chinese philosophy, A. E. Lukyanov, noted that "in the final stages of the tribal organization, they formed gnoseo-ontological structure of the pre-philosophic mind, when body-spiritual categories of the opposition of top and bottom precede active cognitive work of thinking in all aspects of the emerging philosophy - philosophical anthropology, sociology, cosmology and epistemology" (Perelomov, 1993). "Golden Age" of philosophy in China has been directly linked with the intellectual activities of many members of a particular social category - "shi". It is "shi" inheriting and developing the traditional mind had to move with 212 www.ccsenet.org/ass Asian Social Science Vol. 11, No. 19; 2015 the method of dialectical views on the nature of people when they are engaged in the creation of different models of social organization. The question arises, what are the "shi". In the VIII-VI centuries BC the term "shi" refers to the descendants of the very low level of aristocratic patronymy (tsung-tzu). It used to be warriors, and not noble officials. The VI-III centuries BC the scope of their activities gradually expanded, being intelligent and competent people, many of them are engaged in an active intellectual activities. Philosophers, culture experts, psychologists, theologians, sociologists, anthropologists, and other representatives of the various branches of science XX century reflect on the problem: What is man, and how a person should live.
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