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Andhra Pradesh Greening theGrid Andhra Pradesh Pathways to Integrate 175 Gigawatts of Renewable Energy into India’s Electric Grid State-specific results from Volume II, which includes all of India. The full reports include detailed explanations of modeling assumptions, results, and policy conclusions. www.nrel.gov/india-grid-integration/ NREL/TP-6A20-70948 Assumptions About Infrastructure, Demand, and Resource Availability in 2022 Assumptions about RE and conventional generation and transmission in Andhra Pradesh in 2022 78° 80° 82° 84° Conventional Capacity (MW) Odisha 10,000 8,000 Maharashtra Peak load (GW) 12 Chhattisgarh 6,000 Super-Coal Gas CC Gas CT Hydro Nuclear Sub-Coal Other Total annual load 160 4,000 (TWh) 18° 18° 2,000 Telangana Installed non-RE 20 Ownership: State or Private Central capacity (GW) Installed RE capacity 19 RE Capacity (MW) 16° 16° (GW) Andhra Rooftop PV Pradesh Utility Scale PV l g a Total import/export 47 n Wind e B 4,000 8,000 12,000 f capacity (GW) o y a B Node RE Capacity (MW) Transmission 14° 14° Capacity (MW) > 5,000 16,000 – 21,000 3,500 – 5,000 Andhra Pradesh has 50 Karnataka 11,000 – 16,000 2,000 – 3,500 6,000 – 11,000 tie-lines connecting it to 500 – 2,000 1,000 – 6,000 other states in this model. Tamil < 500 < 1,000 Nadu 0 78° 80° 82° 84° NREL and LBNL selected RE sites based on the methodology explained in Volume 1 of this report, which is available at www.nrel.gov/docs/fy17osti/68530.pdf. Rooftop PV has been clubbed to the nearest transmission node. 3 ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA Andhra Pradesh Resource Availability in 2022 Available wind, solar, and hydro energy throughout the year in Andhra Pradesh Available Solar, 100S–60W Scenario Available Hydro Energy ) 60 1.00 40 0.75 Hydro with Storage 0.50 ) 20 ilable (monthly ly 0 ava 0.25 TWh 0.00 lable (dai Available Wind, 100S–60W Scenario JanFeb Mar Apr MayJun JulAug SepOct Nov Dec avai 150 GWh 100 Daily solar energy is relatively consistent throughout 50 the year, while wind energy varies seasonally. 0 JanFeb Mar Apr MayJun JulAug SepOct NovDec Jan Note: Y-axis is different for each resource 4 ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA Operation in Andhra Pradesh with Higher Levels of RE: RE Penetration in 2022 Increased amounts of RE available in Andhra Pradesh change Andhra Pradesh’s generation mix and therefore the operation of the entire fleet. Annual energy generation in Monthly RE generation and load in Andhra Pradesh in Andhra Pradesh the 100S-60W scenario Wind and solar produce 6 51% of total Load 75 Wind Solar−PV Load generation 4 Curtailment in Andhra Sub−Coal 2 Pradesh and 50 Super−Coal Generation (TWh) meet 56% of Gas CT 0 Gas CC load. JanFeb Mar Apr MayJun JulAug SepOct NovDec Generation (TWh) Hydro 25 Solar−PV Wind RE penetration by load and generation 0 Coal generation No New RE 100S−60W falls by 48% 100S-60W and gas by 55% 19 GW of wind and solar power Percent time RE is over 50% of load 54 between No generates 45 TWh annually. Peak RE as a % of load 180 New RE and Percent time RE is over 50% of generation 51 100S-60W. Peak RE as a % of generation 98 6 ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA Operation in Andhra Pradesh with Higher Levels of RE: Imports and Exports Increased RE generation inside and outside of Andhra Pradesh affects flows with surrounding states. Andhra Pradesh’s net exports are nearly double Distribution of flows across state-to-state corridors in the 100S-60W scenario compared to No New RE. A large portion of the increase in exports is to Tamil Nadu, which is able to decrease its imports from Chhattisgarh as a result. Imports Exports fall by rise by 6.6% 5.0% annually annually SCENARIO NET EXPORTS (TWh) No New RE 4.8 net exporter 100S-60W 8.4 net exporter 8 ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA Operation in Andhra Pradesh with Higher Levels of RE: Rest of the Fleet The addition of RE in Andhra Pradesh changes net load, which is the load that is not met by RE and therefore must be met by conventional generation. Due to changes in net load, hydro and thermal plants operate differently in higher RE scenarios. Example days of load and net load in Andhra Pradesh Increased daytime solar generation causes February 15 July 15 November 15 a dip in net load, which requires Andhra 12 Pradesh to increase net exports, turn down its thermal generators, or curtail RE. For 8 much of the day on 15 July, increased wind generation drives Andhra Pradesh’s daytime 4 net load below zero (>100% RE penetration). Load (GW) 0 Hourly net load ramps for all periods 12am 06am 12pm 06pm 12am 06am 12pm 06pm 12am 06am 12pm06pm of the year, ordered by magnitude Net Load Load Andhra Pradesh No New RE 100S−60W No New RE ) 5000 100S−60W Peak 1-hour net load up-ramp in the Maximum net load valley-to-peak 0 100S-60W scenario is 9.1 GW, ramp is 13 GW in the 100S-60W (MW / 1 Hour up from 2.1 GW in the No New scenario, up from 4.0 GW in the Net Load Ramp Rate −5000 RE scenario. No New RE scenario. 10 ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA Changes to Andhra Pradesh’s Coal Fleet Operations Operational impacts to coal Average PLF of coal generators in Andhra While Pradesh, disaggregated by variable cost Percent of time on at Number of coal PLFs Plant load factors minimum generation generator starts are lower fleetwide in RELATIVE VARIABLE COST NO NEW RE 100S-60W 100S-60W, Lowest 1/3 73 46 generators with higher Mid 1/3 55 16 variable costs Highest 1/3 27 1.6 are impacted more. Fleetwide 63 32 One week of coal operation in Andhra Pradesh Coal plant load factors (PLFs) are lower The coal fleet in the 100S-60W scenario due to more is committed frequent cycling and operation at minimum much less and generation levels. operates at or near minimum generation more in the 100S-60W scenario. 11 ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA Changes to Andhra Pradesh’s Hydro Fleet Operations Average day of hydro in Andhra Pradesh by season Jan−May, Oct−Dec Jun−Sept W) 1.00 0.75 0.50 verage Generation (G A 0.25 12am 04am 08am 12pm 04pm 08pm 12am 04am 08am 12pm 04pm 08pm No New RE 100S−60W Hydro plants follow a more pronounced two-peak generation profile due to Minimum generation levels during the availability of solar power during the middle monsoon season hinder the ability of of the day. hydro to shift generation to net load peaks as it does more fully in the months outside of the monsoon. 12 ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA How Well Is RE Integrated? Curtailment and Operational Snapshots Curtailment levels indicate how efficiently RE is integrated. Large amounts of curtailment signal inflexibility in the system, preventing grid operators from being able to take full advantage of the available renewable resources. Total daily curtailment throughout the year in 5.6% of wind and Andhra Pradesh 40 solar is curtailed Curtailment is highest in June and July 30 annually. when wind energy is highest. Monthly 20 ailment (GWh) curtailment is higher than 6% June rt 10 y Cu through November. Dail 0 JanFeb Mar Apr MayJun JulAug SepOct NovDec 100S−60WNo New RE RE curtailment as a percent of Average daily curtailment in March and July available energy by substation Almost all in Andhra Pradesh (each dot represents a substation) RE curtailment July March occurs in 7.1% of periods in 4 the year. 3 2 erage Curtailment (GW) 1 Av 0 12am 04am 08am 12pm 04pm 08pm 12am 04am 08am 12pm 04pm 08pm No New RE 100S−60W 14 ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA Examples of Dispatch During Interesting Periods in Andhra Pradesh The following pages show dispatch in Andhra Pradesh during several interesting periods throughout 2022. The vertical magenta line highlights the dispatch interval associated with the figure title. High load period: Generation, load, and interchange (values in GW unless otherwise specified) 22 March 5:15 am LOAD CURTAILMENT HYDRO COAL GAS RE NET EXPORTS RE PENETRATION (%) 12.4 0 0.5 6.1 0.5 5.3 0 43 Load Curtailment Sub−Coal Super−Coal Load Gas CT Curtailment Gas CC Sub−Coal Hydro Super−Coal Solar−PV Gas CT Wind Gas CC Hydro Low Solar−PVload period: Generation, load, and interchange (values in GW unless otherwiseWind specified) 27 May 2:30 am LOAD CURTAILMENT HYDRO COAL GAS RE NET RE PENETRATION EXPORTS (%) 6.4 0 0.1 1.1 0.2 6.7 1.8 106 16 ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA Example Dispatch Days High RE period: Generation, load, and interchange (values in GW unless otherwise specified) 4 September 9:30 am LOAD CURTAILMENT HYDRO COAL GAS RE NET EXPORTS RE PENETRATION (%) 10.1 0.4 0.7 0.6 0 13.3 4.5 131 Load Curtailment Sub−Coal Super−Coal Load Gas CT Curtailment Gas CC Sub−Coal Hydro Super−Coal Solar−PV Gas CT Wind Gas CC Hydro Low Solar−PVRE period: Generation, load, and interchange (values in GW unless otherwise specified)Wind 13 December 4:15 am LOAD CURTAILMENT HYDRO COAL GAS RE NET IMPORTS RE PENETRATION (%) 8.3 0 0.1 7.7 0.3 0 0.2 0.5 17 ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA Example Dispatch Days High curtailment period: Generation, load, and interchange (values in GW unless otherwise specified) 13 June 12:00 pm LOAD CURTAILMENT HYDRO COAL GAS RE NET EXPORTS RE PENETRATION (%) 8.1 7.7 0 0.9 0 7.7 0.5 95 Load Curtailment Sub−Coal Super−Coal Load Gas CT Curtailment Gas CC Sub−Coal Hydro Super−Coal Solar−PV Gas CT Wind Gas CC Hydro Low Solar−PVcoal period: Generation, load, and interchange (values in GW unless otherwise specified)Wind 12 July 12:30 am LOAD CURTAILMENT HYDRO COAL GAS RE NET EXPORTS RE PENETRATION (%) 7.6 0 0 0.3 0.5 7.9 1.1 104 18 ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA Conclusions Based on this study’s assumptions about demand and installed Andhra Pradesh has the highest RE penetration of any state and generation and transmission relatively high RE curtailment.
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