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Atlas Title AP ATLAS on Climate Change Impacts on Crop Water Balance of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) in Rainfed Districts of Andhra Pradesh K S Reddy, M Kumar, V Maruthi, N Ravi Kumar, M Maheswari, A K Sikka, P Lakshminarayana, Vijayalakshmi, B Umesha and Y V K Reddy National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture Hyderabad - 500059, India Citation: Reddy K S, Kumar M, Maruthi V, Ravi Kumar N, Maheswari M, Sikka A K, Lakshminarayana P, Vijayalakshmi, Umesha B and Reddy Y V K (2015). Atlas on Climate Change Impacts on Crop Water Balance of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) in Rainfed districts of Andhra Pradesh. ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, PP:100 (C) 2015, ICAR- Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad Copies : 200 Published by The Director ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture Hyderabad - 500059, India Ph: 040-24530177 Fax: 040-24531802 Website : http://www.crida.in Email: [email protected] ISBN No: 978-93-80883-33-5 Cover page by K S Reddy and P Lakshminarayana No part of this book may be reproduced for use in any form, by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission from the Director, ICAR-Central Research institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad. Disclaimer: The purpose of this atlas is to present the spatial information in a manner that is useful for decision making and hence the maps are indicative and notional only. This publication and the maps contained herein should not be used for any administrative, legal or other such purposes. No part of this publication should be used as evidence in resolving any kind of conflicts over boundaries or extent of this entities represented in this publication Printed at Heritage Print Services Pvt Ltd. B-11/9, Modern Bread Lane, IDA, Uppal, Hyderabad - 500 039 Phone : 040-27201927 FOREWORD Enhancing climate resilience in rainfed production systems through effective water resource planning and management is of paramount importance for achieving desirable goals of food production and sustainability. Among several other crops, India is the major producer of groundnut and pigeon pea in the world, of which 80% groundnut and 90% pigeon pea area is rainfed. These crops severely suffer from early, mid-season and terminal droughts resulting in low yields and poor productivity. These adverse impacts are likely to be aggravated amidst anticipated climate change and variability as these climatic effects will result in drastic changes in crop water balance. Since, the productivity enhancement of rainfed groundnut and pigeon pea crops is the main concern; there is a need to understand the dynamic relationship between crop water balance and climate change for effective water resource planning and development. Andhra Pradesh is the key producer of groundnut and pigeon pea within India. Owing to its diversity in agro ecological situations, location specific requirements and land use, the crop water balance varies, affecting the crop production in rainfed districts. Therefore, the problem of climate change may need to be addressed first at regional level and later at national level as a part of adaptation and mitigation strategies. Increased frequency of untimely high intensity rains upset the soil-water balance for which rainwater harvesting can act as a technology stopgap in placing appropriate crops and cropping systems at farm level in Andhra Pradesh where Groundnut and pigeon pea are grown primarily as rainfed crops. For efficient use of harvested rain water or for managing ground water, documenting the components of water balance will come in handy in saving crops from extreme weather events. Besides these, documentation would also help in effective water resources planning and management. In this context, this Atlas with Geospatial maps is brought out which deals with the issues pertaining to crop water balance and mapping the dynamics of its components in rainfed areas of the state of Andhra Pradesh. The present analysis of crop water balance in the form of rain fall, effective rainfall (green water), crop evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirements for six rainfed districts of Andhra Pradesh was attempted by taking the downscaled long term climate data of ECHam5 GCM model for A1b scenario considering the decadal variations in the form of geospatial maps. This study would be helpful in implementing Integrated Crop Management Technologies (ICMT) for improved natural resource use and also in formulating policies for adaptation strategies in the context of climate change/variability for managing extreme weather events. I congratulate all the authors in bringing out such detailed maps on various components of crop water balance which could be utilized for developing water foot print for Andhra Pradesh. (S. Ayyappan) Dated the 9th June, 2015 New Delhi PREFACE Rainfed agricultural production systems are primarily dependent on climate parameters including rainfall, temperature, wind velocity, sunshine hours/solar radiation etc among which rainfall is the critical input resource. It significantly varies over time and space with erratic distribution having coefficient of variation (CV) in the range of 30 to 80% in all the semi arid regions. The other crop water balance parameters effective rainfall, crop evapotranspiration, irrigation water requirement during crop seasons, have dynamic relationship with the quantity and distribution pattern of rainfall. IPCC AR5 report indicated the decrease in rainfall in southern part of the country with extreme events of drought, and its frequency, decrease in rainy days which are primarily concerns of rainfed agriculture. The two states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have maximum area (67%) under rainfed agriculture with major crops of maize, cotton, groundnut and pigeon pea grown in the 16 districts of two states. Therefore an attempt is made to analyze the decadal variation of crop water balance parameters in 16 districts of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The data and its variation are shown in the geospatial maps of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for easy understanding to the readers in the form of atlas for each state. The atlas is the outcome of the work related to modeling of crop water balance for groundnut and Pigeon pea in rainfed districts of Andhra Pradesh state. It was an important activity on potential of rainwater harvesting and utilization under NICRA project of ICAR-CRIDA. We thank Dr. S. Ayyappan , Director General, ICAR and Secretary, DARE and Dr. A.K. Sikka, DDG (NRM) for their keen interest, guidance and constant support. We also express our sincere thanks to Director, CRIDA and Principal Investigator, NICRA for extending necessary support and encouragement. We take this opportunity to thank "Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS)" for providing base data (1961-1990) and ECHam5 data as open source from Marksim DSSAT. We are also thankful to FAO, Rome for providing CROPWAT V8.0 simulation software. We also extend thanks to Dr. Abdul Islam for critically evaluating the findings and suggestions to improve upon. We recognize the help rendered by students of College of Agricultural Engineering, Madakasira and Sangareddy. Authors CONTENTS S.No Title Page Foreword Preface 1 Introduction 1 2 Materials and Methods 4 2.1 Study area 4 2.2 Input data 5 2.3 Estimation of crop water balance parameters 5 2.3.1 CROPWAT model 6 2.3.2 Reference evapotranspiration 7 2.3.3 Crop evapotranspiration 8 2.3.4 Effective rainfall 8 2.3.5 Irrigation requirement 8 2.4 Decadal averages 9 2.5 Decadal percent deviation 9 2.6 Spatial maps 9 2.7 Limitations of the present study 9 3 Climate change impacts on crop water balance of 10 groundnut and pigeon pea References 96 LIST OF TABLES S.No Title Page 2.1 Climate data and crop parameter sources 6 2.2 Crop coefficients used in CROPWAT model 6 2.3 Crop sowing windows selected for groundnut and pigeon pea 6 3.1 Number of spatial maps for crop water balance parameters 10 3.2 Decadal crop water balance in rainfed districts of 11 Andhra Pradesh during crop growth period 3.3 Decadal percent deviation of crop water balance from 17 base period (1961-1990) in rainfed districts of Andhra Pradesh 3.4 Summary of climate change impacts on crop water balance of 23 groundnut and pigeon pea in rainfed districts of Andhra Pradesh LIST OF FIGURES S.No Title Page 2.1 Location map of the study area 4 3.1 Rainfall (R) during crop growth period of groundnut and pigeon pea 24 under normal sowing for the base period (1961-1990) in rainfed districts of Andhra Pradesh 3.2 Effective rainfall (ER) during crop growth period of groundnut and 25 pigeon pea under normal sowing for the base period (1961-1990) in rainfed districts of Andhra Pradesh 3.3 Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during crop growth period of groundnut 26 and pigeon pea under normal sowing for the base period (1961- 1990) in rainfed districts of Andhra Pradesh 3.4 Irrigation requirement (IR) during crop growth period of groundnut 27 and pigeon pea under normal sowing for the base period (1961- 1990) in rainfed districts of Andhra Pradesh 3.5 Rainfall (R) during crop growth period of groundnut and pigeon pea 28 under late sowing for the base period (1961-1990) in rainfed districts of Andhra Pradesh 3.6 Effective rainfall (ER) during crop growth period of groundnut and 29 pigeon
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