DOCSLIB.ORG

Stars Are an Important Component of Galaxies. 359 ©P 10 Sk Sci9 Se Ch10:Layout 1 3/28/11 8:14 AM Page 360

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stars Are an Important Component of Galaxies. 359 ©P 10 Sk Sci9 Se Ch10:Layout 1 3/28/11 8:14 AM Page 360 10_sk_sci9_se_ch10:Layout 1 3/28/11 8:14 AM Page 348 Stars are an important component 10 of galaxies. Outcomes What you will learn: • Early cultures and civilizations recorded observations of star life stages By the end of this chapter, and explanations of the universe. you will: • The formation and life cycles of stars, including the Sun, help us understand • examine how various cultures, past and present, the formation of not only the solar system, but galaxies as well. including First Nations and • Different types of stars are classified according to mass and life cycle. Métis, understand and represent astronomical • Galaxies have specific shapes and contain star clusters, black holes, and phenomena dark matter. • inquire into the motion and characteristics of astronomical bodies in our solar system and the universe • analyze scientific explanations of the formation and evolution of our solar system and the universe A collision between two spiral galaxies NGC 6050 and IC 1179 in the Hercules constellation Before Reading Key Terms Determining Importance • binary system • black hole • dark matter • galaxy When information seems far beyond your experiences, you must determine • magnitude • protostar its importance to you. Skim the bulleted items on this page and the next. • quasars • supernova Then, write two statements about how the solar system and the formation • universe of stars are important to you. 348 UNIT D ©P 10_sk_sci9_se_ch10:Layout 1 3/28/11 8:14 AM Page 349 Stars 10.1 Here is a summary of what you will learn in this section: • First Nations and Métis understandings explain the origins of the universe and astronomical phenomena such as the Milky Way and supernovas. • A star forms inside a nebula as gravitational forces pull dust and gas together, creating a spinning, contracting disk of material in which nuclear fusion Figure 10.1 This 14th century begins. Stars are classified illuminated manuscript shows according to their colour, an astronomer using a sighting luminosity, and temperature. tube, a precursor to the • Stars have life cycles during telescope, used to sight which they form and then Polaris to aid in telling time. evolve in one of three main ways. Looking Back in Time Every major culture has astronomers, people who investigate the universe and the objects in it. The universe refers to everything that physically exists—the entirety of space and time, and all forms of matter and energy. Long ago, astronomers had only three aids to help them understand the wonders of the universe: sharp eyesight, their current understanding, and an ability to make detailed observations (Figure 10.1). Today, highly powerful and sensitive instruments allow astronomers to peer farther and farther into the universe and to gather information about the celestial bodies and phenomena in it. Supercomputers can analyze the incoming data from 100 000 stars at the same time. When astronomers observe a faraway astronomical body, the distance they are looking across is so vast that they are really looking back in time. Light takes time to travel. When you look at your hand, for example, you see it not as it is, but as it was a few billionths of a second ago. At short distances, this delay is insignificant. However, when you are looking far into space, the delays begin to add up. For example, it takes about 1.5 s for the light from the Moon to reach Earth. Therefore, we always see the Moon as it was 1.5 s ago. The planet Jupiter, farther from Earth than the Moon is, appears to us as it did 45 min before. 10.1 Stars 349 ©P 10_sk_sci9_se_ch10:Layout 1 3/28/11 8:14 AM Page 350 All the thousands of distant twinkling stars we can see from Earth even without a telescope are part of the galaxy we live in, the Milky Way. A galaxy is a collection of hundreds of billions of stars that are held together by gravitational forces (Figure 10.2). The distance from the Milky Way to the other galaxies is extremely great. Scientists have also found that, with a few exceptions, all galaxies are moving farther away from ours and from each other. These are incredible thoughts, yet scientific evidence Figure 10.2 The Andromeda galaxy. In 3 billion years, our supports them and many other intriguing descendants will see a galaxy rise in addition to a sunrise conclusions about the nature of our universe. when Andromeda eventually collides with the Milky Way. D13 Quick Science A Map of the Universe The universe is so large that it can be difficult to know about). If you know the shape of each comprehend all the astronomical bodies and their object or a symbol to represent it, draw that. relationships to each other. A map can help you Do not concern yourself with trying to make visually show objects’ relationships to each other your map to scale. Label each object. and their relative positions in space. A Map of the Universe Purpose (not to scale) Earth Most Distant To list all the objects you know that exist in the from Earth universe and show their relationships to each other by arranging them on a map Figure 10.3 Step 2 Materials & Equipment 4. Post your map on a wall in the classroom. • poster paper or newsprint • felt pens Questions 5. Compare your map with that of other groups. Procedure How do they differ? How are they similar? 1. Working in pairs or a small group, brainstorm a list of all the different kinds of astronomical Pose New Questions bodies you know about. 6. What new objects did you learn about during this activity? 2. Copy the labels shown in Figure 10.3 onto the sheet of poster paper. 7. Compose a question about an object that is new to you, or one you find interesting, that you want 3. Arrange the objects from your list in the order to have answered by the end of this chapter. you might encounter them on a trip that begins at Earth and continues to the most distant 8. What challenges are there in using a piece of reaches of the universe (or as far out as you paper to map space? 350 UNIT D Exploring Our Universe ©P 10_sk_sci9_se_ch10:Layout 1 3/28/11 8:14 AM Page 351 More than a Ball of Plasma infoBIT Stars are hot balls of plasma that shine because nuclear reactions The Study of Stars are taking place at their core. When stars die, they explode and Astron is the Greek word for blow most or all of their matter into space. Some of that matter star, and the suffix -nomy means science or study. comes together in a way that makes a solar system. This means So, astronomy is literally that the atoms in every human being today came from earlier the study of the stars. stars that once existed in our part of the Milky Way. You are made of atoms that are very, very old. Elders also tell about the stars in the night sky. Some First Nations and Métis creation stories talk about human spirits coming from the stars, and when a human dies their spirit returns to the night sky as a new star. The idea that humans come from the stars is shared by many scientists and some Elders, although the details differ. Another First Nations and Métis idea is that we are all related to everything in Mother Earth. This idea has new meaning when we think about the scientific idea that our Earth and everything on it comes from the same earlier star in the Milky Way—we are all related to an early star by sharing the particles produced in that star. Measuring a Star’s Brightness It is easy to think that all the stars forming a constellation or infoBIT asterism lie at the same distance from Earth, as though drawn on Moon Magnitude a celestial sphere. In fact, the stars in a constellation vary greatly Earth’s Moon has a magnitude in their distances from Earth, with some being many times of Ϫ12.7 and our Sun has a Ϫ farther away than others. They only appear to be twinkling magnitude of 26.75. from a flat surface because they are of similar brightness. The brightness of a star is known as its magnitude. Some of the brightest stars in the night sky will have a magnitude of Ϫ1, and as the numbers get larger, the stars are less bright (Figure 10.4). A star with a magnitude of 0 will be brighter than a star with a magnitude of 1. This system was created by ancient Greek astronomers Hipparchus and Ptolemy. They divided the stars they could see into six magnitudes, but as technology changed, so did the divisions of magnitude. The Hubble Space Telescope can detect stars as faint as 30 magnitude! The use of magnitude allows astronomers to determine how far away a Figure 10.4 This time-lapse image shows supergiant Polaris, the star is and the current stage of its life cycle. North Star. It is more massive than the Sun and 1000 times brighter. 10.1 Stars 351 ©P 10_sk_sci9_se_ch10:Layout 1 3/28/11 8:14 AM Page 352 Other than our Sun, the nearest star to Earth is Proxima Centauri. It is part of a group of three stars that orbit each other, called the Centauri system (Figure 10.5), located about 4.3 ly away from our solar system. Although Proxima Centauri is the closest star to Earth after the Sun, it isn’t the brightest star we can see at night.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tidal Origin of NGC 1427A in the Fornax Cluster
    MNRAS 000,1{9 (2017) Preprint 30 October 2017 Compiled using MNRAS LATEX style file v3.0 Tidal origin of NGC 1427A in the Fornax cluster K. Lee-Waddell1?, P. Serra2;1, B. Koribalski1, A. Venhola3;4, E. Iodice5, B. Catinella6, L. Cortese6, R. Peletier3, A. Popping6;7, O. Keenan8, M. Capaccioli9 1CSIRO Astronomy and Space Sciences, Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia 2INAF { Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, I-09047 Selargius (CA), Italy 3Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, PO Box 800, NL-9700 AV Groningen, the Netherlands 4Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014, Finland 5INAF { Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte, via Moiariello 16, Naples, I-80131, Italy 6International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia 7CAASTRO: ARC Centre of Excellence for All-sky Astrophysics, Australia 8School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Queens Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, United Kingsdom 9Dip.di Fisica Ettore Pancini, University of Naples \Federico II," C.U. Monte SantAngelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Naples, Italy Accepted 2017 October 26. Received 2017 October 15; in original form 2017 March 31 ABSTRACT We present new Hi observations from the Australia Telescope Compact Array and deep optical imaging from OmegaCam on the VLT Survey Telescope of NGC 1427A, an arrow-shaped dwarf irregular galaxy located in the Fornax cluster. The data reveal a star-less Hi tail that contains ∼10% of the atomic gas of NGC 1427A as well as extended stellar emission that shed new light on the recent history of this galaxy.
    [Show full text]
  • Wonders of the Universe
    You loved your last book...but what are you going to read next? Using our unique guidance tools, Lovereading will help you find new books to keep you inspired and entertained. Opening Extract from… Wonders of the Universe Written by Professor Brian Cox & Andrew Cohen Published by Collins All text is copyright © of the author This Opening Extract is exclusive to Lovereading. Please print off and read at your leisure. For Mum, Dad and Sandra – none of this would have been possible without you Brian Cox For my dad, Geof Cohen (1943–2007) Andrew Cohen HarperCollins Publishers 77–85 Fulham Palace Road London W6 8JB www.harpercollins.co.uk Collins is a registered trademark of HarperCollins Publishers Ltd. Text © Brian Cox and Andrew Cohen 2011 Photographs, with the exception of those detailed on p255 © BBC Infographics, Design & Layout © HarperCollins Publishers 2011 By arrangement with the BBC The BBC logo is a trademark of the British Broadcasting Corporation and is under licence. BBC logo © BBC 1996 13 12 11 10 09 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The authors assert their moral right to be identified as the authors of this work. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-0-00-739582-8 Collins uses papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products made from wood grown in sustainable forests.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of the Local Universe (Pdf)
    The Local Universe Ann Martin 2009 Undergraduate ALFALFA Workshop (thanks to Brian Kent!) What is a Galaxy? The Wikipedia Definition: “A galaxy is a massive, gravitationally bound system consisting of stars, an interstellar medium of gas and dust, and dark matter.” M31, from Hubble What do Galaxies Look Like? M81: X-Ray, UV, Visible, Visible, NIR, MIR, FIR, Radio From the IPAC Multiwavelength Museum Types of Galaxies From dwarfs to giants, from spirals to ellipticals Andromeda, a spiral galaxy, with a nearby dwarf elliptical M31, from Hubble Types of Galaxies: Spirals Thin disks Most have some form of a bar – arms will emanate from the ends of the bars Other classification: Relative importance of central luminous bulge and disk in overall light from the galaxy The tightness of the winding of the spiral arms Barred or not? M51 M33 NGC 1365 Types of Galaxies: Ellipticals Ellipticals: look like smooth, featureless “blobs Older (redder) stellar populations Tend to have little neutral gas (HI) – so ALFALFA doesn’t see these! More rare in the early Universe M87 in the Virgo Cluster Types of Galaxies: Irregulars Irregulars: Many different properties, often because of interactions or other unusual events nearby. NGC 1427A HST Image of Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy (SagDIG) Types of Galaxies: Irregulars LMC and SMC are satellite galaxies of our own – disrupted by gravitational interaction with the Milky Way LMC and SMC Dwarf Galaxies Smaller size than giant galaxies Lower surface brightness Most common galaxies! M32 Sagittarius Dwarf The Hubble Tuning Fork Early Type Late Type Our Galaxy: The Milky Way An Sbc galaxy that is 30 kpc in diameter The Hubble Tuning Fork Early Type Late Type Anatomy of the Milky Way •R0 ~ 8 kpc •200 billion stars 11 •Mtot 5 x 10 M •SFR ~ 3 M/yr •Bulge ~ 3 kpc in diameter Our Neighborhood: The Local Group The Local group has 43 members (and growing), ranging from large spiral galaxies to small dwarf irregulars.
    [Show full text]
  • The Parallels and Reversals in Chaco, Hubble, and Facebook
    YEARNING TO BE THE CENTER OF EVERYTHING WHEN WE ARE THE CENTER OF NOTHING: THE PARALLELS AND REVERSALS IN CHACO, HUBBLE, AND FACEBOOK Barry Vacker and Genevieve Gillespie Forthcoming in: Telematics and Informatics, Special Edition on “The Facebook Phenomenon” AUTHORS Barry Vacker, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Broadcast, Telecommunications and Mass Media Temple University 2020 N. 13th St. Philadelphia, PA 19122 Genevieve Gillespie Student Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19122 ABSTRACT Humans have long sought to map their place in the cosmos and then situate their selves at the center of the universe. These patterns are displayed at three radically different sites — the Sun Dagger in Chaco Canyon, the Hubble Space Telescope, and social media and Facebook. Drawing from Marshall McLuhan, this article will theorize the parallels and reversals in these sites, where cosmological discoveries of the expanding universe have been countered by technological innovations involving electronic screens, such that social media counters space telescopes, cyberspace counters outer space, and Facebook counters Hubble. Perhaps the “revolution” of social media merely parallels other cultural reversals, all of which seek to return humans to the center of the universe, when we are the center of nothing. And this desire and delusion to be at the center of everything lies at the heart of contemporary issues facing the global civilization. 1. INTRODUCTION Humans are the only species on Earth to store information outside their bodies — from cave paintings to cinema to cyberspace, petroglyphs to photographs to 3D simulations, books to libraries to the internet. From our minds, we have extended a complex technological system around the planet and into the universe.
    [Show full text]
  • NGC 1427A-An LMC Type Galaxy in the Fornax Cluster
    A&A manuscript no. (will be inserted by hand later) ASTRONOMY AND Your thesaurus codes are: ASTROPHYSICS 24.10.2019 NGC 1427A – an LMC type galaxy in the Fornax Cluster Michael Hilker1,2, Dominik J. Bomans3,4, Leopoldo Infante2 & Markus Kissler-Patig1,5 1 Sternwarte der Universit¨at Bonn, Auf dem H¨ugel 71, 53121 Bonn, Germany; email: [email protected] 2 Departamento de Astronom´ia y Astrof´isica, P. Universidad Cat´olica, Casilla 104, Santiago 22, Chile 3 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; email: [email protected] 4 Feodor Lynen-Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt-Gesellschaft 5 Lick Observatory, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA ′ ′ Abstract. We have discovered that the Fornax irregular in major axis (≃ 2.4×2.0 within the isophote at µV = 24.7 galaxy NGC1427A is in very many respects a twin of the mag/arcsec2), slightly larger than the LMC which has a Large Magellanic Cloud. Based on B, V , I, and Hα im- major axis diameter of ≃ 9.4 kpc. Table 1 summarizes ages, we find the following. The light of the galaxy is dom- some properties of NGC1427A compared with the LMC. inated by high surface brightness regions in the south-west The values are from the Third Reference Catalogue of that are superimposed by a half-ring of OB associations Bright Galaxies (de Vaucouleurs et al. 1991), if no other and H ii regions indicating recent star formation. The col- reference is given. ors of the main stellar body are (V − I)=0.8 mag and The projected distance to the central Fornax galaxy (B − V )=0.4 mag, comparable to the LMC colors.
    [Show full text]
  • New Type of Black Hole Detected in Massive Collision That Sent Gravitational Waves with a 'Bang'
    New type of black hole detected in massive collision that sent gravitational waves with a 'bang' By Ashley Strickland, CNN Updated 1200 GMT (2000 HKT) September 2, 2020 <img alt="Galaxy NGC 4485 collided with its larger galactic neighbor NGC 4490 millions of years ago, leading to the creation of new stars seen in the right side of the image." class="media__image" src="//cdn.cnn.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/190516104725-ngc-4485-nasa-super-169.jpg"> Photos: Wonders of the universe Galaxy NGC 4485 collided with its larger galactic neighbor NGC 4490 millions of years ago, leading to the creation of new stars seen in the right side of the image. Hide Caption 98 of 195 <img alt="Astronomers developed a mosaic of the distant universe, called the Hubble Legacy Field, that documents 16 years of observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. The image contains 200,000 galaxies that stretch back through 13.3 billion years of time to just 500 million years after the Big Bang. " class="media__image" src="//cdn.cnn.com/cnnnext/dam/assets/190502151952-0502-wonders-of-the-universe-super-169.jpg"> Photos: Wonders of the universe Astronomers developed a mosaic of the distant universe, called the Hubble Legacy Field, that documents 16 years of observations from the Hubble Space Telescope. The image contains 200,000 galaxies that stretch back through 13.3 billion years of time to just 500 million years after the Big Bang. Hide Caption 99 of 195 <img alt="A ground-based telescope's view of the Large Magellanic Cloud, a neighboring galaxy of our Milky Way.
    [Show full text]
  • The Virgo Supercluster
    12-1 How Far Away Is It – The Virgo Supercluster The Virgo Supercluster {Abstract – In this segment of our “How far away is it” video book, we cover our local supercluster, the Virgo Supercluster. We begin with a description of the size, content and structure of the supercluster, including the formation of galaxy clusters and galaxy clouds. We then take a look at some of the galaxies in the Virgo Supercluster including: NGC 4314 with its ring in the core, NGC 5866, Zwicky 18, the beautiful NGC 2841, NGC 3079 with is central gaseous bubble, M100, M77 with its central supermassive black hole, NGC 3949, NGC 3310, NGC 4013, the unusual NGC 4522, NGC 4710 with its "X"-shaped bulge, and NGC 4414. At this point, we have enough distant galaxies to formulate Hubble’s Law and calculate Hubble’s Red Shift constant. From a distance ladder point of view, once we have the Hubble constant, and we can measure red shift, we can calculate distance. So we add Red Shift to our ladder. Then we continue with galaxy gazing with: NGC 1427A, NGC 3982, NGC 1300, NGC 5584, the dusty NGC 1316, NGC 4639, NGC 4319, NGC 3021 with is large number of Cepheid variables, NGC 3370, NGC 1309, and 7049. We end with a review of the distance ladder now that Red Shift has been added.} Introduction [Music: Antonio Vivaldi – “The Four Seasons – Winter” – Vivaldi composed "The Four Seasons" in 1723. "Winter" is peppered with silvery pizzicato notes from the high strings, calling to mind icy rain. The ending line for the accompanying sonnet reads "this is winter, which nonetheless brings its own delights." The galaxies of the Virgo Supercluster will also bring us their own visual and intellectual delight.] Superclusters are among the largest structures in the known Universe.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Globular Clusters in Dwarf Irregular Galaxies
    Argelander Institut f¨ur Astronomie der Universit¨at Bonn Old Globular Clusters in Dwarf Irregular Galaxies Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit¨at Bonn vorgelegt von Iskren Y. Georgiev aus Bulgarien Bonn, July 2008 ii Angefertigt mit Genehmigung der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit¨at Bonn 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. Klaas S. de Boer 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. Pavel Kroupa Tag der Promotion: 17.9.2008 Diese Dissertation ist auf dem Hochschulschriftenserver der ULB Bonn unter http://hss.ulb.uni-bonn.de/diss online elektronisch publiziert. Erscheinungsjahr 2008 iii “We are star-stuff”, Carl Sagan iv To my caring family Summary One of the most pressing questions in astrophysics to date is resolving the history of galaxy assembly and their subsequent evolution. In the currently popular “hierar- chical merging” scenario, massive galaxies are believed to grow via numerous galaxy mergers. Present day dwarf irregular (dIrr) galaxies are widely regarded as the pris- tine analogs being the closest to resemble those pre-galactic building blocks. One way to approach this question is through studying the oldest stellar population in a given galaxy, and in particular the ancient globular star clusters whose properties unveil the conditions at the time of their early formation. To address the question of galaxy assembly the current work deals with studying the old globular clusters (GCs) in dIrr galaxies. By comparing the characteristics of GCs in massive galaxies an attempt is made to quantify the contribution of dIrr galaxies to the assembly of massive present-day galaxies and their globular cluster systems (GCSs).
    [Show full text]
  • The Meanings of Style in Documentaries About Science
    Accepted pre-publication version Published at: Science in Context 31(1), 39–59 (2018). doi:10.1017/S0269889718000042 © Cambridge University Press 2018 Configuring Epistemic Authority: the Significance of Film Style in Documentaries About Science Felicity Mellor (Science Communication Unit, Imperial College London, UK) Abstract Among the many limitations of the deficit model of science communication is its inability to account for the qualities of communication products that arise from creative decisions about form and style. This paper examines two documentaries about the nature of time – Patricio Guzmán’s Nostalgia for the Light and the first episode of the BBC’s Wonders of the Universe series – in order to consider how film style inflects science with different meanings. The analysis pays particular attention to the ways in which authority is assigned between film author, narrator and depicted subjects and the degree to which different film styles promote epistemological certainty or hesitancy. Mellor, Configuring Epistemic Authority, Science in Context 1 Introduction In March 2011, the BBC launched a new science documentary series, Wonders of the Universe, presented by the Manchester University particle physicist Brian Cox. Cox and the BBC had already enjoyed widespread success with an earlier series, which had led, among other things, to Cox being awarded an OBE1 in the Queen’s Birthday Honours the previous summer. The new series met with mixed reviews, however. For instance, writing a few months after the first broadcast, cosmologist John Peacock noted that the series had drawn a number of complaints about its use of music and dramatic scenery. Arguing that such “artistry” risked obscuring the beauty intrinsic to science itself, Peacock concluded: “Cox’s programme could have worked as well, if not better, if it had been more of a serious documentary – if it had included more science” (Peacock 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • 2005 Astronomy Magazine Index
    2005 Astronomy Magazine Index Subject index flyby of Titan, 2:72–77 Einstein, Albert, 2:30–53 Cassiopeia (constellation), 11:20 See also relativity, theory of Numbers Cassiopeia A (supernova), stellar handwritten manuscript found, 3C 58 (star remnant), pulsar in, 3:24 remains inside, 9:22 12:26 3-inch telescopes, 12:84–89 Cat's Eye Nebula, dying star in, 1:24 Einstein rings, 11:27 87 Sylvia (asteroid), two moons of, Celestron's ExploraScope telescope, Elysium Planitia (on Mars), 5:30 12:33 2:92–94 Enceladus (Saturn's moon), 11:32 2003 UB313, 10:27, 11:68–69 Cepheid luminosities, 1:72 atmosphere of water vapor, 6:22 2004, review of, 1:31–40 Chasma Boreale (on Mars), 7:28 Cassini flyby, 7:62–65, 10:32 25143 (asteroid), 11:27 chonrites, and gamma-ray bursts, 5:30 Eros (asteroid), 11:28 coins, celestial images on, 3:72–73 Eso Chasma (on Mars), 7:28 color filters, 6:67 Espenak, Fred, 2:86–89 A Comet Hale-Bopp, 7:76–79 extrasolar comets, 9:30 Aeolis (on Mars), 3:28 comets extrasolar planets Alba Patera (Martian volcano), 2:28 from beyond solar system, 12:82 first image of, 4:20, 8:26 Aldrin, Buzz, 5:40–45 dust trails of, 12:72–73 first light from, who captured, 7:30 Altair (star), 9:20 evolution of, 9:46–51 newly discovered low-mass planets, Amalthea (Jupiter's moon), 9:28 extrasolar, 9:30 1:68–71 amateur telescopes. See telescopes, Conselice, Christopher, 1:20 smallest, 9:26 amateur constellations whether have diamond layers, 5:26 Andromeda Galaxy (M31), 10:84–89 See also names of specific extraterrestrial life, 4:28–34 disk of stars surrounding, 7:28 constellations eyepieces, telescope.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fornax Deep Survey with VST. I. the Extended and Diffuse Stellar Halo of NGC 1399 out to 192 Kpc
    The Fornax Deep Survey with VST. I. The extended and diffuse stellar halo of NGC 1399 out to 192 kpc. E. Iodice1, M. Capaccioli2, A. Grado1, L. Limatola1, M. Spavone1, N.R. Napolitano1, M. Paolillo2,8,9, R. F. Peletier3, M. Cantiello4, T. Lisker5, C. Wittmann5, A. Venhola3,6, M. Hilker7, R. D’Abrusco2, V. Pota1, P. Schipani1 ABSTRACT We have started a new deep, multi-imaging survey of the Fornax cluster, dubbed Fornax Deep Survey (FDS), at the VLT Survey Telescope. In this paper we present the deep photometry inside two square degrees around the bright galaxy NGC 1399 in the core of the cluster. We found that the core of the Fornax cluster is characterised by a very extended and diffuse envelope surrounding the luminous galaxy NGC 1399: we map the surface brightness out to 33 arcmin (∼ 192 kpc) −2 from the galaxy center and down to µg ∼ 31 mag arcsec in the g band. The deep photometry allows us to detect a faint stellar bridge in the intracluster region on the west side of NGC 1399 and towards NGC 1387. By analyzing the integrated colors of this feature, we argue that it could be due to the ongoing interaction between the two galaxies, where the outer envelope of NGC 1387 on its east side is stripped away. By fitting the light profile, we found that exists a physical break radius in the total light distribution at R = 10 arcmin (∼ 58 kpc) that sets the transition region between the bright central galaxy and the outer exponential halo, and that the stellar halo contributes for 60% of the total light of the galaxy (Sec.
    [Show full text]
  • Science/Health & Wellness Curriculum Standards Diocese Of
    Office of Catholic Schools 3725 Blackburn Street Dallas, TX 75219 csodallas.org Science/Health & Wellness Curriculum Standards Diocese of Dallas Adapted with permission from the Archdiocese of Hartford, CT August 2012 Dear Catholic School Educators: Peace and Joy! It is with great pleasure that I approve the Science/Health and Wellness Curriculum Standards for grades 1-12. These standards are essential for students to achieve learning expectations. It is my hope that not only will schools implement these math standards and promote the advancement of the study of mathematics, but also educate our students by informing, forming, and transforming them with wonder and meaning of Christian faith. You, the educators, must address academic standards through traditional and innovative methods, infused with an appreciation of Catholic doctrine, Catholic social teachings, and moral development. The mathematics curriculum standards affirm that: Catholic schools educate diverse student bodies to form Catholic, person-centered learning communities; provide academic excellence through educational programs infused with Catholic doctrine and social teachings; serve and support society in the parish, civic, and global communities; graduate students who are critical thinkers, productive moral citizens, and spiritual leaders; and recognize and appreciate parents as the primary educators of their children. We are grateful to the Archdiocese of Hartford, CT under the direction Mrs. Valerie Mara, Director of Curriculum Design, and her committee for their energy, creativity, and dedication to this document and for their willingness to allow us to implement these standards and adjust them to meet the needs of our schools in the Diocese of Dallas. Please embrace this initiative as an opportunity to provide quality Catholic education; and to be an integral part of the effort to promote the success of all Diocesan school students to excel in mathematics.
    [Show full text]