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The Influence of the Cnn Effect on Humanitarian Intervention: a Case Study of South Sudan

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The Influence of the Cnn Effect on Humanitarian Intervention: a Case Study of South Sudan THE INFLUENCE OF THE CNN EFFECT ON HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: A CASE STUDY OF SOUTH SUDAN GEORGE ORUTA MEROKA K50/75172/2014 A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN COMMUNICATION STUDIES (DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION), UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI NOVEMBER, 2016 i DECLARATION This research proposal is my original work and no copies of this work have been submitted in part or whole to any other university for any other award. Sign............................................ Date............................................. George OrutaMeroka K50/75172/2014 This research proposal has been submitted to the University of Nairobi with my approval as the University of Nairobi supervisor Sign............................................ Date.................................................... Dr Elias Mokua (PhD) University of Nairobi i DEDICATION I dedicate this research project to my parents Isaac and Mary Meroka, siblings Lucy, Fred, Agnes and my wife Phane Boyani for their support and encouragement as I took this academic journey. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to first acknowledge the Lord Jesus Christ for his grace and goodness. Special thanks and appreciation goes to my supervisor Dr. Elias Mokua who has been very committed and helpful in this research from inception to completion. His insights proved invaluable in making the research journey interesting and informative. I would like to acknowledge my fellow classmates in the M.A communication studies class of 2014 for having made the academic life lively through their sharing of academic insights in the course of interacting in and out of class. I also extend gratitude to the school of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Nairobi for its facilitation of the M.A. program. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................ i DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................... viii LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYNMS ................................................................. ix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.0 Overview .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Global News Media .......................................................................................................2 1.1.2 Humanitarian Intervention ............................................................................................2 1.1.3 Media Framing ..............................................................................................................3 1.1.4 South Sudan...................................................................................................................4 1.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 7 1.3.1 General Objective ..........................................................................................................7 1.3.2 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................7 1.3.3 Research Questions .......................................................................................................7 1.4 Justification .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Significance of the Study ..................................................................................................... 8 1.5.1 Academicians ................................................................................................................8 1.5.2 Policy Makers ................................................................................................................8 1.5.3 Humanitarian Agencies .................................................................................................8 1.6 Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO:LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................... 10 2.0 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 10 2.1 Theoretical Literature ......................................................................................................... 10 iv 2.1.1 The CNN Effect ..........................................................................................................10 2.1.2 Agenda Setting ............................................................................................................15 2.1.3 Audience Reception Theory ........................................................................................16 2.2 Empirical Studies on the CNN Effect and Humanitarian intervention .............................. 16 CHAPTER THREE:RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..................................................... 21 3.0 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 21 3.1 Research Design................................................................................................................. 21 3.2 Data Collection .................................................................................................................. 22 3.3 Data Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 22 3.4 Ethical consideration .......................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER FOUR:DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................................. 30 4.0 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 30 4.1 Media Framing of South Sudan’s Crisis ............................................................................ 30 4.2 Qualitative Analysis of Media Frames on South Sudan’s Crisis in New York Times and Washington Post ...................................................................................................................... 35 4.3 Analysis of objective one: Assessment of news media framing of South Sudan’s humanitarian crisis ................................................................................................................... 36 4.4 Influence of images depicting suffering of South Sudanese people on the foreign policy intervention adopted by the United States. .............................................................................. 37 4.4.1 Qualitative Analysis of Objective Two .......................................................................40 4.5 Assessment of whether non-media related factors played a role in the intervention or non- intervention of the South Sudan humanitarian crisis ............................................................... 41 4.5.1 Analysis of Objective Three ........................................................................................42 4.6 The Type and Nature of CNN Effect in the South Sudan Crisis ....................................... 42 4.6.1 Qualitative Analysis of Objective Four .......................................................................44 4.7 How and why media influence can or cannot lead to humanitarian influence in the South Sudan crisis .............................................................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER FIVE:SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................... 47 5.0 Overview ............................................................................................................................ 47 5.1 Summary of findings.......................................................................................................... 47 5.2 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 48 5.2.1 News Media Framing of South Sudan’s Humanitarian Crisis ....................................48 v 5.2.2 Depiction of images of suffering South Sudanese and their influence
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