Virtual Labs INTRODUCTION: Virtual Labs is a project initiated by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India under the National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology. The project aims to provide remote-access to Laboratories in various disciplines of science and engineering for students at all levels from under-graduate to research. Virtual Lab at Amrita Intelligent development of virtual laboratories with state-of-the-art computer simulation technology to create real world environments and problem handling capabilities is required to bridge the gap between institutions (or industries) that retain the physical laboratory and distantly placed economically challenged educational institutions. Amrita lab courses richly rely upon new up-to-date content and various techniques that require a new synergy of knowledge and experimental implementation. Hence a new kind of experimental science that can be brought as a virtual simulation based laboratory is proposed in this part of the proposal. As key part of the project, the Biotech school will study and use mathematical techniques in biology to study, hypothesize and demonstrate complex biological functions.Other labs in biotechnology, physical and chemical sciences, nano science are the major contributions from Amrita. Amrita Viswa Vidhyapeetham jointly participates with IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Guwahati, IIT Roorkee, IIIT Hyderabad and Dayalbagh University.
Virtual labs have been developed in the following broad areas:
Electronics and Communication Engineering Computer Science and Engineering Electrical Engineering Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering Civil Engineering Physical Sciences Chemical Sciences
In this project we have to do at least two experiments using virtual labs simulator. Virtual labs have been developed in the above broad areas and from these I am taking two experiments one from Physical Sciences and another from digital Electronics lab. The experiments are Determination of Planck’s constant and Analysis and synthesis of Boolean expressions using basic logic gates.
Name of the experiment: Determination of planck’s constant:
Planck’s constant (h), a physical constant was introduced by German physicist named Max Planck in 1900. The significance of Planck’s constant is that ‘quanta’ (small packets of energy) can be determined by frequency of radiation and Planck’s constant The Planck constant (denoted h, also called Planck's constant) is a physical constant that is the quantum of action, which relates the energy carried by a photon to its frequency. A photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant. The Planck constant is of fundamental importance in quantum mechanics, and in physical measurement it is the basis for the definition of the kilogram. It describes the behaviour of particle and waves at atomic level as well as the particle.
Aim: In this experiments we have to determine the Planck’s constant, for this purpose we need instrumental set up in the lab.
Apparatus: 0-10 V power supply, a one way key, a rheostat, a digital mili ammeter, a digital voltmeter, a 1 K resistor and different known wavelength LED’s (Light- Emitting Diodes). Connections are look like a given circuit diagram in fig1.
Fig:-1 fig:-1
To determine Planck’s constant h, we have to uses working formula, is
link:- http://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=1&brch=195&sim=547&cnt=1 Experimentals observations:
Colour of wavelength Knee Wavelength*voltage Charge of Velocity of Planck’s LED voltage electron(e) light(c) constant Red 650nm 1.89 0.000001228 1.6e-19 300000000 6.55e-34 Green 510nm 2.4 0.000001224 1.6e-19 300000000 6.52e-34 Yellow 570nm 2.14 0.000001219 1.6e-19 300000000 6.50e-34 Blue 475nm 2.59 0.000001230 1.6e-19 300000000 6.56e-34 Result:we obtain planck’s constant for various colour of LED.
Name of the experiment: Analysis and synthesis of Boolean Expressions using Basic Logic Gates: In electronics , a logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function; that is, it performs a logical operation on one or more binary inputs and produces a single binary output. Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors acting as electronic switches, but can also be constructed using vacuum tubes.This experiment enables a student to learn to analyze logic gates, to express Boolean expression using logic gates, to check equivalence of two Boolean expressions using logic gates, to check equivalence of two logic circuits consisting of multiple gates. Aim:- Aim of the experiments is to fully understand the function and uses of the logic gates such as 7400(2-input NAND gates) , 7402 (2-input NOR gates),7404(NOT gates),7408(2-input AND gates),7432(2-input OR gates).
Apparatus: 0-10 V power supply, IC , resistance ,LED ,wire. Before starting the experiments first we have to know about the pin diagram of each chip .Diagrams of each chip are shown in figure.
In this experiment we have to check equivalence of two Boolean expressions, (a)AB+A’C+BC=AB+A’ C
In the above picture both circuits are equivalent. (b)AB+A’ C= (A+C)(A’ +B)
In the above picture both circuits are equivalent.
(c)AND-OR and NAND-NAND structure
In the above picture both circuits are equivalent.
(d)OR-AND and NOR-NOR structure
In the above picture both circuits are equivalent.
Expt. Link:-http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/dec/exp3/index.html
Result: we have successfully demonstrate the equivalence of above Boolean Expressions. Conclusion: We have successfully performed two experiments Using virtual lab simulator. The experiments of this labs are very interesting and the demonstration of the experiments is very simple. The main difference of the virtual labs from the physical labs is virtual labs cheaper than the physical labs, where virtual labs need internet connection but physical labs need few lakh rupees to set up the experiments. The availability of the physical labs is limited in time and space whereas the virtual labs are designed for 24*7 usage. The experimentations of the physical labs limited options for innovation but virtual labs provides wider & safer options for innovative. Reference: Link:-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Labs_(India) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate