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Parting the Dark Money Sea: Exposing Politically Active Tax- Exempt Groups Through FEC-IRS Hybrid Enforcement
William & Mary Law Review Volume 57 (2015-2016) Issue 1 Article 7 10-2015 Parting the Dark Money Sea: Exposing Politically Active Tax- Exempt Groups Through FEC-IRS Hybrid Enforcement Carrie E. Miller Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr Part of the Election Law Commons, and the Tax Law Commons Repository Citation Carrie E. Miller, Parting the Dark Money Sea: Exposing Politically Active Tax-Exempt Groups Through FEC-IRS Hybrid Enforcement, 57 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 341 (2015), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol57/iss1/7 Copyright c 2015 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr PARTING THE DARK MONEY SEA: EXPOSING POLITICALLY ACTIVE TAX-EXEMPT GROUPS THROUGH FEC-IRS HYBRID ENFORCEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................... 343 I. TAX LAW AND ELECTION LAW FOUNDATIONS ............. 346 A. Internal Revenue Code Provisions ................... 347 1. Section 501(c)(4) Social Welfare Organizations ...... 347 2. Section 527 Political Organizations ............... 349 B. Campaign Finance Doctrinal Framework ............ 350 1. Statutory Basis and Underlying Values ............ 350 2. Evolving Case Law ............................. 351 II. ESCALATING POLITICAL ACTIVITY OF TAX -E XEMPT SOCIAL WELFARE ORGANIZATIONS : WHERE TAX LAW AND ELECTION LAW INTERSECT ........................... 354 A. IRS Treatment of Political Activity .................. 355 1. Conflicting Threshold Standards ................. 355 2. Vague Definitional Problem ...................... 357 B. Section 501(c)(4) Organizations Have Emerged as the Preferred Campaign Finance Vehicle ................ 359 1. Increased Independent Expenditures .............. 360 2. Relaxed Reporting Provisions .................... 363 3. The Coordination Problem ....................... 367 C. Deregulation’s Impact on Values that Support Campaign Finance Restrictions ................... -
Contest/Candidate Proof List: 2016
Contest/Candidate Proof List 2016 Presidential Primary Election Contests: 1001 to 5028 - Contests On Ballot Candidates are in Random Alpha Order Candidates: Qualified Candidates Num Num Contest/District Vote For Cands Qualified Status Partisan PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES President of the US DEM 1001 President DEM, DEM *0-0 County of Sacramento 1 7 7 ON BALLOT Incumbent(s): Barack Obama Elected Candidate(s): KEITH JUDD Qualified Date: 3/11/2016 No Ballot Designation User Codes: Cand ID: 4 Filing Fee: $0.00 Fees Paid: $0.00 $0.00 Requirements Status ------------------------------------------------------- Sigs In Lieu Issued Sigs In Lieu Filed Declaration of Intent Issued Declaration of Intent Filed Candidate Statement Issued Candidate Statement Filed Declaration of Candidacy Issued Declaration of Candidacy Filed Code of Fair Campaign Practices Filed Ballot Designation Worksheet Issued Ballot Designation Worksheet Filed MICHAEL STEINBERG Qualified Date: 3/11/2016 No Ballot Designation User Codes: Cand ID: 6 Filing Fee: $0.00 Fees Paid: $0.00 $0.00 Requirements Status ------------------------------------------------------- Sigs In Lieu Issued Sigs In Lieu Filed Declaration of Intent Issued Declaration of Intent Filed Candidate Statement Issued Candidate Statement Filed Declaration of Candidacy Issued Declaration of Candidacy Filed Code of Fair Campaign Practices Filed Ballot Designation Worksheet Issued Ballot Designation Worksheet Filed BERNIE SANDERS Qualified Date: 3/11/2016 No Ballot Designation User Codes: Cand ID: 5 Filing Fee: $0.00 -
Insid E the Cove R
Libertarian Party Files Friend-of-the-Court Brief in D.C. Gun Case - Page 8 Members Sound-Off in “The Mailbox” - page 3 Committee Updates - page 13 February 2008 The Official Monthly Newspaper of the Libertarian Party Volume 38 / Issue 2 Torch Club Breakfast Ballot Access Status Increasing for Libertarian Party at Convention to By Sean Haugh cycle. The LPNC is joined in Honor Patrick Henry n Jan. 30, Wake Coun- this lawsuit by the NC Green ty Superior Judge Leon Party, as well as several Lib- By Andrew Davis O Stanback shocked ertarian candidates who were both sides of the lawsuit filed denied a spot on the ballot in his year’s Torch Club by the Libertarian Party of the 2005 elections. The trial Breakfast at the Na- North Carolina regarding bal- will probably take place in Ttional Convention is set lot access law in the state. The March, after which, either side to honor Patrick Henry, an in- ruling denied mutual motions may appeal to the NC Court of strumental figure of the Ameri- for summary judgment and Appeals and eventually the NC can Revolution. The “Patrick scheduling the case for trial. Supreme Court. Henry Breakfast” for Torch Although both the LPNC and Richard Winger of Ballot Club members will feature the state’s attorneys agreed the Access News commented, “It Gary Aldrich, president and facts of the case are not in dis- is encouraging that the judge founder of the Patrick Henry pute, the judge said he wants wants a trial, because it indi- Center for Individual Liberty. -
Liberty Speakers at Libertarian Party of Colorado Convention
Contact Caryn Ann Harlos FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Cell 561.523.2250 MarcH 21, 2017 Email [email protected] Website www.LPColorado.org LIBERTY SPEAKERS AT LIBERTARIAN PARTY OF COLORADO CONVENTION LPCO Convention Keynote Speaker Arvin Vohra is the Vice CHair of the Libertarian National Committee. He Has run for office as a Libertarian several times at botH the state and national level. VoHra’s main campaign themes Have been eliminating the federal income tax, eliminating the Department of Education, ending the drug war, repealing “gun free” scHool zone laws, and cutting military spending by at least 60 percent. Vohra is the founder of the VoHra Method, a private educational service. He is also the author of several books, including Why Hillary Lost. Austin Petersen is a former candidate for the Libertarian Party’s 2016 nomination for President of the United States, taking second place in a crowded primary beHind Governor Gary JoHnson, and ahead of cyber security maverick, JoHn McAfee. Petersen earned many HigH profile endorsements in His run for the WHite House, including that of Mary Matalin, Erick Erickson, and Leon Wolf of RedState.com. Austin Petersen is the owner and cHief executive of Stonegait LLC. He is also the Honorary CHairman of the Stonegait Institute, LokiPAC and Stonegait PAC, three non-profits dedicated to libertarian advocacy, as well as funding candidates and campaigns dedicated to the cause. Petersen Has turned THe Libertarian Republic into a powerful online news source for the public, with an average of 1.5 million unique visits monthly. As a publisHer and professional pundit, Petersen grew THe Freedom Report podcast into a top audio news source, with an average of 1.5 million monthly downloads. -
Election Summary Report
Page: 1 of 7 7/1/2016 4:20:45 PM Election Summary Report Closed Primary Imperial County June 07, 2016 Summary for: All Contests, All Districts, All Counting Groups OFFICIAL FINAL RESULTS Precincts Reported: 117 of 169 (69.23%) Ballots Cast: 23,897 Presidential Preference - Democratic (Vote for 1) DEM Precincts Reported: 117 of 169 (69.23%) Candidate Party Total HILLARY CLINTON DEM 9,843 65.00% BERNIE SANDERS DEM 5,111 33.75% ROQUE DE LA FUENTE DEM 80 0.53% WILLIE WILSON DEM 34 0.22% HENRY HEWES DEM 31 0.20% MICHAEL STEINBERG DEM 29 0.19% KEITH JUDD DEM 15 0.10% Write-in 1 0.01% Total Votes 15,144 Total WILLIE FELIX CARTER WRITE-IN 1 Presidential Preference - Republican (Vote for 1) REP Precincts Reported: 117 of 169 (69.23%) Candidate Party Total DONALD TRUMP REP 3,801 73.03% TED CRUZ REP 771 14.81% JOHN R. KASICH REP 348 6.69% BEN CARSON REP 254 4.88% JIM GILMORE REP 31 0.60% Write-in 0 0.00% Total Votes 5,205 Page: 2 of 7 7/1/2016 4:20:45 PM Presidential Preference - American Independent (Vote for 1) AI Precincts Reported: 117 of 169 (69.23%) Candidate Party Total ROBERT ORNELAS AI 55 38.19% ALAN SPEARS AI 22 15.28% J.R. MYERS AI 22 15.28% ARTHUR HARRIS AI 15 10.42% JAMES HEDGES AI 13 9.03% WILEY DRAKE AI 11 7.64% THOMAS HOEFLING AI 6 4.17% Write-in 0 0.00% Total Votes 144 Presidential Preference - Green (Vote for 1) GRN Precincts Reported: 117 of 169 (69.23%) Candidate Party Total JILL STEIN GRN 9 60.00% DARRYL CHERNEY GRN 4 26.67% WILLIAM KREML GRN 2 13.33% KENT MESPLAY GRN 0 0.00% SEDINAM MOYOWASIFSA- GRN 0 0.00% CURRY Write-in 0 0.00% Total Votes 15 Presidential Preference - Libertarian (Vote for 1) LIB Precincts Reported: 117 of 169 (69.23%) Candidate Party Total GARY JOHNSON LIB 34 55.74% AUSTIN PETERSEN LIB 7 11.48% RHETT WHITE FEATHER LIB 4 6.56% SMITH JOY WAYMIRE LIB 3 4.92% STEVE KERBEL LIB 3 4.92% DARRYL W. -
Libertarian Party Candidates Call for Military Downsizing
WWW.LP.ORG MINIMUM GOVERNMENT • MAXIMUM FREEDOM Take a look at the brand-new The Party of Principle™ LNC office in Alexandria! Read more on Page 5 August 2014 The Official Newspaper of the Libertarian Party Volume 44, Issue 4 In This Issue: 2014 LP National Convention coverage inside! Chair’s Corner ...........................2 ibertarian Party del- June to meet, recharge their Far more happened at pages 7–11. So head inside for egates, members, and batteries, inspire each other to the 2014 LP National Con- coverage of the new LNC chair LPfriends from across the work even harderNews to achieve vention than we can chronicle and officers, platform and by- Downsizing the Military ............3 L nation and overseas gathered liberty, and decide the future here, but we’ve captured some laws changes, featured speak- Office Fund Donors ...................4 in Columbus, Ohio, in late of the party. of the highlights for you on ers and events, and more! LNC Purchases New Office ........5 Libertarian Party candidates Debate Commission Lawsuit .....6 call for military downsizing Iowa Candidates .......................6 By Carla Howell 8th, Indiana; Heather Johnson, U.S. Political Director Senate, Minnesota; Davy Jones, 2014 National Convention..7–11 U.S. House 2nd, West Virginia; Bill s Democrats and Republicans Kelsey, U.S. House 10th, Texas; Scott MSNBC “Hardball” host Chris Matthews Record Candidates for LPVA ...12 flirt with more interventions in Kohlhaas, U.S. Senate, Alaska; Mike interviews Sean Haugh, Libertarian Party Ukraine, Iraq, Iran, Syria and Kolls, U.S. House 24th, Texas; Len- candidate for U.S. Senate in North Carolina A ny Ladner, U.S. -
2017 Municipal Election
2017 Municipal Election Official Write-In Results Precinct Precinct Name Office Candidate Votes Number BASD SCHOOL 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH ANTHONY EDMONDSON 2 DIRECTOR 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH COMMON PLEAS STACY BENSON 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH COUNCIL WARD 1 ANTHONY EDMONDSON 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH COUNCIL WARD 1 MIKE ARDRIACCO 2 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH COUNCIL WARD 1 RICK MURRELL 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH COUNCIL WARD 1 SHEILA STEVER 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH COUNCIL WARD 1 SUSAN MURRELL 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH DISTRICT ATTORNEY STACY MILLER 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH DISTRICT ATTORNEY STACY PARKS MILLER 4 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH INSPECTOR ANTHONY EDMONDSON 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH INSPECTOR BRIAN ZEIGLER 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH INSPECTOR JAMIE YURICK 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH INSPECTOR JOY DOWNEY 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH INSPECTOR LIVIN DEGERATA 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH INSPECTOR ME 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH JUDGE OF ELECTION ANTHONY EDMONDSON 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH JUDGE OF ELECTION ME 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH JUDGE OF ELECTION RICK MURRELL 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH JURY COMMISSIONER ANTHONY EDMONDSON 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH MAYOR ANTHONY EDMONDSON 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH MAYOR JAMIE YURICH 2 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH MAYOR JIM COLBERT 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH MAYOR JOHN GABRIEL 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH MAYOR JOYCE MILLS 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH MAYOR MARK DELLOSTRITTO 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH MAYOR PATRICK NORTH 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH TAX COLLECTOR CAROL SMITH 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH TAX COLLECTOR JODIE DELLOSTRITTO 1 01 BELLEFONTE NORTH TAX COLLECTOR STACEY YURICK 1 BELLEFONTE BASD SCHOOL 02 CLAIR A. STEINER 1 NORTHEAST DIRECTOR BELLEFONTE BASD SCHOOL 02 DAVID SCHAUB 1 NORTHEAST DIRECTOR BELLEFONTE BASD SCHOOL 02 DICK BELL 1 NORTHEAST DIRECTOR BELLEFONTE BASD SCHOOL 02 KENT HE 1 NORTHEAST DIRECTOR BELLEFONTE BASD SCHOOL 02 KRISTEN D. -
December 6-7, 2008, LNC Meeting Minutes
LNC Meeting Minutes, December 6-7, 2008, San Diego, CA To: Libertarian National Committee From: Bob Sullentrup CC: Robert Kraus Date: 12/7/2008 Current Status: Automatically Approved Version last updated December 31, 2008 These minutes due out in 30 days: January 6, 2008 Dates below may be superseded by mail ballot: LNC comments due in 45 days: January 21, 2008 Revision released (latest) 14 days prior: February 14, 2009 Barring objection, minutes official 10 days prior: February 18, 2009 * Automatic approval dates relative to February 28 Charleston meeting The meeting commenced at 8:12am on December 6, 2008. Intervening Mail Ballots LNC mail ballots since the last meeting in DC included: • Sent 9/10/2008. Moved, that the tape of any and all recordings of the LNC meeting of Sept 6 & 7, 2008 be preserved until such time as we determine, by a majority vote of the Committee, that they are no longer necessary. Co-Sponsors Rachel Hawkridge, Dan Karlan, Stewart Flood, Lee Wrights, Julie Fox, Mary Ruwart. Passed 13-1, 3 abstentions. o Voting in favor: Michael Jingozian, Bob Sullentrup, Michael Colley, Lee Wrights, Mary Ruwart, Tony Ryan, Mark Hinkle Rebecca Sink-Burris, Stewart Flood, Dan Karlan, James Lark, Julie Fox, Rachel Hawkridge o Opposed: Aaron Starr o Abstaining: Bill Redpath, Pat Dixon, Angela Keaton Moment of Reflection Chair Bill Redpath called for a moment of reflection, a practice at LNC meetings. Opportunity for Public Comment Kevin Takenaga (CA) welcomed the LNC to San Diego. Andy Jacobs (CA) asked why 2000 ballot access signatures were directed to be burned by the LP Political Director in violation of election law? Mr. -
Frontier Project Candidate Elected
THE PARTY OF PRINCIPLE® LP.org ELECTION RESULTS SEE PAGE 10 Quarter 3, 2020 THE OFFICIAL NEWSPAPER OF THE LIBERTARIAN PARTY Vol. 50, Issue 3 FrontierLP Project News candidate elected Marshall Burt’s historic statehouse win is first since 2002, fifth in party history By Andy Craig registered voter in the district many times “We must make Wyoming the most at- Maryland over, engaging in both persuasion and tractive state to do business in and inno- careful tracking of the state of the race. Pa- vate. We need to begin diversifying our or the first time in a generation, a zell also worked closely in the community economy so that crises like this do not Libertarian has been elected to a to secure key endorsements and support have such a big impact on our families in state legislature. Marshall Burt, a from local leaders. the future.” Ftrack inspector for the Union Pacific rail- LNC Chair Joe Bishop-Henchman Republican and Democratic mem- road and Marine Corps veteran, defeat- sees Burt’s victory as a vindication for the bers of the House also reached out to ed a long-time Democratic incumbent Frontier Project’s model. “It’s time for the Burt, offering their congratulations and to represent Wyoming’s House District Libertarian Party to get out of start-up expressing their eagerness to work with 39. Burt’s campaign was spearheaded by mode. Winning elections for state legisla- Wyoming’s first third-party legislator in Apollo Pazell, candidate support special- State Representative-Elect ture is a crucial step for the party’s growth, more than a century. -
Liberty Magazine September 2
Spielberg & Bush _Sep_te_ffib_er_20_02 $4__o 00 Separated at Birth? ======~~I"l tn ·.••••;;:jt;gltl;;I•••l;~:;Z;tf[4lM!;ltllllik.18tgm~;~m§.j 00 ~ .. (011) : .. ~~ :. Oeo OOC::eo . OU . 1'- ......... ~8 ~ --....... o::J ~ ---' cared by all the news of risks he rise of the Internet and the Sto your health from food, Tproliferation of private package consumer products, and the envi l~~~ delivery services have brought the US ronment? Fear no more. This ..·.. Postal Service to acrossroads. As book debunks numerous health more people correspond and pay bills .·S,·•..:'·,r;·lilg.Ni.• .. ,.i····:",·1± scares and scams and shows you ;, .. ~: .. £' ,.,.. £ online, what is the role of the Postal ......................................., , , , , . how to defend yourself against Service? Do we really need amonop them before you get hurt. You oly that continues to run huge deficits, don't need to be ascientist to pro ............, IlJPO, , , , , ; ; ; , ; - . or is it time to consider other options? ted yourself from those who profit Sixteen economists, scholars, and busi by lying about your health! Cloth ness leaders offer avariety of answers. $18.95 ISBN 1-930865-12-0 Cloth $19.95 ISBN 1-930865-01-5/ Paper $10.95 ISBN 1-930865-02-3 he "precautionary principle"-a oW much do Americans spend T"better safe than sorry" rule-is Heach year taking wealth from increasingly invoked to justify gov others or protecting their own wealth ernment regulations to stop poten- from being "redistributed"? From I tial environmental problems such locks to lobbyists, cops to campaigns, I... as global warming, genetically-mod- Americans spend over $400 billion a I ified foods, and DDT. -
Consolidated Presidential Primary Election Elección
Sample Ballot & Voter Information Guide Muestra de Boleta Electoral y Guía de Información para el Votante Consolidated Presidential Primary Election Tuesday, June 7, 2016 Polls are open 7am – 8pm Elección Primaria Presidencial Consolidada Martes, 7 de Junio de 2016 Las mesas electorales abren de 7am a 8pm Polling place on the back cover Application for Vote by Mail ballot on the back cover Lugar de votación en la contraportada Solicitud de Boleta Electoral para Votar por Correo en la contraportada Madera County Elections Division Office: 559-675-7720 200 W. 4th Street, Madera CA 93637 Toll Free (sin cargo): 800-435-0509 Open Monday—Friday, 8am to 5pm Fax: 559-675-7870 www.madera-county.com www.votemadera.com Spanish Ballots available upon request. [email protected] Boletas en español a solicitud. 20-FC-E208902 20-FC BLUE 20-FC BLUE *20FCE208902* Rebecca Martinez www.madera-county.com County Clerk - Recorder www.votemadera.com Registrar of Voters Madera County Elections Division Dear Voter, Estimado a votante, One of the greatest rights we have is our Uno de los grandes derechos que tenemos es right to vote. Exercising your right to vote nuestro derecho al voto. Ejercicio de su derecho a not only strengthens our democracy, but it votar no sólo fortalece nuestra democracia, pero lets your voice be heard when selecting permite que su voz se escuche cuando sea la National, State, and Local leaders. selección de dirigentes nacionales, estatales y locales. This guide is provided to give you information to help you make informed Este guía se proporciona información para ayudarle decisions on Election Day. -
Summary March 2016
March 15, 2016 Presidential Preference Primary OFFICIAL RESULTS AS CERTIFIED BY THE ELECTION CANVASS BOARD Provided by Diane Thompson, County Clerk and Election Authority, County of Johnson, State of Missouri Democratic Party Grand Democratic Party Percent of State of Missouri Wbg SE1/Mont Wbg SE 2/NE Wbg SW/NW King/N H/S H/RH K N/Lowland Cent/Columbus Chilhowee Pittsville Hazel Hill/Simp Jefferson/P O Absentee Total State of Missouri Vote For U.S. President - vote for one For U.S. President - vote for one Hillary Clinton 234 274 225 128 96 79 38 139 76 77 107 1473 Hillary Clinton 42.55% Henry Hewes 020000001014Henry Hewes 0.12% Roque "Rocky" De La Fuente 001100000103Roque "Rocky" De La Fuente 0.09% Bernie Sanders 260 420 348 182 143 94 42 197 94 82 82 1944 Bernie Sanders 56.15% Keith Judd 101001100015Keith Judd 0.14% Willie L. Wilson 000000000202Willie L. Wilson 0.06% Martin J. O'Malley 000110000002Martin J. O'Malley 0.06% John Wolfe 000000000000John Wolfe 0.00% Jon Adams 100010000002Jon Adams 0.06% (Uncommitted) 1355010202827(Uncommitted) 0.78% Total 497 699 580 317 241 175 81 338 171 164 199 3462 Total 100% Rebublican Party Grand Rebublican Party Percent of State of Missouri Wbg SE1/Mont Wbg SE 2/NE Wbg SW/NW King/N H/S H/RH K N/Lowland Cent/Columbus Chilhowee Pittsville Hazel Hill/Simp Jefferson/P O Absentee Total State of Missouri Vote For U.S. President - vote for one For U.S. President - vote for one Chris Christie 3123210221118Chris Christie 0.24% Jeb Bush 2 5 3 1 4 2 1 1 4 1 17 41 Jeb Bush 0.55% Ben Carson 14 11 17 7 14 7 1 9 3 8 13 104 Ben Carson 1.39% Donald J.