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Chapter 18: Status and Changes in the UK Ecosystems and Their Services to Society: Northern Ireland

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Chapter 18: Status and Changes in the UK Ecosystems and Their Services to Society: Northern Ireland 1 Chapter 18: Status and Changes in the UK Ecosystems and their Services to Society: Northern Ireland Coordinating Lead Author: Susan Christie Lead Authors: David McCann (Coordinator and Lead Researcher), Judith Annett, Judith Bankhead, Diane Burgess, Patrick Casement, Peter Christie, Alan Cooper, John Griffin, Neil Halliday, Hilary Kirkpatrick, Cathy Maguire, Jim McAdam, Ronan McColgan, Melina McMullan, Julian Orford, Dave Schoeman, Robert Scott, Roy Tomlinson and Mark Wright Contributing Authors: Peter Archdale, Caroline Barry, Tony Bazley, Martin Bradley, Joe Breen, Lee Bruce, Christine Butler, Martin Carey, Patrick Cregg, Peter Cush, Iain Davies, Colum Delaney, Philip Downey, John Early, Lindsay Easson, Clifford Henry, Dermot Hughes, Crawford Jordan, Eimear Kearney, Jonathan Kingham, Lisa Kirkwood, Declan Lawlor, Aileen Lawson, Chris Maggs, Orla Maguire, John Martin, Marcus McAuley, Thomas McCann, Neil McCulloch, Damian McFerran, Philip McMurray, Jonathan McNee, Arthur Mitchell, Alan Moore, Stuart Morwood, Joan Moss, Archie Murchie, Ken Neill, Geoff Nuttall, Julia Nunn, John O’Neill, Brian Poots, David Porter, Neil Reid, Robert Rosell, Diane Ruddock, Richard Schaible, Matthew Service, Maxime Sizaret, Emily Smyth, Jude Stephens, Andrew Upton, Claire Vincent and Michael Young Key Findings ...........................................................................................................................................................777 18.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................783 18.1.1 Scope and Purpose ...................................................................................................................................................... 783 18.1.2 Pen Picture of Northern Ireland .................................................................................................................................. 784 18.2 Drivers of Change ...........................................................................................................................................786 18.3 Biodiversity in Northern Ireland ..................................................................................................................... 791 18.3.1 Priority Habitats and Species ...................................................................................................................................... 792 18.3.2 Other Biodiversity Indicators ...................................................................................................................................... 793 18.3.3 Invasive Alien Species ................................................................................................................................................ 793 18.3.4 Climate Change ........................................................................................................................................................... 794 18.4 Northern Ireland’s Habitats ............................................................................................................................795 18.4.1 Data Available for Northern Ireland’s Habitats .......................................................................................................... 795 18.4.2 Mountains, Moorlands and Heaths ............................................................................................................................ 799 18.4.3 Semi-natural Grasslands ............................................................................................................................................ 801 18.4.4 Enclosed Farmland ...................................................................................................................................................... 803 18.4.5 Woodlands ................................................................................................................................................................... 806 18.4.6 Freshwaters – Openwaters, Wetlands and Floodplains .............................................................................................810 18.4.7 Urban .............................................................................................................................................................................815 18.4.8 Coastal Margins ............................................................................................................................................................819 18.4.9 Marine .......................................................................................................................................................................... 821 18.5 Northern Ireland’s Ecosystem Services ..........................................................................................................824 18.5.1 Introduction to Ecosystem Services ........................................................................................................................... 824 18.5.2 Provisioning Services.................................................................................................................................................. 826 18.5.3 Regulating Services..................................................................................................................................................... 839 18.5.4 Cultural Services ......................................................................................................................................................... 849 18.5.5 Supporting Services .................................................................................................................................................... 854 18.5.6 Valuation of Ecosystem Services ............................................................................................................................... 858 Synthesis | Chapter 18: Status and Changes in the UK Ecosystems and their Services to Society: Northern Ireland 775 Ch 18 Northern Ireland.indd 775 9/20/2011 10:32:00 AM 18.6 Northern Ireland’s Dependence on External Ecosystem Services .................................................................. 861 18.7 Consequences of Change ................................................................................................................................862 18.8 Sustainable Management ...............................................................................................................................863 18.8.1 Designated Sites .......................................................................................................................................................... 864 18.8.2 Wider Countryside and Landscape-scale Conservation .......................................................................................... 865 18.8.3 Land Use Planning ...................................................................................................................................................... 868 18.8.4 River Basin Management ............................................................................................................................................ 869 18.8.5 Agri-Environment Schemes ....................................................................................................................................... 869 18.8.6 Woodland Grants and Certifications .......................................................................................................................... 871 18.8.7 Less Favoured Areas ................................................................................................................................................... 872 18.9 Knowledge Gaps .............................................................................................................................................872 18.10 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................... 874 18.11 Key Recommendations .................................................................................................................................. 875 References .............................................................................................................................................................. 877 Appendix 18.1 Approach Used to Assign Certainty Terms to Chapter Key Findings ..............................................894 776 UK National Ecosystem Assessment: Technical Report Ch 18 Northern Ireland.indd 776 9/20/2011 10:32:00 AM Key Findings* There are many different factors that affect the environment, how it is used and what ecosystem 1 well established services can be delivered1. Northern Ireland’s history has meant that the environment has been given a low political priority relative to social and economic factors. This has been changing since the advent of the Northern Ireland Assembly in 2007. A large proportion of local environmental legislation is directly related to EU and UK legislation. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has had significant impacts on land use, including through agri-environment schemes. Targets for the designation, protection and management of sites and species have repeatedly been delayed. The Programme for Government is a major driver for political action, supported by major strategies including the Sustainable Development Strategy, Regional
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