Public Disclosure Authorized
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT ACTION PLAN Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
M^INIS;TRY OF PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENT Mae' Republic of Maldives. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT ACTION PLAN
MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENT. Male' Republic of Maldives. 3
CONTENTS
FOREWORD - 5
BACKGROUND .7
PRINCIPALAIM AND DIRECTIVEPRINCIPLES 8
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL CAPABMLTM 12
TRAINING 13
AREAS FOR PRIORITYACTION IN 1990-1991 14
WORK PROGRAMME 17
WVORKPLAN 21
PROJECTS 25 FOREWORD
The growing importance for protecting the environment cannot be over-emphasezed. This particularly applies to small island countries like the Maldives, where daily life is almost entirely govemed by the environmernLFishing for instance, is -e lagest industry, and tourism next, with the highest foreign currency earner. Environmental management is therefore the key to sustain these two very important sectors. With limited natural resources in the country, the future generations has alsc to depend on them.
In a place, like the Maldives, where life is so intertwined with the complex but delicate ecosystems. the need to protect the environment is utnostThe vulnerability of the Maldives environment ic further increased by the threat of global warming and its consequences, in particular that of sea level rise. Sound environmental management to-day, is the key to a safe and sustainable future. Unless action is initiated urgently, it may have disastrous consequences on the country.
It is my firm belief that this Action Plan willwork towards laying the necessary foundation to builc and strengthen the environmental planning and management caoability in the country. taking particular note of the immediate areas and the medium to long term activities.
I take great pleasure in extending a word of gratitude tD the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Development Programme, for their kind assistance. and to D7. John Pemetta in particular, who has contributed significantly in putting this Action Plan together.
FATHULLA JAME=E Minister of State for Planning and Environmen:. 7
BACKGROUND
The Maldivesforms a chainof coralatolls on the Laccadive-Chagos submarineridge rising from the deep Indian Ocean.Sequential growth of coral has built up the chainof islands. The 1190 odd islandsmake up lessthan 2% of the total area of the country. On an averagethe elevationof the islands are about 1.6m above meansea levei.The surroundingreefs of the islandsprotect them against the swells,currents and wavesof the IndianOceami.
This fragilenature of the islands,the biologicaldiversity of the marine resourcestogether w;th the important terrestrialecosystems and their vital importanceto the health and well-being of the people- both present and future generations- have resulted in a demonstratedneed for better environmentamanagement and planningin the country.The traditional lifestyleof the peoplehad almostnegligible impact on the environmentbut recent socio economic developmentshave led to markeddeterioration of the environment.The potential impacts of the predicted gicbal climatic change includingthe threatof a rise in sea level,threatens the environmentof the country more than ever before.
To minimizethe adverseeffects of environmentaldegradabon, a numberof activitieswere initiatedby varioussectoral agencies of the govemrnent.However, the need for an integratedenvironmental managementplan was felt more, to ailow for coordinationand implementationof such activities. Realisingthis need,the governmentsought the assistanceof the United Nations, in particular the United NationsEnvironment Programme and United NationsDevelopment Programme to draw up a managementstrategy.As a result, with assistancefrom UNDP,UNEP commissioned a study in December 1988, to identifyareas most vulnerable to the natural and anthropogenic changes. The findings and the recommendationswere placedbefore a nationalworkshop held from 28- 31 October 1989.This workshop, drew up the National Action Plan, a document aimed at environmentalmanagement and planningin the Maldives.The NationalEnvironment Council, later approved the activities to be undertakenby the action plan. The wise managementof the environment,in order to achievesustainable development, underlies the rationalefor implementing this action plan. 8
PRINCIPALAIM AND DIRECTIVEPRINCIPLES
The principalaim of the ActionPlan is to help the Govemmentof the Republicof Maldivesto maintain and improvethe environmentof the country,including the marineand ocean area containedwithin the ExclusiveEconomic Zone, and to managethe resourcescontained therein for the collective benefitand enjoyment of presentand future generations.
The directiveprinciples of the Action Planare:
-The continuousassessment of the stateof the environmentwithin the country,including the impactsof man's activities on land, in freshwater,in lagoons,reefs and ocean and of the effects of these activities on the quality of the human environment.
-The developmentand implementationof managementmethods suited to the naturaland social environmentof the countay,which will maintainor enhanceenvironmental quality, while at the same time utilizingresources an a sustainablebasis.
-The preparationand implementationof comprehensivenational environmental legislation and participation in intemationalagreements to providefor responsibleand-effective management of the environment
-The strengtheningof national capabilities,institutional arrangements and financialsupport which wJl enablethe Action Planto be implementedin an efficientand economicmanner.
In executingindividual activities developed to implementthe Action Plan,conside.ation will be givento the potentialimpacts of globalenvironmental change in particular,the climatic change and its predictedconsequences.
FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION
In order to achievethe principal aim and in accordancewith the directive principles of the action plan, specific work programmeswill be developedaimed at achievingthe .following:
(o Assessmentof the current state of the environment; (ii) Assessment of the impact of marine and land-based activities on the quality of the environment; (iii) Assessmentof the environmentalimplications of demographicpattems in the country; (iv) Managementof marine and land-baseddevelopment activitieswhich have an impact on environmentalquality; (v) Management of land and marine resources on a sustainablebasis; 9 lvi) Development of suitable coordinating mechanisms for the successful implementation of the Action Plan; (vii) Development of suitable training and educational programmes to enable the Government to effeRvely implement all aspects of the Action Plan. (viii} Development of education and environmental awareness programmes for the population at large.
All components of the Action Plan are interdependent and provide a framework for comprehensive action which should contribute to both the protection of the environment and the continueddevelopment of the country.Thus, no componentmay be seen as an end to itself.
The work programmesarising from the Action Plan should contribute not only to the resolution of environmentalproblems within the country, but also should seek to strengthencooperative programmes with neighbouring states, with other small island states in the Pacific and Caribbeanregions; and withoverseas institutions and agencies(including the various UN bodies) having an interest in environmentalmatters relating to the wider Indian Ocean region in general and the Maldivesin particular.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
One of the major constraintsconfronting the Maldives in making -wise use of resourcesin the developmentprocess, is the paucity of environmentaland resourceinformation, so neccessaryfor rational decision making. This lack of information is particularlycritical in that it relatesto issues of fundamentalimportance such as:
(i) The future potentialof under-utilisedresources; (in) The fragilityof the islands; (iii) The ability of over-utilisedor degradedresources to recoveror sustainyields: (iv) The presenceof many islands with limited resourcesbut large human populations.
The environmental assessment work programme is to be initiated through a coordinated resource inventory and environmental monitoringprogramme based on existing national. regionaland intemationalactivities in this field.
The specificareas for environmentalassessment under the Action Planare as follows:
1. Assessmentof the health of the Maldiviancoral reefs including assessmentcf impacts resulting from crown of thoms predation; coral bleaching; coral mining and sand degrading; coral, and coral reef growth rates; impactsof tourism; and sand production in natural svstems.
2- Assessmentof the nature and volumes of marine pcllution including but not limited to hydrocarbons,solid wasteand sewagearound Male' and other selectedpopulation centres. 10
3. Assessmentof the status of marine fisheriesstocks and of the aquaculture potential of appropriate indigenous species of algae, fish and shellfish for local consumption and/or export
4. Assessmenitof the status of the aquiferresources outside Male'.
5. Assessment of the current level of coastal erosion problemsthroughout the country.
6. Assessmentof fture climatepattems under scenarios of global warming and assessment of relativesea level changes in the Maldives.
7. Assessment of wind and tidally generated current pattems.
8. EnvironmentalImpact Assessmentfor planned major developments.
9. Assessment of terrestial resources including soils, vegetation,fuelwood and agricultural production.
10. Assessmentof energyconsumption patterns and evaluation of non-conventionalenergy sources and their potential for utilization.
11. National assessmentof the vulnerabilityof human settlementsto episodicevents such as long distance storm swell inducedflooding.
12. Assessment of the availability and suitability of altemative building materials, and alternaive building designswhich are energy efficient.
13. Assessmentof the environmentalimplications of inter-island transport development.
ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT
The key to environmentally sound development is the management of resources on a sustainable basis. Environmentalmanagement should therefore take into account the carrying capacityof the environment;the goals of developmentas defined by the Govemment; and the economic feasibility of implementing management proposals. Continuing socio-economic development in the country can only be achievedon a sustainable basis if environmental considerations are incorporated into the design of developments. Improved knowledge of environmentalsystems and processesmay now enablesome environmenta;errors of the past to be correctedand avoidedin the future. 11
Th activites undertaken within the framework of the environmental management component of the Action Plan will be implemented in such a way as to ensure that environmental assessments are effectively caried out and that the results are incorporated into sectoral management programmes. Environmental management activities will be undertaken to devise appropriate ways of using natural resources in a balanced manner taking into consideration the needs of the present population and the needs of future generations.
Specific areas which are regarded as of immediate priority in the country as a whole are:
1. The development of an environmentally sound, national population management policy to assist in achieving sustainable development
2. To review, actively promote and implement the existing policy of decentralization by the cweation of centres of attraction containing necessary services and a sound economic base.
3. To develop a programme of fuelwood management based on the capacity for renewable use of the resource, together wiZh consideration of altemative fuel sources, and their economic and environmental costs.
4. The management of the land/lagoon/reef ecosystem to maintain its health and condition, including the development of coastal zone management schemes for individual islands and atolls.
5. The development of guidelines for the construction and location of coastal structures such as seawalls, groynes, harbours, jetties, piers, gabions and causeways.
6. The development of a national databank of environmental information, and establishment of suitable management procedures to ensure the accessibility of data to all sections of Government concemed with the collection and application of such information.
7. The development of standards and control mechanisms for the regulation of land based sources of pollution.
8. The development of a national programme to control litter problems, giving primary consideration to recycling, re-use and exports of recoverable materials.
9. The auditing of the effectiveness of previous environmental management decisions.
10. The development of na.Lonalpolicy guidelines conceming the wise use of aquifer resources. 12
11. The development and implementation of appropriate guidelines, technologies and practices for waste disposal with particular attention being directed to recycling, and energy generation.
12. Promotion of polices and practicesin the field of human settlementwhich give special attentionto the ecologicalproblems of urban and ruraldevelopments on small islands.
13. The development and application of suitable guidelines for the implementation of environmentalimpact assessments for all maior developmentsin the country.
14. The developmentof an efficientinter-island transport systemwhich will minimizeadverse environmentalimpacts.
DEVELOP'AENT OF NATIONAL CAPABIUTIES
The Action Planenvisagesan intensive training and technicalassistance effort, especially in the early stages of implementataonof the work programmes.The activities undertakenin environmentalassessment and managementwill include built-intraining components which will emphasize the action orientednature of the plan and the indispensable link between environmentalassessment, management and trainingin the country.
Recognizingthe importanceof environrnentalawareness and the needfor the entirepopulation to provideadequate care for their sharedenvironment, the Action Plan will emphasize environmental education in schools. The production of public awarenessmaterials and the rmountingof public awareness campaignsconceming sensitiveaspects of the natural environmentwill be an integral component of all activities undertaken in implementingthe Action Plan.
INSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTS:
For effectiveimnplementation of the Action Plan,the EnvironmentCouncil is responsiblefor reviewing biennially,the content of the Action Plan;reviewing the substantiveprogress of activities and work programmes initiated under it; and for deciding upon the nature and mechanisms for implementationof the various activities.These mechanisms will be institutedby the Govemmentto ensuretimely and efficientdecision making in implementingthe Action Plan.
The IndividualMinistries and Departmentsof the Govemmentwill be responsiblefor the collection of environmentalinformation relating to their sectoraf responsibilities,and are responsiblefor ensuringthat such informationis shared betweenall Departments involved in executing the Action Plan. DepartmentalFocal Points will be designated in each GovernmentDepartment participating in the work of the Action Plan to coordinate the day-to-day inputs of their Departmentsinto the Action Planand to maintainlinks with the EnvironmentSection of the Ministry of Planningand Environment.In principle.each of the activitiesagreed upon as part of the work 13 progranmes undertaken under the Action Planwill be carried out through collaboration between severalGovemment Deparbmn jointly.
The Environment Section of the Ministry of Planning and Environment is responsible for coordinating the impementation of the work programmes by members of its own staff and staff from other Govemment Ministries as appropriate. The Environment Section is also responsible for the coordination uf environmental information and ensuring that environmental considerations are incorporated into the planning process and ensuring the compliance with requirements for Environmental Impact Assessmerntsof all actives affecting the environment.
The actties arising from this Action Plan will be financed by the Govemment, and by international agencies,such as the United Nations agencies, the Commonwealth, and other intemational organisations and through bilateral agreements with donor states.
TRAINING:
The lack of adequate man-power and resource-personnel is a major constraint confronting the Maldives as a whole, with respect to developing the specific, professional and research areas- This is more pertinent in the environment field since this is a fairly new development, even in most other countries. What distinguishes the Maldives is the lack of trained personnel in other disciplines too, who could perhaps, with further training, take on a component of the environmental management.
The required tnaining, therefore, has to be initiated from the veyr basic levels. This requires time, however, if the Maldives is to develop even a very basic environmental management cadre, a multi disciplinary team has to be trained urgently, to handle the evergrowing need for sound environmental planning and management capabilities in the country. The multi-faceted nature of the environment, particulary in an island ecosystem, like the Maldives, makes it even more difficult to specify the training requirements, as most formal training do not necessarily reflect the in-house situation. This has to be developed through experience and on the job training.
'As an initial step,the areas for short term training include, training in;
* The production of awareness and education materials,
* Categorization and compilation of basic environmental data,
* Surveying and sampling skills for basic survey works,
* Assessment and quantification of basic environmental impacts and quality change,
* Basic data processing and programming, 14
Records lkeping and documentation.
Terly leveltraining requiredinclude, training in;
' Earh scinces, life sdences and socialsciences.ln addition ComputerScience or Programmn is necessaryto build the data-basefor the country.
Althoughmost of the environmentalparameters are quitedistinct in their subjectmatter, a holistic or a well - integratedapproach is essentialto effectivelycoordinate the environmentalplanning and managementin the country.
AREAS FOR PRIORITYACTION IN 1990-1991
The follwing environmentalproblems lsted in priority order havebeen designatedfor immediate consideraion In implmenting the 1990-1992work programme:
1- Marineenvironmerntal probwems: coral mining sewagecontamiation of coastal-water Sealevel rise solid waste management dredging
2- TerrestrialLHumanenvironm-ental Droblems: Freshwatermanagement Migrationto Male' Populationgrowth Solid waste disposal Sewagecontamination of groundwaters Fuelwoodsupplies and deforestation
Although a number of these problems are under activeexamination by GovemmentDepartments at the presenttime, it is expected that a full reporton work relevant to the above problem areas be submittedto the NationalEnvironment Council in the immediatefuture.
Recognizing the limitationsof immediate action, in addressinglong-term management problems it is recofrmmendedthat certain ameriorativeactions could be taken immediately to address pressing environmentalproblems. To help in the process,a public awarenesscampaign is tobe mounted knmediately, designed to informthe public of the fragility of the aquifersystem and the need for appropriateactions at an individual, household and community level,to address this priority issue. 15
Individual and community actions to be undertaken for immediate implementation to conserve freshwater in Male' include:
* directing all rainfall from roofs, not being directly utilized, into the aquifer;
* designating certain roads as pedestrian areas only, and to reduce compaction, heavy vehicles are to be restricted to certain routes;
* developing methods to ensure that standing water be directed to aquifer recharge and this to be implemented as soon as possible;
* investigating the possibility of supplying piped water to the reclaimed area of Male'.and the use of this piped water be monitored and charge for excessive use of water.
Recognising that there are no immediate actions which can be taken to ameliorate the problems of migration to Male' and of population growth, an environmentally sound , national population mariagement policy will be developed to assist in achieving sustainable development This is to be done while reviewing, actively promoting and implementing the existing policy of decentralisation by the creation of centres of attraction containing necessary services and a sound economic base.
In formulating policies with respect to migration to Malee,the full reasons for migration pattems to be investigated in order that the existing policy of decentralization is made more effective.
Actions to immediately address for the mitigation of mnawneenvironmental problems, are;
* discouraging the use of corai and coral aggregates for building purposes;
* adopting a policy of waiving duty on imported aggregate for construction materials that may have a direct impact in mitigating environmental stress on marine resources in particular such as coral and sand.
* the Govemment providing a lead in this regard by not using coral in the construction of public buildings; and
* taking immediate step to ensure the continued survival of threatened marine species. 16 ft iSrecognised that the problemsof cmaic changeand sea levelrise needto be addressedthrough combinationof intemationaland nationalactions. Nationalactions which can be taken are:
* initialingprogrammes to measurethe relativechanges in sea level rise in the Maldives;
* idenfying andimplementing appropriate mitigation measures for anticipatedpotential climatic and sea level impacts;
* considering the consequencesof globalclimatic change in the planningprocess; and
* activelyparticipating in relevantglobal programmesconcerned with addressingthis issue. 17
WORK PROGRAMME
For establishingthe mediumterm environmentalplanning capability, the following work programme is to be implementedin 1990-1991
ACT77T TITLE NA4TUREOF DEPARTMEAff NQ3:- THEACT7MTWY
1. Establishmentof an Trainingof environmentstaff. MPE. environmentalmanagement Coordination& implementationNEC. and planningcapability in th. of the work programme. MAA. Ministryof Planningand Environment.
2. Establishmentof a Trainingand monitringof the MPWL HydrographicUnit capableof ocean environment. MPE. monitoringsea level,tidal and MAA. wavepattems MM_
3. Extensionof weather Planningand Assessment for DM. monitoringin the Republicof future monitoring. MPE. Maldivesand assessrnenrof MPWL Meteorological/Climatological MAA. pattemsunder conditions of globalwarming.
4. Assessmentof groundwater Trainingand assessment MPE. resourcesoutside Male' throughaquifer surveys of MAAM selected islands MHW/MWSA.
S. Marineecosystems and coral Trainingand assessmentof MFAIMRS. reef surveys marineenvironments around MPE- selected islands.
6. Coastalgeomorphology and Assessmentand trainingin MPWL. Sedimentology coastalerosion & hydrography.MPE.
7. Terrestrialresource surveys of Trainingand assessmentin MPE. selected islands physical,soil and vegetation MAA. surveys MFA. OPPDO
8. Economicimplications of Planningfor sustainable MPE. climatic changeand sea level development rise. 18
ACTIWY 77LlE MATUREOF THE DEPT. NOH ACTA0J7Y
9. Sociologicalfactors affecting Planningfor sustainable MPE. sustainabledevelopment in the development. MAA. Maldives.
10. Solidwaste managementfor Planningassessment and MPE. urban centresand tourist control MT. resorts in the Maldives. MM. MWSA. MPWL
11. Assessmentof sewage Planningand evaluationof MPE. disposalaltematives in the disposalaltematives. MHW/MWSA- Maldives. MPWL
12. Analysisof demographic Planningand evaluationof MPE. trends in the Maldives. migrationand demographic trends.
13. Environmentimpact Planningand trainingthrough MPE. assessmentof the Villingilli imp:ementationof major EIA's. SIDU. resettlementscheme. MPWL MWSA.
14. Preparationof public Preparationand distributionof MPE. awarenessand non-formal newsletters& popularbooklets. ME. educationmaterials. TVMNOM.
15. Resourceinventory for Provisionof base-linedata of MPE. selected islands islandsselected for MPWL development. MWSA. SIDU.
16. Feasibilitystudy for.aNational Planningand evaluation MFA/MRS. Institutefor NaturalResources MPE. ResearchL NEC. 19
ACV71Y NAATUREOF 77*E NO: T7ILE ACTMVITY DEPARMENTS
17. Establishment of anEnviron- Provide a centralised environ- MPE. mental data Database. mental inforrnation system for NCPE_ use by all Govemment Depart- ments.
18- Natoinal Workshop for Midterrn Training in preparation and MPE. review of the work programrne presentation of scientific NCPE. reports; review of work pro- gramme progress and implem- entation.
19. Terminal seminar and work- Review of progress and prepa- MPE. shop, to review the 1990191 ration of 1992/93 work pro- NCPE. work programme implementa- grarnme. tion. 20
PROGRAMMEAREA AC1VlWIYNO. Planring: 1,2,3.8,9.10.12.15.16,17,19. Asses ment 2,3,4.5.6.7.10.15. Management 1.3,10,11,13,14,17,18.19. Training: 1.2.3,4,5.6,7.10,13,14.17,18.
fLead Departments are thefirst listed and those in which the activity is centred. col- laborating departments are also indicated. OM = Department of Meteorology; MAA - Ministry of AtolsAdministration; ME = Ministry of Education; MFA = Ministry of FLsheries& Agriculture; MH = Ministry of Health; MPE z Ministry of Planning and Environment; MPWL = Ministry of Public Works and Labour, MRS : Marine Reserch Section of the MFA; MM = Male Municipality; MWSA = Maldkes Water and Sanitation Authority; NCPE = National Commission for the Protection of the Environment; SIOU = Selected Island Development Unit; OPPO= Office of Physical Planning and Design; VOM - Voice of Maldives; TMM =Television Maldives; 21
WORKPLAN 23
WORK PROGRAME 1990/91 FORTIHE IlMPLEMENTATIONOFTHE NAMONALENVIRONMENT ACTION PLAN
1. INMRODUCI7N
1.1 The following list of activities has been compiled on the basis of priorities determined during the UNDPAJNEP/Govemmentsponsored workshop which drafted the National Environment Action Plan; prioritizeo areas of environmental concern in the country; and discussed ways in which these issues could be addressed in the immediate future.
1.2 The National Commission for the Protection of the Environment approved the list of activities in outline at its meeting on November Z 1989.
1.3 These activties comprise an integrated work programme for implementation in the -i990/91. bienniunm In line with the principal aimoftheAction Planand its directive principles all activities should be viewed as being interdependent in contributing to the establishment of sustainable development in the Republic.
2. NATUREOFACTM TIES
2.1 The first activity is designed to strengthen the environmental management and planning caPabilitywMhin the Enimnmenc Sedisn of the WPE and to piovide scientific guidancein the execution of the various activities containedwithin the programme. Togetherwith activities 18 & 19 (the midterm and terminal review workshops) and activity 17, the establishment of an environmental data base. this comprises the programme management component.
2..2 Actvities 2,4,5,6 and 7 will be executed via a multi disciplinary team approach. centered on islandswhich have been selected fordevelopment. Activity 13, the environmental impactassessment of theVillingili resettlementscheme; and activity 15 the resource inventoryforselected islandswill result from the ass essment activities and are included as separate items in the work programme to clearly iindicate the way in which these activities will address priority areas of concem to the Govemment.
2..3 Activity 2 has the added objective of establishing a hydrographic capability which is currently lacking within the existing Govemment Departments and which is already the subject of an existing proposal from the Ministry of Public Works and Labour.
2..4 Activity 3,8.9 and 12 address longer term planning issues including the effects of potential cli- matic change and sea level rise on the environment of the Maldives-
2..5 Activities 10 (solid waste management) and 11 (sewage disposal) address priority areas for action identified by the workshop, their execution would strengthen the management/ planning capabilities of the MPE in these areas.
2..6 Activity 14, public awareness, addresses the concem raised in the workshop of the need for the public to be made more aware of the sensitivity of their environment and the need for shared respon- sibility in maintaining environmental quality.
2..7 Activity 16 is included since the establishment of a research institute has been frequently recommended byvisiting experts and is an activity approved by Government for inclusion in the 1988- 1990 National Development Plan. 24
2-J In Es with the NoJani Attion Plan the individual activiies envisage an intensivetraining programme for juniorand counterpartnstaffin the application of various methodologies in environmental assessment. management and planning.
3 PROGRAMMMEANAEMANT
3.1 Under the Action Plan the National Commission for the Protection of the Environment is envisaged as the overall coordinating body responsible forthe implementation of the Action Planwhilst the Environment Section of the Ministryof Planning and Environment is seen as the principal agency responsible for the co-ordination and management of the work programme.
3.2 It is suggested that the Commission establish a small executive committee composed af four to five pricVa departmentsinvolved in the activlies lised in the programmeto aid the Programme Coordinator in implementing the activities under the work programme. 25
1.ESTAW8SHMENT OF AN ElNVIONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING CAPABILllY IN THE MINISTRY OF PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENT.
BACKGROUND:
This acivitV forms the core of the 1990/91 work programme addressing directly the principal aim of the Action Plan by seeking to strengthen the planning and management capabilities of the Ministy uf Planning and Environment and to articulate these activities closely with the relevant activities of other Govemment Oepartments.
The Government has accepted the need for national manpower training in the field of environmental management by inclusion of the project "Training in Environmental Management" (ID 21P)in the 1988- 1990 National Development Plan, for which funding was not obtained.
AIMS:
a) Implement the 1990191work programme established under the Action Plan;
b) Estabish a unfied approach to developmentplanning and enrvironmentalmanagement in the Republic of the Maldives through inter-departmental planning and execution of work programme activities;
C) Establish an in-country capability for managing environmental impact assessment for major devel- opment projects;
d) Establish the nucleus of an environmental database in the Ministry of Planning and Environment.
e) Enhancethe existng capabiratiesof the EnvironmentSection of the Ministryof Planningand Envirornient;
f) Review and revise existing environmental legislation and guidelines where appropriate;
g) Provide practical training through the implementation of activities in various environmentai fields.
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN
It is proposed that a scientific advisor be appointed to the Environment Section of the Ministry of Planning and Environment initially for 2 years. to provide in-house training in environmental man- agementand planning and to assist in the co-ordination of the work of intemational and national experts conducting the activities implemented under the 1990/91 work programme. A regular programme of training seminars will be run by the scientific advisor for staff involved in the implementation of activities under the work programme.
Activities concemed with resourceassessmentwill be linked. through theinitiation ofresource surveys ofthe islandsalreadyselected for development by the govemment. Such resource surveys will involve national personnel from various govemment departments operating as a team to inventory ground water, marine ecosystems, vegetation and physical aspects of the environment of the selected islands. 26
T-s iuiatiofl expe,t appoinsd as scintific advisor to mteMinistry of Planning and Environment, from January 1990 will;
a) advise the environment section on the imnplementationof the work programme established under the National Environment Action Plan;
b) co-ordinate, guide, supervise. and participate in tbe wok of individual technical experts implementing various aspects of the work programme, including the preparation of sectoral reports arising from each activity;
c) participatein the preparationof montly progress epoets on the work prOgrrmmeto the Naional Commission for the Protection and Preservationof the Environment and for sponsoring agen- cies;
d) Assist the environment section of the Ministry of Planning and Environment in general and the National Coordinatorin particular in the preparaton of the mid-erm and consoidated reports of the different activities;
e) Supervise and foster the transfer of scientific and technical knowledge and expertise from the intemational experts to their Maldivian counterparts;
t) co-ordinae and paricipate in a regularprogramme of inhouse taiing for Madvian staff involved in the implementation of work programme activities.
g) Collect. colale and analse al sciertiic and technicalrepots relvant to the wodc programre and ensure their appropriate interpolation in the mid-term and terminal reports of the work programme;
h) participate in the mid-term and terminal review meetings associated with the project
i) advise the Ministry of Planning and Environment on the possible implementation of recom- mendations arising from the various activities initiated under the work programme;
j) Assist in the planning offuture workprogrammes arising from activities initiated in 1990 under the first Work Programme;
k) co-ordinate. guide. supervise and participate in the implementation of an environmental impact assessment for the proposed Villingili urban development and initiate environmental impact assessments of other selected islands and developments.
I) assist the environment staff in the preparation and production of environmental awareness materials for schools and the general public.
m) co-ordinate, guide, supervise and participate in the implementation of field surveys of selected islands and atolls.
n) prepare, in consultationwiththe National Coordinator aconsolidated reportonthepotential impacts otclimatic change and sea level rise on the Republic of Maldives including advicefor future policy and planning altematives.
The Environment section of the Ministry of Planning and Environment will:
a) appoint a national coordinator who will:
i) co-ordinate, guide. supervise and participate in the implementation of the work programme adopted under the National Environment Action Plan. 27
ii} famewlh Gownment DepOment inolved in inplementingvarious actities under the Action Plan.
iii) provideguidance and supervision in the preparationof the sectoral reports arising frm the acivities undertakenin implementing the Action Plan;
iv) preparemonthly progress reports for the National Commission for the Protection of the Environmentand sponsoringagencies:
v) preparethe consolidateoreport of the work programme;
vi) guide, superviseand participate in the work carriedout by the technical experts;
vii) organiseand supervisethe printing of reports;
viii) liaise with the relevantsections of Govemment on all financialmatters relevant to the project
ix) arrangeforappropriate administrati:e and supportstaff to beassigned to the various activiies.
b) define the responsibilitiesof existing officers in the environmentsection in terms of: publicity/publicawareness material creatingan environmentaldatabase environmentalimpact assessment resourceinventories pollution surveysand assessment
c) preparein the first quarterof1990a detailed manpower plan and trainingprogramme forthe staff of the EnvironmentSection of the Ministry.
dI appointone full-timeclerk-typist.
e) appointthree newfull-time officers by January19 90.
preparea comprehensiveand consolidated report on the stateof theenvironment of theMaldives by August 1991.for discussionat the terminalreview meeting (Activity19) in October.
The NationalCommission for the Protectionof the Environmentshall:
a) Establisha415 memberexecutive committee to assistthe co-ordinatorin the executionof his responsibilities.
b) Reviewthe progressof implementingthe work programmeor. a regularbasis.
iNSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:
Lead agency: Ministryof Planningand Environment Collaborating agencies: All memberdepartments of the nationalCommission for the EnvironmenL 28
Qu7II:
1) trained nationalexpert in the managementof the EnvironmentalImpact Assessment;
2) a numberof nationalenvironment officers trained in resourcesurvey techniques;
3) the nucleus of an environmeritaldatabase;
4) a consolidatedreport on the state of the environmentof the Maldives,together with an evaluation of the effectivenessof the initial work programme.
5) publicawarenessmaterial including a regular environmentalnewsletterand booklets in Englishand Dhivehi;
6) a consolidatedreport on thepotential impacts of climaticchange and sea level rise on the Republic of the Maldivesincluding advice for future policyand planningaltematives.
7) a recmmrended ftre wodcprogramme (1992-93) for iiemertenii undertheNational Envaonrnent Action Plan.
8) a series of site surveysand resourceinventories of selected atolls and islands.
BUDGET:
1990 1991 total Cost to exeWmalagency (in cash): Equipment 2 IBM PC's plus software 6.000 Laserprinter, fast printer 4,000 Mapcabinet 4.000 2.000 Materials& Supplies Boatfuel & field surveycosts 10.000 10,000 Computerstationary. diskettes 2.000 2,000 Personnel Intemationaladvisor 80,000 80,000 Travel IntemalTravel 5,000 5.000 Intemationaltravel (advisor) 8,0O 8,000 Intemational.travel (coordinator) X.L30 8.000 Reportingcosts 1.000 2.000 Sub-total 128.000 11t7000 245,000
Cost to Govemmentof the Maldives (in cash & kind):
Boat 15,000 Officespace and logistic support 12.000 12,000 Counterpartstaff 4,500 4,500 New staff 3,000 3,000 Materials& supplies 2,000 2,000 Sub-total 36,500 21.500 5fl000
Total 164.500 138.500 303,000 29
.Z SABLHET F AIDROGRAPHC UNIT CAPABLE OF MONITRING SEA LEVEL TIDALAND WA-VEPAi TERNS.
BACKGROUND:
Theloading ewentsof 1957and 1988demornstated clearlythe need for an in-countrycapability in measuring various hydrographic and oceanographic parameters to provide base-line information for incorporation intothe panning ocoastal developments. Interim arrangermentsin the Ministry of PublicWorks and Labour need to be replaced bVa more self-sufficient capability.
The 1988-90 National Development Plan included project IDI OP "Development of National Surveying capability" covering both land and lagoon surveying under the Male Municipality. The Ministry of Public Works and Labourcurrently has a UN volunteer hydrographic surveyor but the unit is understaffed and lacks much basic equipment.
AIMS:
a) Establish an in-country capability for monitoring sea level, tidal and wave patterns in the Ministry of Public Works and Labour.
b). Establish the basis for an oceanographic and hydrographic database in the country. c) Provide training in simple oceanographic and lagoon hydrographic investigations.
METHODOLOGYAND WORK PLAN:
Fol'cwing a preliminary visit in 1989an international expert will be appointed to install the necessary equipment and provide training in its use. Through retrospective analysis of data sources such as sateilite imagery the expert will produce a review of the major oceanographicand hydrographic conditions inthe Indian Ocean. Theexpertwill participate in site surveys and design a programme of ongoingwork for the national traih.eeswhich will be integrated with othersite surveys and supervised in the absence of the intemational expert by the scientific advisor to the Ministry of Planning and Environment
The Intemational expert will visit the Maldives for a period of one week in 1989 to:
a. assess and review the existing in-country capabilities in the field of oceanography and hydrographyand the work currently being undertakenby the Ministryof PublicWorks and Labour in association with Lanka F!ydraulics:
b. advise on the selection of a suitable equipment package for measuring oceanographic. hydrographic and meteorological parameters for immediate purchase:
c. recommend an appropriate system for data collection, processing and management that is compatible with leading intemational agencies: and
d. recommend ways in which the dataprocessing functions may be integrated into the present organisational structures of the Ministry of Public Works and Labour and into the Ministry of Planning and environment. 30
Tim internato expert wil subsequently:
a; assemble pubiished data concerning tiie oceanographis cori:i,i;ns -ft^e Ind;. . Ocean in general and the Maldives area in particular,
b) visit the Maldives For1O weeks in 1990 to install the equipment;
c) initiate training of nationai experts in the collection. storage and analysis of tidal and other oceanographic information;
d) prepareand undertakea programmeof field obsevadions and measurements around selected islands to examine the wave and current patterns in the vicinity of modiFied and unmodified islands;
e) prepare a comprehensivetrairing and manpower development programme and programrme of future development Forthe unit over the next five years; and
)visit the Maldives for four weeks in 1991to participate in surveys of selectedislands and review and assist in analysing data collected during 1990.
9) participate in the final review meeting of the programme.
The Ministry of Public Works and labour will:
i provide office space and consumables to the unit;
ii. provide a secretary, initially on a half time basis;
iii. provide two full-tirne trainees with suitable academic background;
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWQRK
Lead agency: Ministry of Public Works and Labour. Collaborating agency: Ministry of Planning and EnvironmenL Ministry of Atolls Administration. Male Municipality OUTPUTS
1. Establishment of an in-country hydrographic capability.
ZTrained national experts in the co!!ection, storage andarnalysisof tidaldataand enhanced monitoring capability on the part of the Ministry of Public Works and Labour.
3. A five year deveropment plan for ocean monitoring in the Maldives.
4. A review of current knowledge conceming oceanographic conditions in the Maldives area.
5. A sectoral report on the possible impacts of climatic change and sea level rise and oceanographic conditions around the Maldives.
6. Data relevant to suitable design suitable wave heights for coastal structures.
7. Detailed site reports on the hydrography of selected atolls and islands. 31
To external agency(in cash):
1990 1991 TOTALS Equipment IBM PC AT. co-processor & software 8,000 Tide Gauging equipment 10.000 Wave rider buoys, current meters & other iterns 10,000 Materials & Supplies 1,500 1.000 Personnel Intemationalexpert 10,000 4,000 Travel & per diem National trainees 10,000 International Expert 10,000 5,000 Reporting costs 500 1.000 Sub-total 60.000 11.000 71,000
1990 1991 totals
Cost to the Govemment of Maldives (in cash and kind):
Office space & logistic support 12.000 12,000 Secretarial salary 300 600 Materia's & supplies 400 400 Counterpart salaries 2,000 2.000 Sub-total 14.700 00 29.700
TOTAL 74.70 26.00 100.70 32
3. !XINSWN TF WEATHER MONITORNG IN T*E fiEPJLUC OF THE MALDVES AND ASSESSMENT OF MJETEOROLOGICALICUMATOLOGICALPATrERNS UNDER CONDmONS OF GLOBAL WARMING.
BACKGROUND:
Weather patterns are an extremely importantcomponent of the physical environment involving wind, rain. temperature and humidity phenomena some of which vary in different parts of the Maldivian archipelago. Increased frequency of air transport in the Maldives and construction of new airstrips emphasizesthe needforadequateweathermonitoring. In addition an analysisof the climato;ogical and meteorological features of the wider Indian Ocean are required to provide an understanding of the relationship between oceanographic /dimatological pattems and episodic events such as the recent flooding events.
AIMS:
a) provide a development plan for the Department of Meteorology;
b) Provide a review of current knowledge conceming the climatology and meteorology of the Indian Ocean and an assessment of likely changes which might be expected as a consequence of predicted Glimatic change under the influence of global warming.
METHODOLOGY & WORK PLAN:
An international expert wilnbe appointed fortwo months who will collaborate closely with national experts in the production of a national developmnentplan for the weather service. The expertsvisit to the Maldives vil be timed to averlap with the 1990visit ofthe expert in Oceanographyin orderto facilitate the exchange of ideas and information.
The Intemational Expert will:
a) assemble published information relevant to the meteorology and climatology of the Indian Ocean;
b) analyse existing data with a view to detecting evidence for climatic change ( if any);
c) in consultation with the oceanographic expert and with the Department of Meteorology analyse the causes, nature and frequency of episodic events such as extreme flooding, tropical stormnsand drought periods;
d) prepare,in consultationwith the Department of Meteorology and other relevant Govemment Departments an evaluation of the needs of the Republic in the area of collection of weather data in thecountry.This evaluation should include: an analysis of trained manpowerneeds; mecommendations on the siting o futureweather stations (if any): recommendationson suitable training programmes for staff of the Department; a programme of the phased acquisition of necessary monitoring equipment and a fully costed budget and.
e) participate in the final review meeting of the programme. 33
I S ONALFRAMEWORK:
Lead Agency. Departmentof Meteorology. Collaborating Agencies Ministry.of Planning& Environment. Ministiy.of PubricWofks & Labour. Ministry.of Atolls Administration.
QUTPUTS:
1.Areviewof currentknowledgeconceming the climate of theIndian Ocean and the Maldives,including episodic events and their causes;
2. A sectora report on the possible impacts of climaticchange and sea level rise on futureclimates in the Maldives, and an assessmentof impactson humancomfort
3. A developmentplan for futuremeteorological monitoring in the Maldives.
Cost to ExternalAgency (in cash); 1990 1991 Totals Personnel IntemationalExpert 8,000 Travel& per diem 8,000 Reportingcosts 500 Sub-total 16,500 16.500
Cost to Govemmentof Maldives (in cash & kind)
Officespace & logistic support 2.000 Counterpartsalry 500 Sub-total 2.500 2 750
TOTAL 19000 19000 34
4. ASSES N OF GROUNDWATER R CSOURCESOF SELECTED ISLANDS
BACKGROUND:
Whilst several surveys of the Male aquifer have been conducted since the early 1970's and monitoring of this Iens is currently in hand , few surveys have been conducted to establish the extent of ground water resources on other isns. t is clear that a need exists to establishthe baseline condition of aquifer resources on islands scheduled for developruenL Project HS09P, "Geology and groundwater assessment" in the 19 8890 National Development Plan calls for a comprehensive review of current capabilities and existing dt-a and the formulation of development plans including the design of a water control laboratory. This project was iXitially sched- uledfor twoyears and the presentactivityenvisages an extension of the baseline survey and strength- ening of existing capabilities in the field of ground water assessment -
AIMS:
a) Initiate a national programme to survey the ground water resources of the country and enhance the capability of the Water and Sanitation Authority in this regard.
b) Establish the basis for a ground water database in the country.
c) Provide training in water resource assessment and management.
METHODOLOGYAND WORK PLAN:
Aspartof integrated resources assessmentof selected islands a ground watersuneywillbe conducted by bores and measurements of water quality and volume taken. The costs of establishing bores are high, estimated costs for a single island survey varies between twenty and thirty thousand USD thus full surveys will only be conducted on two islands to establish perrnanent monitoring points.
An intemational expeft will visit the Maldives for 10 weeks in 1990 and 4 weeks again in 1991 to liaise with other members of the resource assessment team and will:
a) assemble the published data pertaining to ground water resources of the Maldives;
b) design and undertake a programme of ground water assessment in selected atolls and islands;
c) provide basic training to Maldivian :.-.perts in water resource assessment and management;
d) model ground water flows and volumes for selected islands, and on the basis of studied aquifers provide preliminary projections of likely ground water resources for unstudied islands.
e) participate in the final review meeting of the programme. 35 iNsITTImmNAL FFaMEWORK:
LeadAgency: Ministry.of Planning& Environment. CollaboratingAgencies: Ministryof Healthand Welfare. MaldivesWater and Sanitation Authority. Ministry of AtollsAdministration.
OU,TPUS:
1. A review of current knowledgeconceming the ground water resourcesof the Maldives;
2. A sectoralreport on the possibleimpacts of climatic changeand sea levelrise on the groundwater resourcesof the Maldives.
3. Trained nationalexperts in water resources assessmentand management.
4. Detailed site reports on the ground water resources of selected islands.
BUDGET: 1990 1991 TOTALS Cost to extemalagency (in cash):
Equipment Establishmentof bores 30,000 20.000 Materialsana supplies 8.000 8.000 Personnel InternationalExpert 10.000 4.000 Travel& per diem 10.000 -5.000 Services Compullermodels 10.000 Reportingcosts 500 1.500 Sub-total 68.500 38.500 107,000
Costto Governmentof Maldives (in cash & kind):
Officespace & logistic support 6.000 6.000 Counterpartsalaries 1.500 1.500 Sub-total 7.500 7,500 15,000
TOTAL 76.000 46.000 122.000 36
S.IIARINEE OSYT1 AND :ORAL cE>FSURVEYS
BACKGROUND:
The MarineResearch Section (MRS)of the Ministry of Fisheriesand Agricultureis currentlyoperating a programmeof coral reef studies centeredin North Male' Atoll. As part of the resource inventories of selectedislands itis intendedthat assessmentof their reefs should be undertaken,thus extending the geographiccoverage ofthework oftheMRS.Aconsiderablebody of informationhas beencollected duringprevious suveys and some assistancewith the analysisand compiltion of these data will be provided.The presentactivity also seeks to initiate a programrnmeof retrospectiveanalysis of coral growth to provde semi quantitative,baseline information cn sea level changesduring the recent past.
AIMSJ: a) Expandthe current activitiesof MarineResearch Section into the field of coral growthstudies. b) Extendthe coverageof the presentsurvey programme to other islandsand atolls.
C) Assistance in collatingand analysing existing coral reef data. d) Providepreliminary estimates of recentsea level changes.
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN:
An intemationalexpert will be appointedto visit the Maldivesfor a period of ten weeks in 1990and a further 4 weeks in 1991to work in closeco-operation with the staff of the EnvironmentSection and the Marine ResearchSection, including expertsworkingunderthe proposedICOD jointprogramme Of cooperatio Given the presentmanpowerconstraints inthe ManneResearch Secion the Government should appoint an addional nationalstaff member to act as conerpatd during the vist of the Intemational expert and to continue aspects of the programme under the joint supervision of the Marine Research Section and the Environment section of the Ministry of Planning and Environment.
he intemational expert will:
a) assemble published information relating to the coral reefs. and marine resources of the Maldives;
b) prepare and undertake a programme of field observations and measurements at selected islands and atolls designed to characterize the biological communities in relation to the physical environment and anthropogenic influences and provide field training to national officers in such survey techniques;
c) initiate in cooperation with the Marine Research Section a programme of measurement of coral growth rates, past and present;
d) prepare in collaboration with national experts of the Marine Research Section a sectoral report on the potential impacts of climatic change and sea level rise on the marine resources and ecosystems of the Maldives;
e) participate in the final review meeting of the programme. 37
INSTnTUT7ONAL FRAMEOPRK:
Lead Agency: Marine Research Section, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture. Collaborating Agency: Ministry of Planning and Environment.
OUTPyS
1. A review of current knowledge concerning the marine ecosystems of the Maldives.
2. A sectoral report on the possible impacts of climatic change and sea level rise on the marine eco- systems of the Maldives.
3. Trained national experts in coral growth assessmenL
4. Detailed site reports on the marine communities of selected atolls and islands.
BUDGET: 1990 1991 Totals
Cost to Extemal Agency (in cash):
Personnel Intemational Expert 10,000 4.000 Materials & supplies 5.000 5.000 (resins, diamond saw blades) Travel & per diem 10,000 5.000 Reporting Costs 500 1,500 iSub-total 25.500 15.500 41.000
Cost to the Govenmmentof Maldives (in cash and kind):
Office space and logistic support 12.000 12.000 Counterpart salary 1,000 1.000 Sub-total 73.000 13.000 26000
TOTAL 38,500 28500 660G0 38
i6.COASTAL AND SEDIMENTOLOGY.
BACKGROUND:
An issue of fundamentalconcem to the Maldives is coastalerosion of the small islandswhich make up this archipelagicstate. Thereexists a needto not only establishthe causes and extent of present erosionalpmcesseswithinthecountry but toassessthesuitabilityand availabilityof lagoonal sediments foruse inthe constructionindustry. Information on sand resourcesand the stabilityof islandsis urgently required in a number of planningsectors.
AIMS: a) Establish acapabilityfortherapid assessmentof coastalprocesses intheMinistry of PublicWorks and Labour. b) Establish an in-countrycapability for the rapid survey of lagoonalsediments;
C) Providetraining in simpleprocedures for assessing sedimentdistributions. type andmovements.
MEUHODOLOGYAND WORK PLAN:
As partofthe integrated resourceassessmentofselected islands a sedimentand coastal erosion survey will be conducted to assess the extent of erosion and the origin and movements of sediments around the coastal and lagoonal areas of selected islands.
An intemational expertwilivisit the Maldivesfor 10weeks in 1990and4weeks in 1991 to liaise with other members of the resource assessment team and will
a) assemble the published data pertaining to lagoon sediment genesis, distribution and movements in Male' and other atoll lagoons;
b) design and undertake a program of sediment surveys in selected atolls and islands;
c) provide basic training to maldivian experts in sediment survey and analysis;
d) participate in the final review meeting of the programme.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:
Lead Agency Ministry of Public Works & Labour. Collaborating Agency: Ministry of Planning and Environment. 39
I. A feviwofcurentknowedgeconcemingthe sediments andsedimentary processesin Maldivian lagoons, icluding an assessmentof the possibleimpacts of climaticchange and sea level rise an sedimentsy processesin Maldivianlagoons;
2. Trained national expertsin sediment surveys and coastalprocess assessment;
3. Detailedsite reportson the sedimentary characteristicsof selected atolls,and islands.
LALDGE:
1990 1991 TOTALS Costto ExteemalAgency (in cash):
Equipment,(grabs, sediment, taps. sieves) 10,000 Personnel IntweationalExpert 10,000 4,000 Travel& per diem 10,000 5,000 Reportingcosts 500 1,500 Sub-totl 30.500 10.500 41.000
Cost to Govemmentof Maldives (in cash and kind)
Officespace and logistic support 12,000 12,000 Counterpartsalary 1,500 1,500 Sub-total 13 500 1350 27,000
TOTAL 44.000 24.W0 68,000 40
7. kt uMO `SUlRVEYOF SELECTEDISLANDS
BACKGROUND:
As with other resources of the Republic little information is available conceming terrestrial resource abundance or availability. Such data are needed both as a nucleus for a natcnal database and for planning future developments. Pwiec A}l 9P?"Land use plhg and mapping of islands" sougt to facilits lthe mappingof al inhabited islands in order to plan future land use and prepare proper maps. This activity would therefore meet in part the requirements of this project.
AIMS:
a) establish a capability forthe rapid assessment of terrestrial resources including soils and vegetation in the Environment Section of the Ministry of Planning and Environment.
b) establish an in-country capability for the rapid survey and mapping of small islands;
c) provide training in simp:e survey and mapping procedures and enhance the existing capabilities of the Ministry of Public Works and Labour in this regard.
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN:
As part of the integrated resource assessmer" of selected islands a topographic, soil and vegetation surveywilibe conducted tomap soil andvegetationtypesandpresent land use pattems of the selected islands.
An intemational expert will visit the Maldives for 10weeks in 1990 and 4 weeks in 1991 to liaise with other members of the resource assessment team and will:
a) assemble the intemationally published data pertaining to the terrestrial environment of the Maldives and other similar atoll states and islands;
b) design and undertake a programme of soil. vegetation. land use and phys cal surveys in selected atolls and islands;
c) provide basic rain.ing to Maldivian experts in survey techniques;
d) participate in the final review meeting of the programme.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:
Lead agency: Ministry of Planning and Environment. Collaborating Agency. Agriculture Section, Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture. Office for Physical Planning and Design. Ministry of Atolls Administration. 41 ourus
1. A rview of current knowledge conceming the terrestrial environment of atoll islands in general and of the Maldives in particular; an assessment of the possible impacts of clirmaticchange and sea level rise on tenestrial ecosystems;
2. Trained national experts in soil, vegetation and physical surveys;
3. Detailed site reports including maps of the soils, vegetation and land use on islands of selected atolls.
BUDGETh: 1990 1991 totals Cost to External Agency (in cash)
Equipment Surveying Equipment 10,000 Materials and supplies 5,000 3,000 Personnel Inemational Expert 10.000- 4.000 Travel & per diem 10.000 5.000 Reporting costs 500 1.500
Sub-total 35.500 13,500
Cost to Govemment of Maldives (in cash & kind):
Office space & logistic support 12.000 12.000 Counterpart salary 1.500 7.500 Sub-total I35C - 13,500 27 000
TOTAL 49.000 27,000 76.0W 42
8 ECONOUICc cPCATIONS OF CUMATIC CHANGEAND SEA LEVELRlISE.
BACKGROUND:
Considelableconcern has been expressedworld wide about the possible economic impacts of climatic change and sea level rise on developing countries and in particular on small island states. To date few studies of the economic implications of such changes have been made. UNEP sponsored studies in the Pacific highlightedthe atoll islandstates asbeingthe mostvulnerable to globalchange and placed priority on providing detailed planning and policy altematives for such states. There is therefore a demonstrated global need to provide economic planning and policy altematives to Govemment for coping with the potential impacts of climatic change.
AIMS: a) Review the likely consequencesof dimatic change and sea level rise on the economy of the Maldives. b) Advise the Govemment of the Maldives on policy issues which should be taken into consideration in planning future activities to achieve sustainable development.
METHODOLOGYAND WORKPLAN:
Following the reviews of other experts on the resources and physical environment of the Maldives and their assessmentof the likelyimpacds of globaldimatic change an intemational expertwill be appointed to work closeiy with national experts in analysing the policy and planning altematives available to the Republic of Maldives in defining their development strategies.
The Intemational expert will:
a) assemble published information relevant to the economy of the country.
b) examinethe past. present and future developmaentplans. both sectoral and nationaland provide an evaluation of the current state of the economy and its possible future development.
c) examine, in close co-operation with the Ministry of Planning and Environment, the prospects of the present and planned development activities from the standpoint of sustainable development.
d) evaluate in close co-operation with the expert on sociology anr with relevant national experts, the socio economic trends and impacts of present and plannej development.
e) prepare in consultation with the national expert a sectoral report on the potential impacts of dcimaticchange and sea level rise on the economy of the Maldives. including recommendations for future planning and policy decisions by the Govemment of the Republic which may avoid ormiligatzthe potential impacts of climatic changes on thefuture economic development of the country.
f) participate in the final review meeting of the prograrnme. 43
INSTMITMALUFRAMEWORK-
Lead Agency. Ministry of Planning and EnvironmenL Collaborating Agency.
OUIEUPIS
1. An ovenriew ofthecurrentstateof the economy and itspossible future developmentincluding a review of the past. present and proposed development activities. in the light of the possible impacts of climatic change on the economy of the Maldives.
BUDGE 1990 1991 TOTALS Cost to External Agency (in cash):
Personnel International Expert 12,000 Travei & per diem 12.000 Reoorting costs 1,000 sub-total 25.000 25.000
Cost to Govemment. of Maldives (in cash and kind)
Office space & logistic support 4,000 Counterpart salary 500 sub-totaW 4.500 4-500 TOTAL 29. 500 29.500 x SOCOLOGICAL fACTORS AFECTiNG SUSTAINABLE DtEVELOPMENTIN THE MALDIVES.
BACKGROUND:.
Considerableconcem has beenexpressed world wide about the possible socialand culturalimpacts of climatic changeand sea level rise on developingsmall island states.To date a fewstudies of the socialand cdtumal inplications ofsuch changeshave been made.The!mis demonstatedneed to proide social planning andpolICy alternatives to Govemmentfor coping with the potentialimpacts of dimatic change.
AIMS:. a) reviewthe past and currentsocial trends in the Maldives and their possiblefuture developmentin the light of climatic changeand presentdevelopment strategies.
METHODOLOGY & WORK PLAN:
Followingthe reviewsof otherexperts on the resourcesand physicalenvironment of the Maldivesand theirassessment of thelikely impactsof climaticchange. an intemationalexpert will visit the Maldives for 10 weeksin 1991to work dosely with national experts in analysingthe policy and planning altematives availableto the Republicof Maldivesin definingtheir developmentstrategies.
The intemationalexpert will:
a) assemblepublished information relevant to the sociology of the Maldives;
b) examinethe past, and current social trends in the Maldivesand their possible future developmenL
c) examineincloseco-operationwiththeprojectteam.r-sentand future social trendsfrom the standpoint of sustainabledevelopment as well aa the socio-economicimpacts of the preseat and planneddevelopment activities in the Maldives.
d) preparein consultationwith the nationalexpert a sectoralreport on the potentialimpacts of climaticchange and sea level rise on the socialand culturalenvironment of the Maldives, including recommendationsfor future planning and policydecisions by the Govemment which may avoid or mitigate the potentialimpacts of climatic changes.
e) participatein the final reviewmeeting of the programme.
INSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK:
Lead Agency: Ministryof Planningand Environment. Collaberating: Ministryof HomeAffairs and Sports. Ministryof Atolls Administration. 45
1. A overview of the current social and cultural environment of the Maldives and its possible future development in the light of proposed development activities and the possible impacts of climatic change on the social and cultural environment of the Maldives.
BUDG:r- 1990 1991 TOTAL
Cost to External Agency (in cash)
Personnel Intemational Expert 10.000 Travel & per diem 9.000 Report preparation, printing 1,000 Sub-total 20.000 20.000
Cost to the Govemment of Maldives - (in cash & kind)
Office space & logistic support 4.000 Materials& supplies 250 Counterpartsalary 350 Sub-total 4.6C0 4.600
TOTAL 24,600 24.500 46
10. SOLID WASTE 1aANAGMENT FOR RURAL ISLANDS, RESORTS AND FUTURE URBAN CENTRES IN THE MALDIVES.
BACKGROUND:
The problems of solidwaste disposal in Male' are currentlycritical whilstthe extentofsimilarproblems elsewhere in the country is unoocumented. Various proposals for disposal of soiid wastes in Male' have includeddumping, incineration and others. Nosubstarrtial databaseexists onthe situation outside Male' on which to base a rational choice of available altematives for overall national planning. The prac- ticality has not yet been adequately evaluated of alternative disposal methods which may be more appropriate for the Maldives than those proposed to date.
The "Male' sewage and solid waste treatment and disposal study" being undertaken as a consultancy by GfTECH aims to evaluate sewage impacts in the marine environment; evaluate the present fresh- water supply and demand; and assess the nature of solid wastes and evaluate altemative disposal mechanisms for the capital The proposed activity aims to extend this evaluation to other islands.
AIMS: a) To review current solid waste management problems countrywide; b) To extend the present capability of relevant Govemment Departments to monitor and enforce appropriate waste disposal standards; and. c) To recommend waste disposal methods for implementation resorts, rural communities and future urban settlements.
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN:
This activwtywill be initiated by means of an extensive review of current problems, and practices, and a critical examination of altemative methods of disposal which might be adopted in rural communities. resort islands and future urban settlements. In addit;on the volumes and nature of wastes produced in rural and resort islandsare inadequatelydocumented at the present time and the Environment Section should initiate actMities designed to produce a semi-quantitativedatabase for future planning purposes. initially an expert would be appointed for a ten week period in the second half of 1990 tc work in close co-operation with the Ministry of Planning and Environment. the Water and Sanitation Authority. The Male Municipality, and the Ministry of Tourism to:
a) review existing information conceming solid waste problems in the Maldives.
b) evaluate on behalf of the Govemment of the Maldives the findings and recommendations produced by GITECH concemina solid waste disposal altematives for Male';
c) assess in consultation with the relevant Govemment authorities the volume and nature of solid wastes being generated in selected resort and rural islands.
d) in consultation with the environment section of the Ministry of Planning and Environment. review existing legislaboncontroling disposal of solid wastesand assistin drafting amendments or new legislation as appropriate- 47
*Ieiew ctment vste disposal puaices -nd recommnend the adoption of appropriate handling and disposal systems paying particular attention to the possibilities of recycling and energy generation where appropriate.
f) provide preliminary cost-benefit analyses for the various altemative methods of disposal considered in d) above.
g) establish a programme to be operated by the Ministry of Planning and Environrmentto collect and evaluate data on the nature and volumes of solid waste generated overtwo years. and provide training to the national officers responsible for implementing the survey.
The Envirunment Section of the Ministry of Planning and Environment will:
a) initiate early in 1990 a detailed survey of solid wastes in selected resort and rural islands.
b) Prepare a dossier of relevant legislation, guidelines and standards currently in operation.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:
Lead Agency. Ministry of Planning and Environment. Collaborating Agencies: Water and Sanitation Authority. Ministry of Public Works and Labour. Male' MuniLipdlity. Ministry of Tourism. Ministry of Atolls Administration.
OUTPUTS:
1. A comprehensive review of solid waste disposal problems and potential solutions.
2. Recommendations conceming soiid waste disposal alternatives and appropriate draft legislation.
3. An evaluation of the GITECH assessment and recommendations relating to solid waste disposal problems in Male'
BUDGETS:
Cost to Extemal Agency in cash: 1990 1991 TOTALS
Personnel International Expert 10.000 Travel and per diem 9.000 Reporting costs 10.00 Sub-total 20,000 20.000
Cost to the Government of Maldives: 'in cash and kind)
Office space and logistic support 4.000 Counterpart salary 1.500 1. 500 Sub-total 5.5_G 1.500 7.000
TOTAL 25 50 1.500 27.000 48
11. ASSESSAENT OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES INTHE MALDIVES.
BACKGROUND:
The extent of polential problems resulting from sewage cortamination of the coastalzone. particularly is currently unknown, although the GITECH study referred to above is designed to investigate these in the vicinity of Male. Contamination of near shorewaters by human pathogens,induding faecal coliforms and problems resulting from nutrient enrichment in shallow water lagoon areas needs to be assessed particularly in relation to rural communities and resort islands. In addition the applicability of recent developments in sewage treatment to produce biogas and fertilizer should be evaluated for use in future urban developments in the Maldives.
AIMS: a) to review current problems; b) to evaluate on behalf of the Govemment of the Maldives the findings of GITECH relating to sewage pollution problems in the vicinity of Male; cJ to produce a fully costed proposal for the establishment of a sewage pollution monitoring capability in the Water and Sanitation Authority: dI to investigate the feasibility of attemate methods of sewage treatment and disposal for adoption in rural and resort islands and future urijan developments.
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN:
This activity will be initiated by means of an extensive review of current problems. and practices, and acriticalexamination of altemative methods of disposalwhich mightbe adopted in rural areas and future urbandevelopments. In additionthe capabilityfor monitoring marine and coastal pollutionproblems arising from the present method of untreated sewage disposal are inadequate and need to be upgraded.
Initially an expert would be appointed for a two months period to work in close cooperation with the Ministry of Planning and Environme;it. and the Water and Sanitation Authority to:
a) review existing information conceming sewage disposal problems in the Maldives:
by recommend a programme of coastal water monitoring and assessment to ascertain the scale of pollution problems arising form the discharge of untreated sewage wastes. The recomnmendedprogramme to include a realistic programme for the acquisition of equipment. facilities and man power phased over a period of three years;
c) review current disposal practices and recommend the adoption of appropriate treatment and disposal systems for rural islands and future urban settlements. paying particular attention to the possibilities of biogas and / or energy generation:
d) provide preliminary cost-benefit analysis for the vr.rious alternative methods ol disposal considered in c) above- 49
INSTMUT1ONAL FRAMEWORK:
Lead Agency: Ministry of Planning and Environment. Collaborating Agency: Ministry of Health and Welfare. MaldivesWater and Sanitation Authority. Ministry of Public Works and Labour.
OUTPUTS:
1. Comprehensive review of sewage disposal problems and potential solutions.
2. A phased plan for the development of a monitoring capability in country to assess the human health and eutrophication risks of present sewage disposal practices.
BUDGET:
1990 1991 TOTALS
Cost to extemal agency (in cash)
Personnel Intemational Expert 8.000 Travel and per diem 8,000 Reporting costs 5.00 Sub-total 16.500 16.500
Cost to the Govemment of Maldives (in cash and kind)
Office space and logistic support 1.000 Materialsand supplies 1.50 Counterpart salaries 3. 50 Sub-total 1.500 500 TOTAL 18.00 18 Otl 50
12. ANALYSS OF DEMIOGRAPIIC1RENDS INIHE REPUBUC OFIHEMAILDES
BACKGROUND:
Considerableconcem has been expressedworld wide aboutthe possible socialand culturalimpacts of dimatic changeand sea level rise on smallisland states. One majorcharacteristic of demographic patternsin atolland othersmall island states is the tendencyfor migrationof the populationwithin the countryin responsetoperceived benefits including access to health andeducation. To datefewstudies have been madeto evaluate the underlyingcauses of such movementsin the Maldives.There is a demonstratedneed to evaluatedemographictrends in order to establish island carryingcapacities andpovide parwing andpolicy altemativesto Govermnert which may assist in copingwith the additional strainswhich might be imposedas consequenceof the potential impactsof climatic change.
AIMS:
a) review the past and currentdemographic trends in terms of population growth and migration in the Maldives and their possiblefuture development;
b) reviewthe possibleimplications of current development plansfor future demographictrends; c) recommenda substantiveprogramme of populationmanagement to achieve sustainabledevelop- ment for implementationby the Govemment.
METHODOLOGYAND WORK PLAN:
Following the completionof the nationalcensus in 1990 an intemationalexpert in demographywould be appointed for a period of ten weeks to workin close collaborationwith a nationaldemographer in the Ministryof Planningand Environment. and with the sociologistin analysingpresent demographic trends and pattems.
The intemationalexpert will:
a) assemblepublished information relevant to the demography of the Maldives;
b) examine the past, and current demographic trends in the Maldivesand their possible future development:
c) examine,in close cooperationwith the sociologist.present andfuture demographic trends from the standpointsof.
i) sustainabledevelopment; ii) thepotential impacts of presentand planneddevelopment activities in the Maldives: and, iii) the potential impactsof climaticchange and sea level rise on the presentsocial. culturaland demographic patternsof the country;and,
d) recommendfuture courses of action for adoption by the Govemmentwhich may avoid or mitigate demographic problemshindering sustainable development.
e) participatein the final review meetingof the programme. 51
Th,e natioaw counterprt wilt
a) assemble relevant unpublished or locally available information.
b) actively participate in the collection, analysis and synthesis of the available information.
c) participate in the preparation of and take joint responsibility for the production of the final sectoral reporL
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:
Lead Agencyt Ministry of Planning and Environ.ment Collaborating agency-
OUTPUTS
1. An overview of thecurrent demographic pattermsin the Maldives and their possiblefuture development in the light of proposed development activities and the possible impacts of climatic change.
2. A recommended programme for implementation by the Govmment of courses of action which may avoid or mitigate against demographic prc' .ems hindering sustainable development.
BUDGEr:
1990 1991 TOTALS Cost to Extemal agency (in cash):
Personnel Intemational Expert 10.000 Travel and per diem 9.000 Reporting costs 1.000 Sub-total 20,000 20.000
Cost to the Government of Maldives (in cash and kind):
Office space & logistic support 2.000 Counterpart salary 350 Materials & supplies (photocopies & office supplies) 150 Sub-total 2500 2 500
TOTAL 22.500 22,500 52
13ENRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSES1SMENTOFIlHE VILUNG1URESETTIEMENT SCHEME
BACKGROUND:
In the light of theGovemmentdecisionto proceed with theVillingili resettlementscheme. the Selected Island Development Unit (SIDU) has initiated planning for the implementation of this project. SIDU has approached the Environment section of the Ministry of Planning and Environment to seek assistance in the design and implementation ol an environmental impact assessment of this project.
AIMS: a) to provide the Government and the Selected Island Development Unit with a comprehensive evalu- ation of altemative development scenarios covering the Villingiii Resettlement scheme. b) To provide training to the staff ofthe environmentsection in aspectsof environmentalimpact assessment.
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN:
ViDingiliwill be the firstisland for irmplementationof a comprehensive resource survey and the activities of aNlintemational experts will be directed in the first instance to conducting surveys of this island. The scientificadvisor tothe Ministryof Planning and Environmentwill. in collaboration with the National Coordinator of the work programme. guide. supervise and participate in all aspects of the assessment. Initially the scientific advisor will be responsible for developing. in consultation with SIDU and the National Work Programme Coordinator a detailed work plan and framework for the execution of the EIA. and will jointly with the staff or the Environment Section produce quarterly progress reports on the activities undertaken and the implications of the results for planning the development By includ- ing this island as one to be examined in the framework of other activities the bulk of the costs will be met through-the budgets for these activities. An extemal expert will be brought in to evaluate the progress and recommend on any modifications to the programme in early 1991.
INSTITUTiONAL FRAMEWORK:
Lead Agency: Ministry of Planning and Environment. Collaborating Agency: Selected Islands Development Unit. Maldives Water & Sanitation Aulhority. Ministry of Public Works and Labour.
OUTPUTS:
1) Ouarterly progress rerorts on the execution of the various resource assessments.
2) A consolidated report on the environmental impacts of development alternatives by mid-1991. 53
1990 1991 Totals Costto External agency fin cash); Personnel lntemationalExpert 5.000 Travel & perdiem 5.000 Materialsand supplies 5,000 1.000 Reportingcosts 300 1,000 Sub-total 50 12,000 17.300 Costto the Governmentof Maldives (in cash and kind):
Officespace & logistic support 2.000 2.000
Counterpartsalary 1,500 1,500
Materials&supplies (photocopies& ofrice supplies) 500 200
Sub-total 4.000 3.700
TOTAL 9.300 15,700 25.000 54
14. PREPARA71ONOF 4PUBLCAWARENESS AND NON-FORMALEDUCATION MATERIALS
BACKGROUND:
Whilst the level of environmental awareness is generally high amongst educated Maldivians there is a lack of material available in Dhivehi for circulation and use in the atolls. The Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture produces regular newsletters on fisheries matters and distributes them widely throughout the country. In addition thoy have produced and are producing short video taped documentaries on various environmental issues such as the crown of thorns starfish. The need for a more broadly based set of materials relating to current issues of environmental concem in the Maldives is apparent. The Environment Section of the MPE will collaborate with TV Maldives and the Voice of Maldives in produc- ing radio and television programmes relevant to the activities undertaken under the work programme. and on general environmental issues as appropriate.
a) To produce 1.000 copies of an eight sided quartedyenuronment newsletterin Dhivehifor distribution to schools and atoll administrative centres.
b) To produce 1,000 copies 16 pages each of 6 ?opular booklets in Dhivehi and English on important environmental issues for distribution to schools throughout the country.
c) To produce relevant radio and television programmes on environmental issues in the country.
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN:
Expertise currently exists within the environment section of the Ministry of Planning and Environment to produce such materials. It is proposed therefore that the scientiric advisorto the Ministry of Planning and Environment collaborate with the Environment staff in the selection of items and topics and that the Ministry staff are responsible for the production o. the Dhivehi texts. The substantive results of activities within the work programme will be incorporated into these materials. Distribution will be via NGO's .nd the offices of the Ministry of Atolls Administration.
iNSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:
Lead Agency: Ministry of Planning and Environment. Collaborating Agency: Ministry of Education. Non Governmental Organizations. Ministry of Atolls Administration. Television Maldives. Voice of Maldives.
OUTPUTS:
1. Eight issues of an environment newsletter.
2. Six popular booklets covering: Climatic change and sea level rise impacts in the Maldives. Coral reefs of the Maldives. Coral mining and sand dredging. Terrestrial environments of the Maldives. Coastal erosion and deforestation problems in the Maidives.
3. Ad hoc radio and television programmes as appropriate. 55
B5UDGE-.g1990 1991 TUOALS Cost to extemal agency in cash
Printing costs Newsletter 8 at 175Jissue 700 700 booklets 6 at 250/booklet 750 750 Materials and supplies 1,000 1,000 Sub-total 2.450 2.450 4.900
Cost to the Govemment of Maldives. in cash and kind
Personnel Authors time 1.000 1.000 Translators time 700 700 Art work and layout 500 500 Typists time 300 300 Materials and supplies 500 500 Sub-total 3.000 3,000 6.000
TOTAL 5,450 5,450 10.900 56
15. REDSJRE VENTORYFOR SEI.ECTEDISLANDS.
BACKGROUND:
In the lightof theGovemment selection of nine islandsas futurecentres of developmentit is proposed to proceed with the resource inventoryof these islandsto providebaseline data on the state of the environmentand resourcesprior to developmentstaking place .
AIMS:
a.) To providethe govemmentand the SelectedIsland DevelopmentUnit with an evaluationof t'.ie currentstate of the environmentand their resources for the nine islands selected for futuredevel- opment.
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN:
Comprehensiveresource surveys are madeto be under variousactivities within the currentwork programme.These surveys wil be directedin the first instanceto the following islands: Kelaa. Hanimaadhoo,Maafilaafushi, Meerufenfushi, lsdhoo, Gan, Hithadhooand Thoddoo. Priorities will be determinedin consultationwith SIDU and on the basis of logistic and financial considerations.Whenever practical additional islands within the sameatolls will also be survevedduring the course of each field work period.
A scientificadvisor to the Ministryof Planningand Environmentwill. in collaborationwith the National Coordinatorof the Work Programme.guide. supervise and participate in all the aspectsof the assess- ments. Initially the scientiric advisor will be responsiblefor developing,in consultationwith SIDU andthe NationalWork Programme Co-ordinator. a detailedwork planand the time table for the implem- entationof theseresources inventories and will jointly withthe staff of the environmentsection produce consolidatedreports for eachisland or atoll.which will includea sumrnaryof implicationsof the hndings for thedevelopment of the island.By targetingthese islands as sitesfor the variousassessment activities the bulk of the costs will be met through the budgetfor these activities.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:
LeadAgency: Ministryof Planningano Environment. CollaboratingAgency: Selected Islandsdevelopment Unit. MaldivesWater and SanitationAuthority. Ministryof PublicWorks and Labour.
OUTPUTS:
1. Resourceinventories and reports in the state of theenvironmentforeachselectedisland.together with an assessmentof the implicationsfor development.
2. Consolidatedreports coveringall islandssurveyed. 57
BUDGET: 1990 1991 TOTALS Cost to extemalagency(in cash):
Reportingcosts 1.000 Sub- total I.0 .0
Cost to the Govemmentof Maldives (in cash and kind)
Boatoperation and field costs 10,000 10.000 Sub-total t 0 000 10.000 20.000
TOTAL to1.IO0 21.000 58
16 FEASIBUTYSTUDYFORESTABLLSHMENTOFANATIONALINSTfIUTEFOR NATURALRESOURCES RESEARCH.
BACKGROUND:
A numberof experts have recommended the fornation of different kinds of institutes to foster research into the natural resources of the Republic. The Govemment ;.Licluded an evaluation study for the establishment of a Marine Research Institute in the 1 989 - 1990 National Development Plan. In the light of these developments and recommendations it is suggested that the brief for the initial evalu- ation study be broadened to include consideration of all aspects of research into the physical and biological environment of the Maldives.
AIMS:
a). To evaluate the practicality of establishing an institute for research into the natural resources of the Maldives.
METHODOLOGYAND WORK PLAN:
An international expert in the operation of research stations on small isolated islands will be invited to visit the Maldives and conduct a feasibility study of establishing some form of research institute in the country.The dcientificadvisor will activelyparticipateinthis feasibility studyandthe views of all member departments of the Commission for the Protection and Preservation of the Environment will besought conceming the location; scope of work and methods of financing such an institute.
INSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK
Lead Agency. Marine Research Section. Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture. Collaborating Agency: Ministry of Planning and Environment All members departments of the National Commission for the Protection of the Environment.
OUTPUTS:
1. Consolidated report on thefeasibility of establishing anatural resources research institute including:
i. Recommendations conceming the possible scope of work of such an institute:. ii. An analysis of altemative sites and recommendations concerning their suitatility: iii. An initial budgetary assessment of the capital and recurrent costs of establishing and running such an institute over a five year period. iv. A cost benefit analysis including possible cost recovery mechanisms for the recurrent budget; and v. An assessment of possible intemational resear.her. use of such an institute. 59
1990 1991 TOTALS Castto exte_gl agency (in cash):
Personnel kIernational Exei 8aoo Travelwd per diem 8.000 Repoitng cost 1,0OC Sub4ttal 17.000 17.000
Cost to the Gav6rrmmenicf Maldives (ancash and kifd!
Internal travl 5,000 Counkpat ssaty 500 Subtotal 550 5.50 TOTAL 22.500 22.500 60
17..ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL ATABASE.
BACKGROUND:.
Numerousreports have stressed the needforthe establishmentof an environmentaldatabase in the environmentsection of the Ministry of Planningand Environment. Few such recommendationshave distinguishedbetween primary and secondarydata sources. There exists a substantial amount of published informationconceming the natural environmentof the Maldives which is currently not availablewithin the country. Unpublisheddata sources such as aerialphotographs, satellite imagery and maps, charts and navigationaldata are also available elsewhere.Published and unpublished informationwithin the countryis alsonot readilyaccessed since it is held in a varietyof departments and no centralisedsystem existsto recordwhat is and what is not available.
AIM: a). To establishthe nucleusof anenvironmental data basein the environmentsection of the Ministry o' PIan.-..gand Environme..,
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN:
Each intemational expert will be required to conduct computerizedliterature searches prior to visitingthe Maldiwes,to acquirewhere possitle hard copies of relvant artides anddata sets not currently held in countryand to transportthemon visitingthe Maldives.The environmentsection of the Ministry of Planning and Environmentwill preparea computerizedlisting of all materialsboth publishedand unpublishedcurrently held in differentGovemment Departments and will enteradditionalitems as they are receivedfrom the internationalexperts. Periodically MPE will issuefor memberdepartmentsof the NationalCommission for the Protectionand Preservationof the Environmenta listing of all the envir onmentalmaterials held in the country.Individual Departments will be held responsiblefor assisting in updatingthese lists as appropriate.
INSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK:
LeadAgency: Ministryof Planningand Environment. Collaborating Agencies: All memberdepantments of the NationalCommission for the Protection of the EnvironmenL
CUTPUTS:
1. Initial listing of secondary sources of environmental data and their location in-country. 61
BJuDGErs:-
Costto ExternalAgency (in cash): 1990 1991 TOTALS Materialsand supplies (hardCopies computer stationary) 5,000 5.000 10,000 Sub-total 5A0 .000 10.000,
Cost to the Govemmentof Maldives (in cash and kind)
Officespace and logisticsupport 6.000 6,000 Personnel saary 1,500 1,500 Sub-total 7500 7500 15.000 TOTAL 12.500 12.500 25.500 62
1&. NATIONAL WORKSHOP FOR MID TERM REVIEW OFfTHE PROGRAMME
BACKGROUND:
At the end of October 1990 a training workshop will be held during which the results of the studies undertaken up to that point will be presented by the national e:perts participating in the activities, and the details of the work plan for the subsequent year will be formulated for approval by the National Commission for the Protection of the Environment. At this time a budgetary reviewwill also be undertaken in order to revise financial schedules in the light cf the previous ten months cash flow situ- ation.
AIMS: a) To consolidate and review the substantive outputs of the various activities b) To review and finalise the Work plan for 1991.
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN:
Each national expert will be expected to make a fomial presentation or the results of the work undertaken up to that point for critical peer review. The wcrkshop and its preparation will involve in- house training in scientific report writing and presentation.
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK:
Lead Agency: Ministry of Planning and Environment.
Collaborating Agency: All member Departmentsotf the National Comrmissionfor the Protection of the Environment.
OUTPUTS: a) Consolidated mid term reportof the Work Programme for consideration and approvalby the National Commission for the Protection of the Environment and sponsoring agencies. b) Revised budget and work plan for 1991. c) Recommendations for additional items for inclusion in the 1991 work programme in the light of recommendations from the sectoral reports. d) Recommendations for action by the National Commission for Protection of the Environment in implementing the concrete recommendations of the sectoral reports. 63
BUDGET:
Cost to extemalagency (incash) 1990 1991 TOTALS
Materialsand supplies 1,000 Sub-total .000 IM
Cost to the Govemmentof Maldives (in cash and kind) materialsand supplies 1.000 participans time 2.000 sub-total 3 030 TOTAL 4.000 4.000 64
19. TERIINAL SEINAR ANDWORKSHO TO REVEW THE 1990/91 WORK PROGRAMMEIMPLEMENTATION AND ACHIEVEMENT
BACKGROUNID:
In October 1991 aworkshop and seminarwill be held at which the national and intemational experts will present and discuss theirfindings. Tne conclusions of the workshop will be presented to the National Commission for the Protection of the Environment in the final terminal report of the project.
AIMS: a) to review the substantive findings of the various activities. b) to evaluate the success or otherwise of the programme c) to formulate the work programme for the implementation in 1992- 1993. d) to recommend on the mechanisms for the management and implementation of future work programmes.
8) to recommend if necessary, amendments to the National Environment Action Plan.
METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN:
The activitywill bedivided intotwo oneweeksections. Duringthe first week presentations of the results of the various activities will be made by the national and intemational experts in the form of seminar presentations open to the public. During the second week a working meeting will discuss the details of the management and nature of future activities and draft the necessary documents and recom- mendationsfor considerationby the National Comnmissionfor the Protectionof the Envir6nmenL National and intemational experts who participated in the implementafion of the initial work programme will attend this meeting as scientific advisors. Sessions will be open to other interested individuals as ooservers.
INSTITUTIONALFRAMEWORK:
Lead agency: Ministry of Planning and Environment. Collaborating agency: All member Departments of the National Commission for the Protection of the environment.
OUTPUTS: a) Final consolidated report of the 1990-1991 work programme. b) Work shop report including recommendations i) on the mechanisms for management and implementation of future work programmes. ii) amendments (if necessary) to the National Environment Action Plan. c) an evaluation of the successes and failures of the programme elements. d) The wor.k programme for implementation in 1992- 1993. 65
BUDGiET
Cost to external agencies (in cash): 1990 1991 Totals
Material and supplies 5.000 Travei and per diem ( 8 intemational experts): 28.000 sub- total 33W000 33.000
Cost to the Govemrment of Maldi /es (in cash and kind)
Materials and supplies 5.000 Participants time B.000 sub- total 13.000 13.000
TOTAL 46.000 46.000 CHAPTER 21 ENVIRONMENT
I. PERFORMANCE
Until comparatively recentiy, the life-styles of Maldivians tiad little direct impact on the envirnrnent. The main impacts were those of deforestation, brought about by the need for fuelwood, and, in the absence of other building matenals. coral depletion and sand mining. Rapid socio-economic development, combined with a fast increasing population, has accelerated the process of environmental degradation. with the natural environment becoming no longer something that can be taken for granted, but a valuable asset in need of both preservation and conservation-
Govemment environmental policies and programmes have been greatly hampered by the severe lack of information about, and expenence with, environmental management. Various studies have been undertaken to help rectify this situation. In 1984. a study identified important environmental problems, and proposed guidelmes which could serve as a basis for improved environmental management Another study was commissioned at the samnetime to examine the effects of coral mining, particularly. in Male' AtolL Its findings were alarming, suggesting that, at the then prevailing rates of depletion, the coral reefs of Male' Atoll would all but disappear by the year 2015. Legislation has since been introduced to regulate coral mining in the atoll. Other studies that have been undertaken include identifying (a) possible causes of the cracks that have appeared in the sub-structure of the Male' coral reef system, (b) causes of reef degradation, and (c) measures to combat recent outbreaks of crown of thoms starfish.
These studies and measures were combined with efforts to develop the institutions required for effective environmental management. An Environmental Section was established in the Ministry of Home Affairs and. in 1984, the Council for the Protection of The Maldives Environment was created to advise the Govemment on environmental matters. This was later changed to the National Council tor the Protection of the Environment (NCPE).
The Govemment has also introduced vanous regulations designed to improve environmental conditions. l* It has introduced a 'Sanitation Code". aimed at regulating sewage disposal, water quality and refuse disposal in tourist resorts. Incinerators and compactors were made mandatory from November 1987. Legislative measures have included prohibition on the catching of under-sized turtles. tonoises and jIt lobsters. In 1987, a 'Housing Code' was introduced. aimed at ensuring proper sanitary and hygienic .onditions for the general well-being of the population of Male'. The Government has also introduced a code to prevent the felling of coconut palms. as well as initiated several tree planting programmes.
Particularly significant was the Govemment's decision of June 1988 to make mnandatoryenvironmental impact assessmnentsfor all development projects.
The Govemment recognizes that small island ecosystems are armong the most vulnerable to mnan- induced disruption and pollution. It also recognizes that the natural environment may not always be benign. Three days of tidal swells in April 1987. with waves of up to 2.5 metres. battered Male', washing away or submerging a large part of land which had been reclaimed between 1979 and 1986. and badly damaging infrastructure at the intemational airport. New tidal surges in June and September. 1988. inundated cultivated fields in some southern atolls. and caused extensive darage to causeways that linking islands, with several islands actually tom in two by the force of the wave action. Feared as a harbinger of predicted sea-level mse.the damage sustained was a clear reminder of the vulnerability
NaMionaWOeveloprnent Plan 1991-1993Vol. I1r
_- |hwr Tw on e. Enironmnt I of the island nation. The Government has taken the threats posed by climatic change very senously. and has introduced various initiatives aimed at bnnging tne potential threat of sea-level rose to the anention of the intemational community.
The most recent evidence of this vulnerability was piovided by severe storms that swept the country at the end of May 1991. These storms uprooTed or camagea more than 190.000 trees. many of them coconut palms and fruit trees. The storms also destroyed or damaged around 3.300 dwellings and 250 public buildings, such as schools, mosques and island offices, as well as more than 20 boatyards. Particularly badly affected was Addu Atoll in the south. This atoll experienced the wotst storm in living memory, with wind speeds that exceeded 150 kph. The mnostimportant banana producing area of the country, the storm uprooted or badly damaged around 60.000 banana trees - more than halt the atoll's tosal - as well as several thousand fruit trees. thereby depriving many inhabitants in Addu Atol of an important source of inconwe.Surprisingly, no deaths were recorded. The storm that battered Addu occurred at low tide. Had its maximum intensity occurred at high tide. the damage sustained. already very considerable. could have approached the scale of a human tragedy. providing a further reminder of the vulnerability of low-lying coral atolls. and of the multifaceted relationships that exist between land and sea in a small island arcthipelago.
Studies conducted in recent years have not only highlighted the vulnerability of Maldives to cuintic change and sea-level rise, but also the extent and severity of environmental problems. These in'lude:
(i) coral mining for construction and road surfacing;
(ii) the negative impacts of land reclamation on coral reef systems:
(iii) coastal erosion. caused by improperly designed and badly located piers, harbours. wharfs, groynes. jetties and gabions;
(iv) freshwater aquifer depletion and saline intrusion;
(v) deforestation for fuelwood. construction and boatbuilding: and
(vi) inadequate systems of waste management and disposal.
The Government is seeking to address these probJems through a comprehensive rather than piecemeal approach. In 1988, it renamed the Ministry of Planning and Development as the Mintstry of Planning and Environment In 1989. a draft National Environment Acoon Plan and Work Programme were developed. with the assistance of UNDP anrJ UNEP. and presented to a national workshop at wNich they were reviewed and amended. The rational workshop. which included representatives of the private sector as well of NGOs. recommended the approval of the Plan and Work Programme to NCPE. They were formally approved by the Govemment in July 1990.
The National Environment Plan seeks to establish a strategic framework for activities designed to address environmefftal problemns.strengthen environmental management and planning capabilities. and ensure that environmental concerns are taken fully into account in planning future development. The work programme contains 19 projects and activities. many of which are concerned with both the analysis of different environmental problems and the creation of a data bast. Many of these projects, which together cost USS 1 3 million, have already been funded. and have e :ner recently started or are planned to start soon.
* 1XSZ ~~~~~~~~~~~~NationaevelopmentN e Plan 1997-1993Vo 7 :. _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Chapter Twergy,O Environrnent
l~t An Environmental Research Unit was established in the Mintstry of Planning and Environment in 1990 *t which has main responsibility for these prolects. With the creation of the Unit. the number of staff in MPE concerned with environmental matters was increased to 14.
11. SECTOR CONSTRAINTS
Progress in addressing environmental issues is constrained by problems familiar in srmall island developing countnes. These include a lack o1 qualified manpower. inadequate and incomplete environrmentallegislation. and weak capacities to enforce environmental protection legislaton. Constraints also include a deficient and incomplete data base required 1or the preparation ot protection and conservation measures and plans. There are also limitations imposed by the sectoral division of planning responsibilities, which I results in the compartmentalization of skills knowledge and data. and inhibits thie formulation and implementation of integrated approaches demanoed by the environment.
Moreover, public perception of environmental problerms is still low. This is being addressed through awareness and information campaigns. via radio and television. the activities of NGOs and the teaching of environmental science as part of the school curnculum.
III. MAJOR OBJECTIVES
Environmental- management and conservation is regarded by the Government as a key ingredient of its strategies to build sustainable social and economic development. High prionty is accordingly afforded to environmental objectives. which are to:
(i) ensure to the best possible extent that all development programmes and projects are fully f consistent with the sound and prudent management and conservation of the environment and natural resources;
(ii) develop the information, skills and institutions required for the preparation. implementation and monitoring of environmental management and conservation plans and programmes;
* (iii) develop the legislation and legal instruments required wor the effective preservatton and conservation of both the terrestrial and marine environment;
(iv) promote awareness amor.g all Maldivians of the importance of the environment for the future development of Maldives. and the well-being of future populations:
(v) strengthen capacities for the preparation of environmental impact assessments. with the aim of ensunng that ElAs are prepared for all major capital investment projects in both the public and private sector: and. i. (vi) monitor carefully global warming and impenditng sea-level rise, and assess their possible implications for Maldives.
NarionalrDevelopment Plan 1991-1993 Val 1 163 Ciautr TwenryOne Environment
IV. STRATEGIES AND POLICIES
The Govemment will continue to seek to adopt a comprehensive ana integrated approach to the environment. as embodied in the National Environment Action Plan. Emphasis dunng the third plan period wvil be given to the development of capacities for sound environmental planning and management. the expansion of the winormation base required lor planning and management. the developmnent of appropriate institutions and the implementation of awareness campaigns. The National Environment Action Plan should be seen as a first step towards the preparation of a Natijnal Envwronmental Management Plan, which will be a priority in the inext plan period.
Particular prioty will be accorded to establishing procedures required for the full and effective implementation o1 the decision to prepare ElAs for capital development projects. and trainingofficials, especially within the EnvironnmentalPtannmng Unit, in methods and techniques of assessment.
The Govemrnmentalso hopes to be in a position to prepare its first 'State of the Environment' report before the end of the Plan period.
While the Govemrnen winl continue to stress the importance of an integrated and comprehensive approach. it does not believe that the environrent can or should be treated as a traditional sector. Rather, environmental awareness must be buift into the policies, programmes and projects of line and sectoral agencies. Accordingly, sectoral policies and programmes. as elaborated in other chapters of this Plan. will be used to achieve environmental objectives and prionties.
Examples of environmentally relevant prolects can be found in many sector plans. They are particularly evident in the strategy for fisheries. where five projects are planned in the area of coral reef management, while other project5 are concerned with stock assessment and the developmnentof management plans for specific fishenes. Projects for atoll development, particularly the 7 IADPs. necessarily contain clear environmental components. In agriculure. one ot the objectives set for the sector is to promote reatloresation, with several new projects planned, while a guiding pnnciple for future tounsm developmen: is the need to respect environmental values.
Similarly, strategy for the health sector, especially for water supply and sanitation. is regarded as an important instrument for the attainment of environmental objectrves. many of which impact positvely and directly with health objectives. In educav:on and trasning, environmental oblectives will continue to form an integral part of strategy.
Since congestion and overcrowding on thF. nation's capital island pose many environmental threats. programmes for the further improvement of Male' necessanly embody environmental pnorities. This applies particularly to prolects which improve water supplies and sanitation. the latter including the construction of a sewage treatment plant, to prevent the discharge of untreated sewage at outfalls beyond the ree.. and improvement in the collection and disposal of solid wastes. Similarly. the project to continue the paving of roads on Male' is guided by the need to replenish the capital island's much- depleted freshwater lens. Every effort will also be made to ensure that the development of Villingili as a sateliite of Male' incorporates the highest environmental standards.
Ir6ll- Nxnorial Developmnent Plan 1991-1993 Vol. I Chapter Twenty One Environment
V. MAJOR PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS
1. National Environment Action Plan
This program aims at establishing policy al the local and national level for environmental protection. In order to do so the project will formulate a programme ot action
2. Environmental Impact Assessments
* This project will prowide technical assistance and on tre job ard overseas training necessary to carry out EiAs of all development projects.
3. Promotion of Environmental Awareness
This project will provide technical assistance and on the job and overseas training to increase environmental awareness amongst children and adult population.
4. Environmental Support
This is a technical assistance project to provide support for improved planning and monitonng of environmental issues.
NationalDevelopnent PFlan1991-1993 Vod 1 165 9!_** wa E 0 to
w
_~~~~~~~~~ I
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' TABLE 16.1 ENVIRONML...I- TOTALCOSTS (US$ '000)
GBefore Plan Alter Project Project 1991 1991 1992 1993 Period 1993 Toat! rechnicalAssistance forenvironnienlalplimnirig, PhI 00 330 41.5 0.0 74.5 00 74.5 Technicalassislance forenvironmental planning. Ph 2 0.0 93 40.3 0.0 49.6 0.0 49.6 Env;ronmenlalmanagemenl &planning 164.5 1385 00 0.0 138.5 00 3030 Environmentalmonitoring 0.0 947 25.0 00 119.7 00 119.7 Environmentalaction plan review 4.0 46.0 0.0 0.0 46.0 0.0 50.0 Preventionofenvironmenlal degredation in Addii Aloll 0.0 00 2,220.7 317.6 2.538.3 00 2,538.3 Environmenlalawareness . 5.5 5.4 0.0 0 0 5.4 0.0 10.9 Improvementoflmeleorologicalservices 0.0 00 1,000.0 200.0 1,200.0 2000 1,4000 Capacityenhancement inenv. planning &managemenl 30.3 2438 365.2 2962 905.3 300 9656 Resourcessurveys for environmental planning 0.0 157b 84.0 0.0 241.5 U.0 241.5 Coastalgeomorphology &sedimentology 0.0 440 24.0 0.0 68.0 0.0 68.0 Supponfor Environment Research Unit 0.0 0.0 500.0 0.0 500.0 0.0 500.G Marineenvironmcnl assessmenl 38.5 580 0.0 0.0 58.0 0 0 965 Asseissmentofsewagedisposalalternatives 0.0 18.0 0.0 0.0 18.0 0.0 18.0 rolal 242.8 848.2 4,300.7 813.9 5,962.8 230.0 6,435.6
453
k.w V_Mb NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1991-1993 VOLUME. 2
TABLE 16.2 ENVIRONMENT FOREIGNCOSTS (USt '000)
Requirements _ AnsislenceCommitted - ResourceGap Before Plan After Beforfr Plan After Plan After Projecd 1991 1991 1992 1993 Perlod 1993 1991 Period 1993 Total Perod 1993 Total
TechnicalAssisiance forenvironmental planmfng, PhI 00 20.0 300 00 50,0 0 0 0 0 500 0 0 500 00 0 0 00 Techllicalassistanceforenvwonmenmalplanning,Ph2 0.0 53 320 00 373 00 00 00 00 00 373 00 373 Etivironmntalrnanagemenl Aplanning 128.0 1170 0 0 00 1170 0 0 1280 1170 0 0 2450 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fnvironmaenalmoniioting 00 77.5 100 00 875 00 00 875 00 575 00 00 00 Envhionmentalacionpian eview 1.0 330 00 0 0 330 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 34.0 PieventonofenvifonmenlaldegredationinAdduAtoll00 00 22207 3176 25383 00 00 00 00 00 2,5353 00 25383 Eiiviionmenlalawafeness 2 5 2 4 0 0 0 a 2.4 00 2 5 2 4 00 4 9 00 0 0 0 0 liipruvemeniolmet,orologicaliservices 00 0 0. 1.0000 2000 1,2000 2000 00 00 00 00 I,2fl00 2000 1.4000 Capacityenhancementin envplanningAmanagemeni 30.3 2015 2805 2115 693.5 300 303 6935 300 1535 00 00 00 ResouicessuiveysfrenvifonrnenIafplanning 00 1210 53.0 00 1740 00 00 00 00 00 1140 00 1740 Coasalgeomrophology &sedimentology 0 0 305 105 00 410 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 410 0 0 41.0 Suppoilfor Envkonment Research Unit 00 0 0 5000 00 5000 00 00 00 00 00 5000 0 0 5000 Maiineenvironmeni assessnment 255 405 0 0 00 405 0 0 2 55 405 00 660 00 0 0 00 Assessmeniolsewagedisposalalleinalives 00 165 00 00 165 00 00 00 0o0 0 165 00 165
Total 187.3 66;2 4,1367 729.1 55310 230.0 186.3 990.9 30.0 1207.2 4540.1 200.0 4,741.1
J.'. h.| 4 ltIrl Ai.i I
<|48!~~~~~~~~ ! { j i * j @ W .! tr Ip.
_ S_X_ , ...... , ....-*,..1z.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. ^- ~ ~ ~ ______------
TABLE 16.3 ENVIRONMENT- DOMESTIC COSTS (US$ '000)
Before Plan After Project Prolect ______1991 1991 1992 1993 Period 1993 Total
TechiicalAssistance or environnienlalplriifiiig. Ph I 00 130 11.5 00 245 00 245 Trechnicalassislance for environmental planring. Ph 2 00 40 8.3 0.0 123 00 123 Environmentalmanagement &planning 365 215 0.0 0 0 215 0 0 58.0 Environmentalmonitoring 0 0 172 15.0 0 0 322 0 0 322 Environmentalaclion plan review 3.0 130 0.0 00 130 (0.0 160 Preventionof environmental degred.tliorn in Adihlu Atoll 0.0 00 0.0 0.0 0o0 0o0 00 Environmentalawareness 3.0 3 0 0.0 0 0 3 0 0 6 0 Improvementofmeteorological sorvices 00 0 0 0.0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 CapaciNenhancementinenv.planning&rimanagemnent 00 42.3 84.7 84.7 2118 0.0 .211.8 Resourcessurveys for environmental pldnrillng 0.0 365 31.0 0.0 67.5 00 67 5 Coastalgeomorphology & sedimentology 00 13.5 13.5 0.0 27.0 00 270 Supponfor Environment Research Unit 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Marineenvironmenl assessmenl 130 17.5 0.0 00 175 00 30.5 Assessmentof sewage disposal alternalives 0 0 1.5 An 0.0 1.5 C0 1.5
Total 55.5 183.0 164.0 84.7 431.8 0.0 487.3
455 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1991-1993 VO_vME 2 Co-Je Projecl Time
ET 01: t81 Technical Assistance or Envrronmenta Planning - Phase I
Programme: Sector: DevelopmentmaArea:
Enrwonmentalplanring Envwonment Envronment lmpiemnentngAgency: Status
Ministyof Planningand Environment | Ongoing
Funoang. Duration 2 Yrs mms
Ci"naaa I Crorr 190 * Ig9 GeogrLpnicCoverage: TargetGroups:
Obecves: reviewthe current solid waste management problems and improve tie capabilityfor monnonngand enforcing - appopnatewaste disposal standards recommendwaste disposal metnods for resorts. rural communites and future urban communitis . reviewtne past and awreit demoaraphc trends reviewIhe possbtl implecatlons ofcurrent development plans for future demographic trends recofrlunda sobstutve piogramnw of populationmanagenient estabbshIhe nudezs of anenrornmental database mn the UPE
Components: solidwaste management - consullancy . analyssol demographictrends - consuflancy . establnhmentofan envrmonmental database - equwnent
Benefits:
EnvronmnenalImpicatrions: nd ,
PnvateSector lnvolvement nil |
Implicatonsfor Women m Development nd
Risks: nil
456 - I
ENVIRONMENT
TA FORENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING PH 1
PlanPenod: 1991-1993 Total Before Plan After Project . j ~~~~~~~~~~~~19911991 1992 1993 Cost 1993 Cost
_ l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)(b) lc) (d) (e) (fl (9J
1.PROJECT COSTS (USS '000)
.A. Exlemalrequirements:
Civilworks & constructon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equipment& vehicles 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0
- 1 OverseasTraining 0C0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 . i LocalTraining a.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Consullantsftech.staff,etc Q.O 19.0 19.0 0.0 38.0 0.0 38.0 Othercosts 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0
Subtota(External requirements) 0.0 20.0 30.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 50.0
a. Domesticcontribution 0.0 13.0 11.5 0.0 24.5 0.0 24.5
C.Total 0.0 33.0 41.5 0.0 74.5 0.0 74.5
D. Exterr assistancecomrited Q0 20.0 30.0 0.0 50.0 0.0 50.0
; _ { E. Resourcegap 0.0 0.0 OO00 0.0 Q0
2. MANPOWERREQUIREMENTS
1991 1992 1993 F. Manmonths Local 0 0 0 Expatriate 0 0 0 Total 0 C 0
G. Numbers Local 0 0 0 Expatiate 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0
- I NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1991-1993 VOLUME 2 Codw. ProecThl.e:
ET 021182 TedulmcAsssmce for Environmental Planning - Phaseil Programm.: Sector DevelopmentalArea:
EnviwonmeWpbnnrg Environment Enwronmenm lttpuntrMpg Agenc: Status:
Minisrl,of Planningand Environment Droposea Funitng: Duration 2 Yrs mms Requwred From 1990 to 1991 GeographicCowerage: TargetGroups:
Objectives: reviewhe past and acrrentsoca trends in te Maidmesand their possible fulure development intie lightof chnutcdange and present development strategies comprehensvemevaluabon at atleranavedevelopment scenarios covenng the Vuilngl reseleremnt scherne providetrain to thestaff a theenviroment secton in aspects of emnronnenma impact assessment
Components: socaologcallactors amlecing sustainable development -Corisultancy eniffonrnentJimpact assessnnem - equipment - consultancy
Benefits:
EnvfronmentalImplicatons: nd
PrvateSector Involvement nil
Impcationsfor Women in Development nd
Risks: nd
458 ENVIRONMENT
TAiOR ENVIRONMENTALLANNIlNG PH 2
PlanPenoo * 991-1=3 Total Before Plan After Project 1991 1991 1992 1993 Cost 1993 Cost
.~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ig_ la! -
1. PROJECTCOSTS (USS 000)
A. Extemalrequirements:
Civilworks & construction 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 G.0 Equipment&venicles 0 0 5.G 10 0.0 6.0 0 0 6.0 OverseasTrairung 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 0.0 LocalTraining 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 D.0 0a0 0.0 ConsultantsAech.staff. etc 0.0 0.0 29.0 0.0 29.0 (.UU 29.0 Othercosts 0.0 0.3 2.0 0.0 2.3 Uu 2 3
Subtotal(External reauiremen'.s) 0.0 5 3 32.0 00 373 0.0 37.3
B.Domesticcontribution 0.0 40 63 00 12.3 0.0 :2.3
i C. Total 0.0 9.3 40.3 0.0 49.6 0.0 49.6
D. Externalassistance commitec 0 20 2 0o 0 0 0 0.0 0°0 i I E.Resource gap 0.0 5.3 32.0 0.0 3 3 00 37.3
2. MANPOWERRECUIREMENTS
I . i1991 1992 1993 F. Manmonths Local 0 0 0 Expatnate 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0
G. Numbers Local 0 0 Expatriate 0 3 0 -_ 'atal '-
459 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1991-1993 VOLUME 2 C4X*- Pftecl rile:
ET03/11 Ennrornenia Managenentano Planrug Xt Pa_qUINIM: Sectrf: DeviopmentnaArea:
Eitvirnfd planng Environment Envronment l Ibpfg Ageu:y Status:
Mminydf Planningand Envronmnent Orgoing Funding: Duration 2 Yrs mm, ADB From 1990 to 1991 Ggrwq Coveage: TargetGroups:
Otecmies: implementne 1990.S1enmwoment acen plan . esblish a unied approadlto envirnmentalpwanning and mangement . esash capabikty orenrmrnmental npact assenmentlor mWordeelopnent protets . estbish nie nudeus of an envonmenal dalabasein ne MPE . rew andrevue exstng envonnrenta legslalvonand gudelmeswtiere approprae . pme paa tnng
Compxnens establshenemof envirnnenla marageme-tand planning capacity -equpment -consuhancy
Benefits: enhancedcaparibhies of the EnironnrentSecton ot ihe MPE
EnmonmentalJmpcaons: Nil
PrnvateSector Involvement nil
Impkrcaonsfor Womensn Development nil
Risks: nil
460 r ~~~~~~~ENVIRONM4ENT -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ FROIZENTALMANAGEMENT&PLANNING
Ply' Petiod:1991-1993 Total Beble Plan After Project 1991 1991 1992 1993 Cost 1993 Cost
(a) lb) Cc) (d) (e) (1) (9)
PROJECTCOSTS OMSS '00O
yExlna murenm:
Civl works&consuucion 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equipment& vehide 26.0 14.0 0.0 0.0 14.0 0O. 40.0 OverseasTraining 00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LocalTraining 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Consdiantsle staff,etc 101.0 101.0 0.0 0O. 10t.0 0.0 202.0 Olhwcsts 1.0 ZO 0. 0.0 2.0 0.0 ao
SubtotIl{Ejernal requrermens) 128.0 117.0 0.0 0. 117.0 0.0 245.0
B. Domesticconlribufion 36.5 21.5 0.0 0.0 21.5 0D0 58.0
C. Total 164.5 135 0.0 0.0 138.5 0.° 303.0
0. Exlemalassistance conmitted 128.0 117.0 0.0 0.0 117.0 0.0 245.0
ELResource gap 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2. MANPOWERRE5UIREMENTS
I991 1992 1993 F. Manmonths Local 000 Expatnale 0 0 0 Total 0 0 D
G Numbers Local 0 0 0 Expatnate 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0
461 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1991-1993 VOLUME 2 :ot ProFctTine:
ET0O1184 EnvironmentlMIJonorge
P rgamn: S.ctor: DevelopmneWArea:
MUonlolguo management |Emironment Environment Ipmiti t A.afy Status:
Mlisyod PubicWots andLabowlMinrsty ofPlanning and Environment Ongoig Furdimg: Duration 2 Yrs rmils cFTc Fror 1990 to 1991 GeograpicCoverage: TuargetGroups:
. Oujeclives: res. lishan uu-wumy capabity tr moffiong sealevel. ide and wave patterns m tVe Mitstry of PubicWorks andLabor establishthe Mamcis n oceainogrpiicard hydrographicdatb * provideauaug n simpleoceanogrpl andhagois .h invStgatins . provideadevelpm.Wtn forVie Depulnseof Meteoroogy provdea revewd cmai knowledeconceming me dumalogy and mneleorougy ofVhe Endian Ocean and an assesmentt iely dges whichmight be expeced as aconsequence of predictd dOknalic change uier .heifienca of glbal amimng
Conponenis esbkshlunenof a hydrogrpnicunit -equwpment
- consuancy . eaterusionotwealtiermnitnnmg - consultancy
Benefit:
EwrinmuenralImplicaions: nil
PrivateSectar involvment nd
lmpficaaonsfor Womnen inDevelopment nil
Risks: ni
462j ENVIRONMENT
RONObMENTALMONITORIN(;
PlanPenod: 1991-1993 Total Before Plan After Project 1991 1991 1992 1993 Cost 1993 Cost
.3) -. e' aI1
* PROJECTCOSTS (USS '000)
A Extemalrequirements:
Civilworks & constucton 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 Equipmenl& vehides 0.0 30.5 0.0 GC 30.5 0 0 30.5 OverseasTrainng 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1]0 0.0 LocalTraning 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 100 00 10.0 Corsultants/lech.staff. etc 0.0 36.0 9.0 0.0 45.0 0.0 45.0 Othercosts 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 20 00 20
* Subtotal(Exlernal requirements) 0.0 77.5 10.0 0.0 97.5 0.0 87.5
B. Domesticcontribution 0.0 .7.2 15.0 0.0 32.2 00 32.2
C. Total 0.0 94.7 25.0 0.0 119.7 0.0 119.7
D. Enternalassistance committed 0.0 77.5 10.0 0.0 87.5 00 57-5
E Resourcegap 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
I
2. MANPOWERREQUIREMENTS
1991 1992 1993 F. Manmonths Local 0 0 0 Expatriate 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0
G. Numbers Local 0 0 0 Expatriate 0 0 0 Toiai5 3 3 (
463 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1991-1993 VOLUME 2 Code: ProeLdTile:
ET05 I i5 EnvironmrnetAchon Plan Reviewr
Prograrnre: Sector: DeveiopmenalArea
r" " .- mxnsnt ~~~~~~~~Envlrornent Environment
!mPlrnenting Agency: Status:
Ministyoi Planmng and Envionnen! Ongong
Furnbng: Duration. 2 Yrs rnths ADB Frorn 1990 *.o 1991 1 Geogqaphclboverage: TargetGroups:
L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Ob;e1tves: consolidateand review the subst ve outputsof me varous acwivesite reviewanrd fnaise te workpian . evaluatetie sucessor otieise of Omprogramme I recorurendan twe m ianmr forte magrkemmnt and rmplemeno a]l tuturevork progr--nes . recommendd r yr.& ca-.-. I ArntnlAcon Plan
Conponenis: workshop lor mid term review - eqwpment terminalsemmnar ancd workshop toreview Ihe 199V91 work programme -eqwput * ~~~~~~~~~~~I1 jBeneftts:
EmnonmenbJnlprcations. mi
Piate Seior Involvement: nil
lmIncaUnsfor Wrrenm Developmrnt m
fRisks:
464 ENVIRONMENT
BElMRONMENTACTION PLAN REVIEW
,P_.Pcid: 1_.1 .-993 Total Before Plan After Prolect 1991 1991 1992 1993 Cost 1993 Cost
s 1 {~~~~~~~~~~~~~a)ib) :0 id) tel to (9)
1..-- PROJECTCOSTS(uss '000)
A. Extena reqimet:
Civil works& construcbon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0°0 00 0.0 0.0 _ -EqwprmLtaTvetaiies 01.0 0.0 G0 0.0 5.0 0.0 6.0 OverseasTraining 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eq en &LocalTraining O.D 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ,insuInIsBl. staff.etc 0.0 28.0 0.0 0.0 28.0 0.0 23.0 j § Oftercosts 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 33.0 0.0 34.0 Jl *Subtotal (Externalrequiremernen) 1.0 33.0 0.0
SE. Domesticcontribution 3a0 13.0 0.0 0 0 13.0 0.0 16.0
C. Total 4.0 480 0.0 0.0 46.0 0.0 50.0
D. Exlernalassistance commintted C0 0Q0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
f E Resoure gap 0 33.0 00 0.0 33.0 0.0 34.0
2. MANPOWERREQUIREMENTS
.991 1992 :993 P. Man months Local Q 0 0 Expatriate 0 0 0 Twal 0 0 0
G. Numbers Local 0 1
EKpatnlate0 . ,} .. ToWal 0 0 J
465 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1991-1993 VOLUME 2 Code: PrqectTite:
hB 061111 Prevetion of EnwronrnerniDegredaton n AdduAItII
Programe: Ser2or: DevelopmentalArea:
Moio ad iarlnagement Envionrient Envionmnent
ImlpbenintrgAgenW. Status
Minist of Atols Admumstraton Proposed
Fundng: Duration 1 Yrs 1C mlhs Reqared From 1992 !o 1993 GeographcCoverage: TargetGroups:
AdlduAtodl Atoll population
Obpecbes: . reestabish orgnal erosionand atretion panen ot the Iskand reducepollton of tie atoDreefs imrove inter-isnd transportan
I~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ I ComponentS. reMoveeasting causewayswhich are damagingthe reet buId two new causeways monitorimpact of new causeways
Benefits: iprwve possibilitaesfor develoent in the atoll
Ervonmel Inmpications: inprovelocal environment
Prvwe Sectr Imm nr i l
Implicationsfor Womenin Development: nil
Risks: nil
466 j _r ENVIRONMENT
O OFENV. DEGRADATION ~~ IJ ADDUATOUL-
Ptn Pewiod:1991-1993 Total Beforc -- Plan After Project 1991 1991 1992 1g93 Cost 1993 Cost
ala (b) (C) (d) (e) jI) (9)
PROJECTCOSTS (USS '0OO)
A Externalrequirements:
ivil works& construcion 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 °°-° -- Equipnent&vehicles 0.0 0. 1.90.1 0.0 1.903.1 0.0 1.9031 Overse-sTrainmng 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 LocalTraining 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 CoruutantsAech.staff, etc 0.0 0.0 113.0 113.0 226.0 0.0 226.0 Othercsts 0.0 0.0 204.6 204.6 409.2 0.0 4092
Subtotal(Ektenal requirements) 0.0 0.0 2,220.7 317.6 2,538.3 0.0 2.538.3
B. Domesticcontribution 0.0 C0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
C. Total 0.0 0.0 2,220.7 317.6 2,538.3 0.0 2Z5383 r GD. External assistance committed 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ESResource gap 0.0 0.0 2.220.7 317.6 2.538.3 0.0 2.538.3
j
2. MANPOWERREQUIREMENTS
1991 1992 1993 F. Manmonths Local 0 0 Expatriate 0 12 12 . Total 0 12 12
G.Numbers ocal 0 0 0 Expatriate 0 1 1 Total 0 1 1
457 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1991-1993 VOLUME Z Cone ProjectTide:
ET07! 1187 EnvwironmentalAwareness
Programrrme Sector DevetopmrentalArea
Monnonrngand mnargemnent Enveonment Envronmenie
ImplementingAgency Status
Mrnustyof Plannnn=-1 Environment Ongohg
Futnmg: Duration: 2 Yrs UNEP From 1990 to 1991 GeographcCoverage TargetGroups
JObectimes pxduc a quaerfl enwronmentrnews rfo disribuon t scnootsana atoll admristratirvecentres producebookles n Dhtvehuand English in imporant environmentalLssues for diStnbutonto schoolsmroug1 oul
produce*evant rabdoand televisionprogramnmes on enwromental issues in vie country
Coxmponens: Preparaon ofpublic awareness and non-formal educaDon rmate;als
-equipmfent
Benerts: inmcreasedenveomnental awareness
EnvwonmentalIrmplicaDons: nl
Prnate SectorIr:volvernernt nt!
Implcatonsfor Womenin Development nil
Risks: nl
468 * ENVIRONMENT I
ENV1RONMENTALAWARENESS if! PlanPenod: 1991-1993 Total Before Plan After Project 1991 1991 1992 1993 Cost 1993 Cost
ta) :19).'
1. PROJECTCOSTS (USS WDO)
A. Extemalicquirements:
Civilworks & construction 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equipment& venicles 2.5 2.4 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 4.9
OverseasTraining OverseasTrammJ aoU.U u.uU.u u.u- -. u.u-- u.u1 aoufl ' Gnfll Lccal Training 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Consilantsnech.staff, etc 0.0 0.U v.0 0.0u u.G 0.0 0Q0 Other ccsts 0.0 0.0 0.0 0-0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Subtotal(External requlements) 2.5 2.4 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 4.9
B. Domestic contibution 3.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 6.0
C. Total 5.5 5.4 0.0 0.0 5.4 0.0 10.9
D. External ssistancecommitted 2 5 2 4 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 4.9
E. Resourcegap 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 0.0 0.0
2. MANPOWERREOUIREMENTS
1991 1992 1993 F. Man months Local 0 0 0 Expariate 0 0 Total 0 0 0
G. Numbers Local 0 0 o Expatnate 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0
.469 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1991-1993 VOLJME
Code: |iolec Tite: r ~~~~ETOBI 19| IMPmprmenl ofMelemolocecal Services 1-
Ptogranuw 1DeveiornentalOSecor Area
MonUs MO m2tnagetnent Environment zEnvironment
ImpkementrqAgency:
Depaimtentof Meteorology = ccosea Funding: Durawon V,s
i:rom '992 to 1994 GeographicCoverage: TaroetGroups-
L:at ;zpuiation.
>i,,,,el ofrnmteo!oIoennI" Pen,.s infrastructure
mornitmoringforchbate cnange gtoDat warmtng
Comnponents. irainng equipmentand sparerarts
Benefits7 :ncreaseomefeorolooal3I a_:a :rTlPrveaoecnr.icai anotec1lc:ocicai caazau.
EnvironmienialImplications: nil
PrivateSector Involvement nil
ImplicationsforWornen in Development: nil
Risks: nil
470 ENVIRONMENT
-1 EPROVEMENTOF MET SERV1CES
PlanPeriod: 1991-1993 1 ;rTotal Before Plan After Project 1991 1991 1992 1993 Cost 1993 Cost
j.al %Di c; le) g)
1. PROJECTCOSTS (USS '000)
A. Extenal requirements:
Civil wurk struction 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 _ Z Equipmen:& vehicles 0.0 0.0 725.0 0.0 725.0 0.0 725.0 OverseasTrairing 0.0 0.0 200.0 200.0 400.0 200.0 600.0 d LocalTraining 0 C 00 o.D 0.0 0.0 0.0o.0 ' .onsuntnTsnecn.siaji. eTc 0.0 0.0 0O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Othercost; 0.0 0.0 75.0 0.0 5 0.0 75.0
Subtotal(Exlemal requrements) 0.0 0.0 1,000.0 200.0 1.200.0 200.0 1.400.0
S. Dome-ticcontribution 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0Q0 0.0 0.0
C. Total 0.0 0.0 1,000.0 200.0 1,200.0 200.0 1.400.0
V1'D. Externalassistar;ce committei 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0
E. Resourcegap 0.0 0.0 1.000.0 200.0 1.2000 200.0 1 400.0
2. MANPOWERREQUIREMENTS
1991 1992 1993 F. Manmonths Local 0 0 0
' Expamtate o0 0 Total 0 0 0
G. Numbers Local 0 0 L Expatniale 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0
471 |! r2~~~~~~tATIONALOEVELOPPvlENT PLAN 1991-1993 'VOLUME2 r ~~~~Code- jPrqeclTitle.
ET0°89! | Ca.ar Em;ancementin EnvironmentaiPlanning and Martagement
Codigrme. Piec TileSector DeieioprmenlaiArea Monnonngano managnement. | nmionment I- nvironment :mplementngAgency d Etres
Mlints2yct P1a3nningand Er.ircrr.em t^K
. ~~~Funding 3'_-"hstn i ~~~~UNDP.Ausuaia. Canaaa ;fm IGM o 19
.1 GeograpnicCoverage 'arget 3rouris
t: |Obec2lves: provdea soundCatabase for sustainabteoevelooment bv srergtnemnignawonai cZwactry tcr ei.- rcn-nental bl I plannnngand management ana imttiangimplemenudiuon of envronmenila!Vy souiid tectinologies
El I
I 'Componens consultancy - nnmidterm evaiua!on training ti euuipment developmentct ERU
BenefhB: readitya-vanaole access environmnetaiminc_rrenon anc tala
EnvnonmentiwImplications n,
PrivateSec0t Invoivement: nil
lmplicatnsfor Women in Develooment nil
Risks:
472 ENVIRONMENT
ACITYENHANCEMENT IN ENVIRONMENTALPLANNING & MANAGEMENT
PlanPenaa- 1991-1993 Total Before Plan After Project 1991 1991 1992 1993 Cost 1993 Cost
al -- _; Z _;
1. PROJECTCOSTS (USS 000)
A. Eternal requirements:
Civilworks & construc:on 0.0 0.0 2'.0 2e.6 53 B 0 0 53.6 Equipment&vetides 5.8 53.5 40.0 2.5 96-0 0.0 101.8 OverseasTraining 7.0 73.0 :10.0 78E.0235-0 - 300 2250 L ; iaillifj 2. 4.J.V ' nnlflaG3n - Conslanisflecstaff. etc 13.9 3650 52.0 4i 0 129.0 0.0 142.9 Othercosts 36 36.5 3900 214 96.9 0.0 100.5
Sublotal(External requirements) 30.3 201.5 2B0.5 211.5 693.5 30.0 753.B
B. Domesticcontribution a 0 42.3 84 7 a4l 2-1.8 0.0 211.8
C. Total 30.3 243.8 365.2 296.2 905.3 30.0 965.6 I..
D. Extemal assistancecommitea -0 3 201 5 280a5 2 *5 30 0 .538
E. Resourcecap .;.i' 0.0 0.0
i 2. MANPOWERREQUIREMENTS 7
I F. ManmontLhs 1991 992 j Local 0 0 ^ Expatnate !0 25 9 Total 10 25 19
G. Numbers Local 0 0 0 Expatnate 4 4
_II 73 4 _ . 4 _ ~~~~~~~~~473 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1991-1993 VOLUME 2 Coae: ProectT'ige: RE
ET 09/190 Resources Survey fr Environmental Planning
Programrm: Sector. Deveiopmen!al Area
Assessment and research Environment ~-irronfment
Inplementug Agency Satus
MinIsay of Planengrana EnvtronmTeni :-o3roseo
Funomg :fc <-tn RequLrer t Fronm 199; to .992
Geographuc Caerage. Target Groups-
A-
ObfeCbves: astute a naronal proqrat1me to surwy the ground water resources of tVe country ana enhance Dhecapacity of the MWSA estabish the basis for a ground water database rn the county estaish a capabdty or tVe rapid assessment at terrestim resources incluing soaiana vegetatton In the Envfronment SectDonof the MPE establitsh an n-coutntrycapabdty for the rapid survey and inrpilng oa small islands prowvideGoivL anrd SIDU with an evaluation of mneCurrentt state at tVe envwoonmentar !telr rersoUFcesfor mhenue n&widsr fture denwopTett ealuate the pracality of establshing an Inostte for research into Me naural resources of the Maldrves training B. Comoonents assessment ol grounowater resourcs - equipment - consulancy terrestnal resources survey . - equipment I - consultancvy resources inventory E. feasabatiystuay for estabisthmentot a national institute for natural resources researcn - consuitancy
Benefits:
2
Environmerial Implications niF
Pnvate Sector Involvement. nd
c
Imphcations for Women in Deveiopment: nil
Risks: nil L ENViRONMENT
_|!;OURCES SURVEYS ,ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
PlanPenon 1991.1993 Total Before Plan After Project 1991 1991 1992 1993 Cost 1993 Cost
a3) IC) I 91
ROJECTCOSTS (USj 00O°
xternalrequirements:
Civilworks&conslruction 0.0 a. . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equipment& vehcles 0.0 53.0 31.0 0.0 84.0 0 0 84-0 OverseasTramning 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 LocalT.airg 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 00 0.0 Consultar.isnech.staff. etc 0.0 66.0 18.0 0.0 84.0 0 0 64.0 OQmercosts 0.0 2.0 4.0 0.0 6.0 0 0 6.0
Subtotal(External requnrements) 0.0 121-0 53.0 0.0 174.0 000 74.0
B. Domesticcorntribution 0.0 36.5 31.0 00 675 00 67.5
l TotalC. 0.0 157.5 84.0 0.0 241.5 0.0 241.5
D. Extemal assistance ommitted 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0
|EResourceE. gap 0.0 121.0 S3.0 0-0 l,-4 0 0-0 174.0
2. MANPOWERREQUIREMENTS
!19911992 1993 F. Manmonths 00 0 LExptnate 0 0 0 |Total 0 ,0 0
(.G Numbers S '_oca 0 0 0 Expainaie 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0
475 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1-y9-1i993 VOLUME 2 Code: PropqtTile:
ET 101191 CoastalGeomophoaagy and Sednenmtogy
Progr ne: Sectot: DeveioprnentaArea.
Assessmentand research Environment Environiment ImiPmennmgAgencv: Status.
Miniseyof PublicWo.ks ana LabouftMinmirv of Planning ano Environment Proposed
Fundmg: Durawn 2 YrS Rxpred From 1990 la 1991 GeographlcCoverage: ]TargetGroups:
Ob,epves: estatlisha capabdtytor iherapid assessment ol coastal processRS Inthe Ministy 01 Public Works and Labour establishan -countrycapaliy borgm rapidsurvey l lagoonalsodients . pmvidetang insimnple pocedures for assessng semen disr:buaons.type and movefienit
Components: coastalaeomorphdoy and sedierntology equipment *cor!sullancy
Benefis: deadledsite reports. natn expertse
Enironmeneali.mplimatons: nil
PrivateSector Involvement ndt
ImplicationstarWomen in Veveopmrent nil
Risks: gl
476 ENVIRONMENT
TALEOMORPItOLOGY
PlanPenoa. 1991-1993 Total Before P!an After Prnject 1991 1g91 1992 1993 Cost 1993 Cost
la}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~;'° ej ,;
PROJECTCOSTS (USS '°°°I
A. Extemalrequirements:
Civilworks & construction 0.0 0.0 0.0 0-0 0°0 0°0 0°0 Equipment&vehides 0.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 0.0 100 OverseasTrairnng 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LocalTraining 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 Cornsuliantsjech.staff. etc 00 20.0 9.0 0.0 29.0 0.0 29.0 Oternmi- 0-0 0.5 1.5 0.0 2.0 0.0 2.0
Subtotal(Ex-emar reqirernen!5) 0.0 30.5 10.5 0.0 41.0 0.0 41.0
S. Domesticcontribution 0.0 13.5 13.5 00 270 30 . 27.0
C.Total 0j% 44.0 24.0 0.0 68.0 0.0 68.0
D.External assistance committed 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
E.Resource gap 0.0 30.5 10.5 0.0 41.0 0.0 41 0
2.MANPOWER REQUIREMENTS
1991 1992 1993 F. Mcenmonths Local 0 0 0 ||| B.oiExpatrinate 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0
C..Numubers Local 0 0 0 Expatrnate 0 0 0 Total 0 0
477 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1991-1993 VOLUME 2
Coda: PPrqect ae:T1:
£T 11I1!92 SuppoatfEnvromnenul Resewch Und PMrgrmNu: Sector: DeveopfentalArea:
A _seismmntandresearch Environment Environment lampemntmgAgaey: Status.
Mens"yol Planmraganr Enuronment Ongoing _-Funding: Duralon Yrs mms UNDP From 1992 to 1992 GeographcCoverage: |TargetGratips:
Staffof the Environment Secton
iecaves: . strengthenthe soentri, ieQtmchnand managerial cpatAtes oftie EnwonmeritSection bloadentVe scenscd and tbcfmcal capabdites of ERU
Component: developmentofERU equipment
Benefaits: enhancethe work of mhesmata ofERU
EnvgonmenwIFipulcaaons: nil
PriateSecDr Involvement nml
Implcons for Women in Development nil
Risks: nil
478 SWPO$ITFOR ENViRONMENT RESEARCH
=ian Penod:1991.1993 Total Bdore Plan After Proect 1991 1991 1992 1993 Cost 1993 Cost
m-m a, ,;1 .s) el (9)
1.PROJECT COSTS (USS 000)
A. Externalrequirements:
. Civmlworiks &conlrumon 3.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0 ).O 0.0 _ . Equpment& vehides 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 00 0.0 OverseasTrairnng 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 0 G 0.0 0.0 LocalTraning no 0.0 0.0 00 0°0 0.0 0.0 . Consufiantsjtecf.staff. etc 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * Othercosts aO 0.0 500.0 0.0 500.0 C.0 500.0
Subtotal(Extemal requirements) 0.0 0.0 500.0 0.0 500.0 0.0 500.0
B. Domesticcontribution 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0° 0.0
C. Total 0.0 0.0 500.0 0.0 500.0 0.0 500.0
D.Extemal assistance committe 0 0 0.0 0.0 0a0 0 0 0.0 0.0
; | E.Resource gap 0 0 0.0 500.0 0.0 500.0 00 500.0
2. AANPOWERREQUIREMENTS
_991 1992 1993 F. Manmonths Local 0 0 0 Expatriate 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0
G. Numbers Local 0 0 Expatriate 0 0 0 Total 0° 0 27 479 NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1991-1993 VOLUME 2
Code: Proqec Tide
ET121193 MarineEnrnment Assessment
Programme: Sector: Developmenai Area. -.
Assessent. and researcnh Envronnt z:vffonmelnt
InmplenentingAgency: Status
Mmissryof Planning and Environmenl _nzo.r.9
Funding: TDuratln Yrs aims ADB From 1990 to 1991 Geograpic Coverage: Target Groups:
0bjectves expand she current actvies of MRS into She ield of coral growI studies extend the coverage of the present survey progranne to oiler outer atolls assitin cortcng andanalsing exisug coal reefdata provideprelfmary estinateS o recentsea level changes reviewie likelyconsegueces of cfmuakchange and sea leielrise on me economy of the Maiadves advisesne Goe on pobcvissues which should be raten into consideration in ptanrnin fusure activitbes to achieve sustaNe deveopment
ComponentS: Manineecosystem aria coral reef survey - equipment -consutancy econonucimplcatons of cnmascchange and sea level nse -consultancy
Benefits:
EnvirornmentaImpbcations: nil
Pria Sectorlnvolvement nil
Implicatins for Womenin Development nil
Risks: nil
480
i: Z ~~~~~~~ENVIRONMENT
- _W~NE ENVIRONMENTASSESSMENT
_ *anPenoa 1991-1993 Total Before Plan After Project 1991 1991 1992 1993 Cost 1993 Cost
1. PROJECTCOSTS (USS '000)
A. Eternal requirements:
Civilworks & ccnsruction 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 00 00 Equipment& vehicles 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 10.0 OverseasTraining 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LocalTraining 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Consutanistlech.slaff. etc 20.0 33.0 0.0 0.0 33.0 0.0 53.0 Othercosts O.S 2.5 0.0 0.0 25 0.0 3-0
Subtotal(External requiremerts) 25.5 40.5 0.0 0.0 40.5 0.0 66.0
B. Domesticcontribution 13.0 17.5 00 0.0 17 5 00 30.5
C t:.Total 38.5 58.0 0.0 0.0 58.0 0.0 96.5
ID-External assistance committed 25.5 40.5 0.0 0.0 40.5 0.0 66.0
E. Resourcegap 0 0 0.0 0 0 0.0 00 0.0 0.0
2. MANPOWERREOUIREMENTS
1991 1-92 1993 a F. Manmonths tLocal 0 0 0 Expa1nate 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0
G. Numbers Local 0 0 0 Expatmale 0 0 0 T otal 0 0 0
481
' -!- NATIONAL DE'!ELCPMENT PLAN 1991-;97 *.e_ _| Code: Proac Tolle:
ET13:194 Assessmemnci Sewage Cis;zsail ;ernatri,s
Sector. eevuoenai ea
Assessnimandim researc Enonmem r.;rn_-ir.e. .InmpemniigAgencyq -tarus
Ministyof Planeingand Ennnonment | :cGsed
Fodi_g. LUvKf Fundng: 1 uaxn ~ *sn5 im _
GeogfaphiCoverage: TargetGroups -
0becjves: reviewcirent sewagedisposal proflerns evaluaeon behaaof theGovernment ofMaldives me bnaings at GITECirelaatir; : sevagepoduicn oroolems inlthe vMnty al MaWe . produceahully cosed proposal for the estaDwsnment ofa newage polution qrontating capaDility intme Water anOonMMAuhonty nvesvgateth feasidityof aterfnale etos ofsewage veatxnenl ano iisoosrfor 3aaownsn rurai 3no res2n . aics ainimte utbanoeveopmnens
Conporents: assessmernof sewage cisposal alternatnves -consultncy
Benefis:
Environnmenmllmpdzcatons: nl
PvriveSector In iement nil
Implicaonsfor Women in Development .il
Risks: rull
482 ENVIRONMENT
ASSESSMENTOFSEWAGE DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES
PlanPeriod: 1991-1993 Total Before Plan After Project 1991 1991 1992 1993 Cost 1993 Cost
'a) .C)) 19)
1. PROJECTCOSTS (USS 100)
A. Extemalrequirements:
Ciil works& consiruction 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Equipment&vehicles 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 OverseasTraining 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 LocalTrairung . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Consutsnech.staff. etc 0.0 16.0 0.0 0.0 16.0 0.0 16.0 Oftercosts 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0Q5 0.0 0.5
Subtotal(External requlremerts) 0.0 16.5 0.0 0.0 16.5 0.0 16.5
B. Domesticcontribution 0.0 1.5 0.0 Go0 5 0 * 5
r C.Total 0.0 18.0 0.0 0.0 18.0 0.0 18.0
~ D. Externalassistance committed 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0o. 0.0
. E.Resoureegap 0.0 16.5 0.0 0.0 16.5 0.0 16.5 W,
. F
! z2. MANPOWERREQUIREMENTS
1991 1992 1993 F. Manmonths * Local 0 0 Expatnate 0 0 0 + Toala 0 0 0
G.Numbers Local 0 0 0 Expatnate 0 0 0 Total 0 0 0
I 483 National Report
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
MALDIVES
Muzistry of Pfanrnug and Environmenf Republic of Maldives
Maldaves Nanal Report to UNCED CONTENTS
A. Executive Summary 3 Stauisucal Summary 4
B. Development Trends & Environment Impacts 7 Development Trends 7 Enviroment & Resources 17 Key Environmental and Resources Issues 24 Constraints to Sustainable Development 26
C- Response to Environment / Development Issues 29 Recent Developments 29
D. Procedures folowed in preparing the Report 37
E. Anticipated Results of the Conference 38
Annex I Environment Action Plan 40
Annex 11 Male' Declaration on Global Warming and Sea Level Rise 58
Ma/dies NabonalReport to UNCED 2 A. Executive Summary
The problems of environment and development in small, archipelagic states such as the Republic of the Maldives differ considerably from those of land locked or coastal states with large land areas. Marine resources undeipin both the traditional lifestyle and the development of the cash economy. The modern economy has a narrow base dependent upon the direct exploitation of marine resources for export and indirectly as the basis for the tourist industry.
The Maldives consists of 1,190 islands strctching in a chain 820 km in length through an Exclusive Economic Zone of 90,000 km2. Problems of transport and communication hamper the development and the provision of services, resulting in centralisation and inward migration such that one quarter of the population now inhabit the 1.8 km2 capital island Male'. The need for decentralisation of development activity is a key feature of Government policies designed to encourage development in the atolls.
Aggregatica of the population compounds problems of freshwater supply, solidwaste disposal and sewage contarnination of the marine environment. The impressive annual economic growth rate of the Maldives (10 % per annum over the last decade) has been achieved at some expense to environmental quality in some islands. Environmental degradation combined with recent extreme flooding events have highlighted the need for sound environmental management to achieve sustainable development. Given that 80 % of the land area is less than 1 metre above sea level the Government is understandably concerned about the potential impacts of climatic change and sea level rise, which will accentuate current coastal zone management problem.s.
Current Government initiatives are designed to place future development on a mnoresustainable basis but problems of information access and the nature of overseas aid and development assistance distort the range of possible alternative modes of development and technological options available to the country. Recent international efforts by the Government of Maldives have included the organisation of the Ministerial level, Meeting of Small States Conference on Sea Level Rise in 1989 which resulted in the Male' Declaration. This Declaration calls for greater intemational recognition of the unique and fragile nature of island environments and improved assistance from the United Nations system. Without such extemal assistance sustainable development may remain little more than an unattainable ideal for such states.
Malves Natonal Reportto UNCED 3 Republic of Maves Statisical Summary
DevelopmentIndicators 1977 MRE
HiM DeVdepeat lad iU
ife expectancyat birth (yrs) 465 64
Populationwith access to health services Total 39.8 61.1 Urban 100.0 100.0 Rural 24.2 47.6
PopuWationwith access to safe water 6.9 63.6
Daily calorie supply (as % of requirements) 79 91
Aduit iizeracy rate X1.b 95.4
GDP per capita (Rf) 1927 4360
Population(OOOs) 142.8 213.2 Male' 295 55.1 Atolls 113.3 158.1 Projectedpopulation year 2000 300
Populationdensity (p p sq kin) -479 719 Male' 34,400 Atolls 533
Percentageof populationin Male' 20.6 25.8
Area of cultivable land per capita (sq m) 194 130
Annual average growth of population (1980485)3.2 (85-90) 3.4
4 MaofidivesNational Repot to UNCED Ecmvmictadkrs
GDP (Rf million) 236 934 Annual averag growth of GDP (1977-87) 10.6 (1988-89) 9.3
Compositon of GDP (Rfm) Primary 103.6 243.2 Secondary 19.7 131.7 Tertiary 112.8 558.9 Employment and Labour Force Total labour force (15 yrs and over) 60,903 55,544 Male 38,254 44,569 Female 22,649 10,975 Labour force Male' 10,939 17,184 Labour fotrce atolls 49,964 38,360 No. university graduates 56 219
*Me'cMuizeTrade (US$m) Value of exports (fob) 3.4 52:2 of which fish/fish products 3.4 37.1 Value of imports (cif) 11.1 138.3 of which consumer goods 7.3 73.9 of which intermediate goods - 42.6 An. average growth of exports (1977-87) *8.8 (1988-89) 14.0 An. average growth of imports (1977-87) 11.1 (1988-89) 21.0
Balance of Payments (US$m) Trade balance -5.1 -54S5 Current account balance -0.4 8.2 Overall balance 0.1 -3.9
Investment and Consumption (Rfm) Private consumption - 663.8 Goverment consumptinn - 155.7 Private investment - 209.7 Govenment investment - 137.2 Consumption as % of GDP - 97.2 Investment as % of GDP - 41.1
Govemnment Finance (Rfm) Govemment revenues 48.9 430.6 Tax revenues 20.7 266.2 Non-tax revenues 19.8 164.4 Grant and loans 8.4 165.7
AMa1Au Nanad Reportto UINCED 5 Goverment expenditure 38.4 624.4 Currct expenditure 9.3 279.6 Capital expenditure 29.1 344.8
Ex&erl Debt (USSm) Total debt outstanding, inc. undisbursed - 113.4 Total debt outstanding and disbursed - 65.3 Public long-term debt - 55.5 Public short-term debt - 1.2 Debt outstanding and disbursed as % of GDP - 49A DSR as % of exports of goods and services - 4.6
Towf i*ndictos
Tourist arrivals (OOOs) 18.7 195.2 Number of resorts 11 64 Number of beds (OOOs) 1.0 7621 Occupancy rate - 65.8 Tourism earnings (Rfm) - 141.7
Sacie ld cark"
Nutrition Daily per capita calorie intake (as % of requirements) 79 91 Daily per capita protein supply (%) 73 81
Health Crude birth rate (per 000) 44 43 Crude death rate (per 000) 17 7 Infant mortality rate (per 000) 120 34 Population per physician (000) 15.9 6.5 Population per nursing person (000) 20.4 2.0 Population per hospital bed (000) 3.5 1.5
Ewon Primary school enrolment (as % of 5-14 age group) 26.9 90.0 Secondary school enrolment (as % of age group) 2.3 21.0
MRE = most recent estimate refers to 1989-90 unless otherwise indicated.
6 MaldivesNatonal Reportto UNCED B. DevelopmentTrends & EnvironmentImpacts
1. Development frends
Economiic Growth
The Republic of Maldives, with a per capita Gross Domestic Product in 1990 equivalent to US S641.16 (at 1985 constant exchange rate USS 1.00 = Rf 7.40) recognised as one of the least developed countries (LDCs) within the United Nations.
Until the 1970s the Republic was rather isolated and its economy was dominated by the subsistance sector with international trade based on fishing, shipping and coconut products. The situation changed with the advent of tourism and investments in mechanising of the fisheries fleet in the early seventies which stimulated new activities and initiated a period of accelerated economic growth.
The national cash economy is now based on two principal activities: fishing and tourism, both of which are subject to external economic and other forces. Although there is a desire on the part of Govemment to broaden the rather limited economic base of the country the lack of natural resources and skilled manpower has proved a constraint to such development.
Following the election of his Excellency President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom in 1978, the economy of the Maldives has registered an impressive annual growth rate, averaging around 10% per annum between 1977 and 1990, due largely to an increase in receipts from tourism and fishing as well as the Govermment push for infrastructure development. Gross Domestic Product quadrupled between 1977 and 1990 rising from around 236 million Ruflya (US S 128 per capita) to 970.32 million Rufiya.
Government expenditure in 1989 totailed 783.1 million Rufiya (approximately US$ 82 million ,1990 exchange rate USS 1.00 = Rf 95094), with just over half being capital expenditure. Recurrent expenditure was divided between; general public service (44%); social services, including health and education (27%6);economic services (20%); and debt servicing and loan repayments (9%). The 1990 deficit in the Government budget was around 111.2. million Rufiya much of which was offset by grants in aid.
The balance of trade was USS -6.3 miilion in 1977 rising to USS -55.2 million in 1990. Exports in 1977 totalled USS 4.8 million rising in 1990
MAIt-s Narianl Reportto UNCtED 7 to USS 58.1 million of which (28 9o) came from the export of apparel and clothingaccessories, the remainder, marine products; largely frozen skdpjack (26 %) and canned fish (25 9o). 1977 imports totalled US $11.1 million rising to USS 138.3 million in 1990 of which consumer goods, largely food comprised (53 %); petroleum products (16 %); and intennediate and capital goods (31o). Major trading partners in 1990 are USA (249o) UK(19%55)Thailand (18%76)Sri Lanka (13%) Japan (8%) West Germany (6%) and Singapore (5%).
Extemally generated problems have always had an impact on the economy. In the early 80s tourism stagnated because of ethnic violence in neighbouring Sri Lanka. The recent Gulf War also saw a substantial down-turn in tourist arrivals during January and February 1991 and the closure of some resorts.
Human resouwces
The population is large (213,251) relative to the land area and the population growth rate is high (3.4 To)such that tne population is expected to reach 286,350 by the year 2000. Modem culture is Islamic with the people belonging to the Sunni sect. Society is liberal with women enjoying considerable freedom and traditionally playing an important role in island communities where c:-n spent long periods at sea. The society is stratified but socially mobile, with respect and status being determined by political connections,wealt; ar.d ceducation.
Due to the high growth rate, the majority of the population of the Maldives is below working age. At the time of the 1985 census 45 % of -the population was under fifteen years of age. This proportion has increased, and in 1990 had reached 49%. The median age of the population is 16 years.
Of the total population aged 15 years or older in 1985, more than half (57,430) were not economically active, mainly home makers (32,286) and students (16,781). Of the total 40,555 (71%) were women. 1990 census Gigures indicate that 71,996 individuals 12 years and over were not economically active of whom 39,482 were home makers and 22,901 were students. Of this total 51,156 were women.
A substantial number (nearly 9,000 by early 1991) of expatriate workers are employed in both the Government and private sectors and include labourers and unskilled orsemi-skilled workers reflecting the demographic pattern of the Maldives. The tourism and public works sectors, and the garment industry are the major employers of the expatriate work force.
8 Maldives Nabona Report to UNCED Tlie reEativelysmall population and the restricted number of opportunities for higher level technical and professional skill training in the country means that reliance on imported expatriate labour will continue for quite some time.
The geographic distribution of the population is unequal, with only 200 islands of the total 1,190 being inhabited; of these 90 have fewer than 500 people, 72 have between 500 and 1,000 inhabitants, 38 have between 1,000 and 5,000 and only 3 have more than 5,000 inhabitants.
The capital island Male', presently houses 26% of the Maldivian population. The bulk of development activities have centered on North and South Male' Atoll as a consequence of the locations of the capital, the international airport, the Port of Male' and the tourist resort islands.
Migration to Male' averaged around 4 % per annum between 1977 and 1985 contributing to the strain on existing services and the need to develop the nearby island of Villingili as a "dormitory" suburb of the capital. As a consequence of in-migration, the capital city has an annual growth rate of around 7 % having increased from around 12,500 in 1961 to the present level of 56,060. Reasons for in-migration include employment (60%o),medical treatment (22 9o), education (7 I%)and other purposes (12 %).
-Ainerals and Energy
Geologically the islands lack mineral wealth although surveys for oil were made by Esso and Elf Aquitaine in the 70s, and sonar testing by Shell is to be followed in 1991 by drilling of a single test -well.
Coral and sand are mined from the lagoons for land reclamation and construction materials. The bulk of this activity is operated through the public sector for land reclamation, harbour dredging and infrastructure development.
Living corals are mined to provide coral construction blocks and for the preparation of coral aggregate. Coral mining is undertaken by small groups of entrepreneurs who sell materials to both the private and public sectors. Between 1980 and 1985, the use of coral in Male' alone rose to in excess of 1,000 rn3 per annum, with resort construction consuming a further 1,000 - 2,000 ni3 . Estimated extraction of coral blocks in North Male' Atoll totals 3 200,000 m and it is further estimated that supplies in North Male' Atoll will be exhausted within 30 years.
In 1982, two thirds of the total energy needs of the country were met by woodfuel (72,000 tones), which is largely consumed in the domestic sector
Ma-divesNabWonal Report to uNCED 9 where it is used for cooking. Imported petroleum products including kerosene, aviation gas, diesel oil, lubricants and gasoline which formed 7.5 % of total imports (by value) in 1989 provide the sole additional energy sources.
In 1974 imported petroleum products totalled 1.8% of the import bill growing to 17% by 1980 as a consequence of the increased mechanisation of the fishing fleet and growth of the tourist sector. By 1982 aviation consumed 30 %, fisheries 35 o, and tourist resorts 18.5 % of all imported energy, while 58 % of all imported diesel was used for marine engincs, 42 % in electricity generation.
By 1989 diesel represented 75 % of imported petroleum products with 1.2 million gallons being used by the Maldives Electricity Board (MEB) for generating electricity in 1989. 79% of this production is in Male', 12 % in Hulule (for the Intemational Airport) and 7 %, 0.5 %, 0.7 % & 0.6 % at Gan. Thulusdhoo, Thinadhoo and Kulhudhuffushi respectively. Figures for the considerable energy consumption in the resorts are not available but may equal that of Male'. Electrical consumption in mile' almost doubled between 1985 and 1989. These patterns are reflected in the distribution of MEB generator capacity with 88% of the total capacity (4,951 kw) being located in Male'. Individual generator capacity outside Male' is small with the average size being 6.8 kw.
Tzansporftaion.
Traditionally the major mode of inter-atoll transportation was by sailing dhonis which have been largely replaced over the last two decades by mechanised caft of various types. Of the total 3,517 non fishing vessels registered in the Republic, 1,118 are registered in Male' Atoll and these include launches, mechanised yacht dhonis largely used in the tourist industry together with a variety of vessels used for inter-island trade and commerce.
Intemal air transport is limited, based on Male' Intemational Airport at Hulule in Male' Atoll and domestic airports at Hanimadhoo in the North Khadhdhu and Gan in dt' Souih. Tnis latter airport is currently undergoing upgrading and extension and the possibility of international flights to this airfield is being investigated. Domestic schedules connect Hulule with Khadhdhu, Hanimadhoo and Gan. A helicopter service has commenced opration, largely to service the tourist resorts. Domestic passenger movemcnt totalled 2,630, with 938 kg of freight handled in 1989.
At present international flights land at Male' International Airport which handled 1,476 flights and 178,712 arrivals in 1989 a substantial increase from 114,554 arrivals in 1985 reflecting continued growth of the tourist
10 Maides Nafonal Report to UNCED industry. International inward freight handled during 1989 totalled 4,360,880 kg.
Between 1985 and 1989, the number of vehicles registered rose from 14,871 to 28,550. This figure includes some 23,953 bicycles, 2,388 motorcycles and 934 hand-carts. The number of cars, lorries/trucks, and pickups have risen from 336 to 509; 135 to 368; and 158 to 332 respectively between 1985 and 1989. A high proportion of these vehicles are located in Male' contributing to significant compaction of the road surfaces and consequently reduced rainwater recharge of the underlying aquifer.
Housang & infrstructim
Land reclamation, is based either on the use of, untreated solid wastes or sand from harbour dredging and construction. Dredged or pumped sand is dumped directly on to the reef surface, or used to fill endosed lagoons and low lying inland swamp areas. Reclamation on Male' commenced in the early 1980s and 48% of the present surface area of the island is based on reclaimed land, which now extends to the limits of the underlying reef itself.
Infrastructure development on the atolls has concentrated on the construction of ports and harbours for local fishing fleets and public buildings such as schools and health centres. In addition development of electricity supply and other infrastructure for industrial zone have also taken place in selected areas.
In the capital, Male', construction of houses, public buildings, schools and commercial premises has grown rapidly over the last two decades as the population has increased from 29,522 in 1977 to 56,060 in 1990. This has led to a critical shortage of building space and materials and during 1991, the nearby island of Villingili is to be developed as an urban centre to relieve the pressure on space.
The present resort-islands upon which the tourist industry depends represent a considerable capital investment in buildings and infrastructure which is highly vulnerable to increased relative sea level and episodic events. Resort development has centered on muninhabited"islands usually of only a few hectares in area, which are tumed over for sole use by the tourist resort.
Industil development
Industrial activity, including the processing of natural resources is still in its infancy. The main contributors to industrial output include the fish cannery,
Ahkives-Nabton Reportto UNCED 11 factories producing garments for export, soft drink manufacture, boat construction and fibreglass vessel construction. The manufacturing secto: accounted for an estimated 6% of GDP in 1990.
The garment industry on Gan utilises the old Royal Air Force buildings, and is dependent upon both imported materials and labour, and the finished products are exported to the USA. Two further garment factories have been established on Gan, Laamu Atoll and Thulusdhoo. Small enterprises on Male produce soft drinks, PVC pipes, toilet soap, cement blocks, furniture and a number of food products.
Traditional manufacturing activities have included a variety of handicrafts, and boat-building. Boat-building has been expanded and incorporates traditional skills and mechanical fabrication. Various development activities in tuiefield of traditional handicrafts are designed to improve productivity and distribution networks enabling producers to reach the potential tourist markets of the resort islands.
The fishing industry includes a fish cannery and a number of fish collecting and processing centers for the collection of dried products traditionally produced on a cottage industry scale. The contribution to exports is significant since dried and salted exports amounted to USS 3.7 million in 1989. Plans are in hand to extend the fishing industry through the construction of an additional fish cannery or a fish freezer plant.
Health and social services
Per capita government expenditure on health amounts to around USS 16.9 and 5.8% of the national budget in 1990. Population per hospital bed is 1,277, with 1.9 doctors. 2.0 community health workers and 8.0 family health workers per 10.000 population.
Hospital and specialised medical services are centralised with 94 of the total 167 hospital beds; all 18 specialist doctors; 19 of the 22 general duty doctors; 74 of 137 nurses; and 14 of 24 paramedical personnel being located in Male'. In contrast, 916 of the 952 community health personnel are located outside Male'. Tlere are four regional hospitals located in the atolls.
Major diseases include tuberculosis, acute respiratory ciiseases and gastrointestinal infections. Infant mortality, largely a consequence of gastroenteritis has declined significantly since 1980 to a level of 34 per thousand live births in 1990. This may be attributed to the increase from 1,617 to 8,742 households having access to safe water in 1977 and 1985
12 MaldA'esNatonal Reportto UNCED respectively, and in part to improved health education and availability of proper treatment. In 1977 the estimated number of people with access to safe water was around 39.8% of the population, a proportion which had increased in 1990 to 61.1%.
Over the period 1977 to 1990, life expectancy has increased from 46.5 to 64 years, Malaria has been eradicated and filiariasis and leprosy are being reduced through active health programmes. Daily per capita calorie and protein intakes as a percentage of requirements have risen from 79% and 73% to 91% and 81% respectively.
Education
The education sector accounts for 13% of Govemment expenditure although the total number of educational institutions has only grown from 256 in 1985 to 261 in 1989. The Maldives has a high literacy rate with less than 3% (4,458) of adults being classed as illiterate in 1990. Although most people receive some primary school education, fewer go on to middle primary, secondary and higher secondary education. In 1990 only 1,013 individuals out of the total 149,947 aged 6 years and over had received no education at primary level or above. In 1977 only 26.9 % of the 5-14 age group were enrolled in primary schools but by 1990 this had risen to 90 %.
By 1986 some 50,055 students were registered in govemment and private schools, the number rising to nearly 63,370 by 1990. In 1986, 72 % of the total school age population was enrolled at prithary level, 11 % at secondary and only 1 % (53 individuals) at higher secondary (matriculation level). By 1990 a total of 6,903 students had completed middle school; 1,596 secondary school level, and 617 had reached matriculation level.
A few Maldivians (219) have received overseas degree level training but the number of people with higher degrees is extremely limited. Most individuals receive tertiary level training through release from Government employment to take up overseas scholarships provided through bilateral and multilateral arrangements.
At present few opportunities for technical training exist within the country although the development of the School of Hotel and Catering Services, various teacher training programmes, and the promotion of other sectoral training protrammes by UNDP represent recent developments in this field.
Afdvs Nalonal Repcn to UNCED 13 Envuonment
The increased rate of domestic growth and development has been achieve, at the expense of environmental quality in certain areas, with deteriorating freshwater resources, increased rates of coastal erosion throughout the country, and waste disposal problems of varying scales in all inhabited islands The scale of these problems in Male' exceeds those of any other island.
Until recently the environment has received little attention as a defined sector within the framework of development planning. Recent extreme events, combined with the declining quality of the environment in some areas of the country have resulted in a change in govemment perspective which recognises the need to maintain environmental quality as a necessary pre-requisite to sustainable development.
The uneven distribution of the population results in an imbalance in environmental pressure, with uninhabited islands retaining in many cases a pristine condition and environmental degradation being centered around islands of high population density.
Towism
Economically the tourism sector is important, providing between 1985 and i390 an average of 27% of central Govemment revenue. Government expenditure in the tourism sector amounts to around just over one per cent of total annual expenditure and estimated tourism earnings in 1990 amounted to 141.7 million Rufiyaa.
The number of tourist arrivals each year is approximately equivalent to the total indigenous population (195,156 in 1990). The 64 islands on which the industry is based represent critical areas for environmental management during construction acd for waste disposal during operation.
Tourism has grown substantially over the last two decades and is now a major contributor to the national economy. Commencing in the early seventies, tourist arrivals increased neady ten-fold between 1977(18,700) and 1990 to a total of 195,200. Most resorts have increased their bed capacity over this period and the total bed capacity has grown from 1,000 in 1977 to 7,621 in 1990. Bed utilization rates are generally high, 56.8% overall, around 80 percent at the height of the season dropping to around 30% during the off-season.
14 MakIlvesAtaonal Repot to UNCED The tourist industry is dependent upon the maintenance of environmental quality since most tourist visits involve scuba diving in the coral reef environments, and visitors expect a high level of fresh- water quality.
Fisheyies
Marine resources underpin the economy of the country, providing export income directly from sale of fish and marine products, and indirect income through tourism. Direct Government revenue from fisheries amounted to around 2.8% of total revenue in 1990 but this figure masks the importance of this sector to the economy of the country as a whole. Domestic consumption of fish amounts to around 15,900 metric tones annually and around a quarter of all Maldivians in employment are engaged in the fisheries sector.
Fisheries have grown following mechanisation of the local fishing fleet and exports totalled 56,700 metric tones in 1990 rising from 31,100 tones in 1985. The total 1988 catch was 71,500 metric tones largely composed of skipjack tuna 58,546 metric tones; yellow fin tuna 6,535 metric tones; other tuna 2,970 metric tones and other marine fish 3,432 metric tones. Much of the increase in fish catch since the early 80s has resulted from increased catch of yellowfin tuna which has risen from around 20,000 tones in the period 1980-1983 to around 60,000 tones in 1988/89. The total value of exports of marine products in 1989 was around US $38 millicn.
The tuna fishery is based on trolling and pole and line fishing from mechanised dhonis, thus producing a "dolphin friendly" product. Fishing is widespread throughout the archipelago although concentrated mostly around good 'fishing grounds'. Less than 10% of the total fishing fleet of around 1,500 vessels supplies the Male' market.
Reef fisheries resources are generally under-,xploited since tuna form the staple protein of the local diet and are preferred to reef fish. The major subsistence use of reef resources in the Maldives at the present time involves mining living coral for construction, and dredging coral sand for road surfacing and construction purposes.
Use of coral reef and shallow water resources includes the manufacture of jewellery from black corals and turtle shell for local sale via the tourist trade, export of tropical aquarium fish, beche de mer, cowries, and organ pipe coral.
Lasves Ntonal Reportto UNCED 15 Agricukure
Total cultivable land is stated to be 28 km2 (130 M2 per capita) of which most is used for subsistence production. In 1984 agricultural production accounted for less than 10% of the country's labour and around 11% of Gross Domestic Product (this figure does not include fuelwood production), a share which despite the increase in GDP overall has remained static over the last six years. By 1989 the total rumber of people employed in the agricultural sector was a mere 2,690, representing less than 5% of the employed population.
Crops include coconut, fruits, vegetables, tubers, coarse cereals, bananas and chillies. Citrus and coconut production have been adversely affected by pests and diseases and coconut production declined significantly in the early seventics. Production remained stagnant through the late seventies and carly 80s before increasing again in the late eighties as a consequence of better pest and disease controls.
The country is not self-sufficient in dietary energy and has depended on trade and exchange of marine resources, particularly 'Maldive fish" for staples such as nice for several hundred years. Coarse cereal, yam, casava and taro production have declined as the import and distribution of cheap rice and wheat flour has increased. Taro production over the period 1978- 1982 averaged around !0,00 metric tones per annum dec!ining to around half that by 1986.
Foresty
Forestry is not important in the country due in part to the shortage of land and in part to poor soils. Traditional uses of natural timber included boat building, construction and for fuel, with some trees such as coconut and mango providing fruit for local consumption and export.
Fuelwood shortages are now apparent in many areas and construction timbers for boat building are now largely imported due to depletion of the 15 species traditionally used for dhoni construction.
16 MaldimwsNabionaf Repoit to UNCED 2. Environment & Resources
Land & Land use
The Republic of Maldives consists of a chain of coral atolls, 80-120 km wide stretching for around 820 kIn from latitude 760 6'30"N- 0° 41' 48"S, and lying between 72 32'30"E and 730 45'54"E. There are 20 major atolls and although the maritime area of the Exclusive Economic Zone under the jurisdiction of the state amounts to more than 90,000 square kilometers divided between 1,190 islands and a large proportion of sea.
The atolls vary in shape from circular, oval and elliptical to pear-shaped and lagoon waters vary in depth from 40 to 60 m. Lagoons may contain micro-atolls, faros, patch reefs and knolls. Most are open to the Indian Ocean although a few are almost closed, and channels through the atoll margin are in some cases as deep as the lagoon itself. The main channel separating the eastem and westem chain of islands is generally between 250 and 300 m deep.
The islands are built of bioclasticsediments which are generally unsuitable for use as building materials. Compared to volcanic islands, atoll islands are an unstable and highly dynamic base on which to build major engineering structures.
Islands vary in shape! and size from small sand banks to elongated strip islands and many have storm ridges at the seaward edges with swampy depressions in the centre. Islands vary in size from 0.5 to several square kilometers. No detailed topographic surveys of any island except Male' have been made to date; maximum height above sea level within the Republic is around 3 m although in excess of 80 % of the land area is less than 1 m above mean high tide level.
From a land use perspective islands are divided into those used for habitation, those assigned tc tourism development and those classed as uninhabited". In the case of many of the smaller inhabited islands the entire land surface is effectively utilised for habitation. Resort islands are permitted to use up to 20% of the land area for buildings although in general no more than 10% tends to be used for buildings. -Uninhabited' islands may be used for coconut production or agriculture and may be temporarily occupied. Many of the smaller islands lack freshwater resources and are therefore generally unsuitable for agricultural activity or habitation.
Soils are generally young and thin, being no more than 20 cm deep and containing substantial quantities of parent material, coral rock and sand. In wetter depressions a thick clay layer is present at around 10 to 15 cm
Makives Nalional Reportto UNCED 17 depth. Soils are highly alkaline with a pH of between 8.0 and 8.8, an average of those tested being around 8.5.
Soil fertility is generally poor and quantitative chemical analyses, although few in number have indicated that soils are deficient in nitrogen both in the form of ammonia and nitrate; low in potash, but fairly rich in phosphorus, magnesium and calcium; manganese and aluminium are laccing but there is no deficiency of iron. Excess calcium interferes with uptake of potash by plants and turns iron into insoluble forms which are not available to certain species particularly the leguminous, causing fatal chlororis in most plants.
Freshwater resouwes
Surface freshwater is generally lacking throughout the archipelago with the exception of a few swampy areas and shallow freshwater lagoons on some of the islands of the southem atolls.
Beneath many islands lies a freshwater aquifer which may change in volume with season and which rises and falls with the tide, such aquifers form th'e sole source of water for human consump-.-.n and agricultural purposcs. No national assessment of freshwater resources has been undertaken to date, hence the volume and quality, of the freshwater contained in most aquifers is unknown.
Groundwater assessments for Male' demonstrate that the supply of water for human use is now rcaching crisis point. The depth of this lens has shrunk from 21 metres in the early seventies, to a mere 3 metres. Calculations for Male' suggest that at the current rate of overdraw the aquifer will be exhausted in the next few years.
Increased extraction, exceeding natural recharge through rainfall has dramatically depleted lenses on other populated islands. Poor sewage disposal has resulted in contamination of groundwaters.
The Meteorological Service maintains good national weather statistics covering the past 25 years. Monthly mean rainfail for Male' ranges from 57.9 mm to 259.2 mm, and some variation is evident North to South through the atoll chain. On average, rainfall amounts to around 2 m per annum but there is considerable inter-annual variation from 1530 mm to 2700 mm over the last 20 years. The wettest months are May, August- September and December, the driest February, March and July. Freshwater resources are therefore limited by storage capacity rather than rainfall availability.
J8 Madives Naticnal Report to UNCED Open watcr evaporation rates are in the range of 6 mm per day and transpiration from plants is also high, due to the high day-time temperatures. The Maldives have a tropical climate with a mean annual temperature of 28Cj, day-time highs reach 320C but night-time lows rarely drop below 25.51C. During the last 20 years the lowest recorded temperature was 22°C the highest 36'C. There is little semnxnalvariation in temperature.
Manine& CoasmiEnuronment and Resources
Coral reefs form the physical foundation on which the fragile islands perch, they provide sources of building and mad surfacing materials; support species of fish for local consumption; and through the provision of areas of aesthetic natural beauty and high species diversity (1,000 species of fish) they provide the "raisin d'etre" for the tourist industry.
Air circulation is controlled by the North/South migration of the equatorial westerlies and the weather is dominated by two monsoon periods: the South-West (SW) monsoon from April to November and the North-Fast (NE) monsoon from December to March when winds blow predominantly from either of these two directions. Strong winds and gales are relatively rare and cyclones are unknown, according to data from Department of Meteorology, maximum wind velocities recorded at Male' during June! July can reach 25-30 m sec1 (50-60 knots). The National Meteorological Centre under the Department of Meteorology has the biggest data-base in the country, with records of rainfall, wind patterns and temperature for over 25 years.
There are no general studies of wave directions and regimes for the area of the Maldives, recent observations and measurements relate to harbour and shore defense structures and were initiated following the flooding events experienced in 1987 and 1988. Wind generated waves and oceanic swells are conditioned by the monsoon wave directions and have long fetch distances. Waves generated by the SW monsoon in the [ndian Ocean, North of the equator having heights of 2-3 metres and periods of 18-20 seconds have been recorded in nearby Sri Lanka.
Hydrographically the Maldives are characterised by a seasonal fluctuating mixed layer of relatively saline water from the Arabian sea (36 ppt) and less saline water from the Bay of Bengal (34 ppt). A rapid downwards decrease in temperature to below 200 C occurs at 90-100 m depth with surface temperatures varying between 28° C and 290 C.
Makve Ns anul Repart to UNCED 19 Precise and long term data on tidal range and patterns of tidal flow are scarce or absent, tidal variation averages less than I m in the Southem Maldives and mean high water intervals are ten hours and twenty minutes. Tidal range at Male' is 1.1 m.
Biological diversity
Terrestrial bialogical diversity is low, although several endemic plant species notably species of Pandanus arc recorded from the archipelago. Vegetation descriptions and plant species lists are given in various scientific reports; to date 583 species of plants are recorded from the Maldives of which 323 are cultivated, the numbers of species on individual islands vary according to land area.
The basic vegetation fionnations follow a typical atoll conformation with salt tolerant species forming a fringe, surrounding forest dominated natural vegetation in the centre, much of which has been cleared and replaced by grassland and coconut stands. Locaiised stands of mangrove are present, usually on the lower lying marshy lagoon sides of larger islands, particularly in the South.
Marine biological diversity is high and the archipelago supports a diverse and extensive marine fauna with over 1,000 species of finfish, 140 species of coral, 63 species of marine benthic algae and between 11 and 14 species of nesting seabird.
Episodic events and naturul hazads
Atoll and reef arrangements and configurations cause considerable wave refraction and interference, within the archipelago as a whole and in individual atoll lagoons. Deep-water swells are known to penetrate Male' atoll causing problems to ships and barges. Manual wave calculations have suggested that swells with periods over 5 seconds and heights of 0-5 m could occur inside the Male' lagoon 5-6% of the time. Waves generated within the lagoon could be 1.4 m high with periods of 4.5 seconds for a wind speed of 20 m/sec.
Recent flooding events such as those experienced at Thulhaadhoo in 1988 were caused by high waves (2-2.5 m high; period 12-15 seconds) in association with a high spring tide and South Westerly wind. Dimage caused was enhanced by the absence of natural beaches, reclamation of reef flat areas and the presence of low vertical sea walls which magnified overtopping and flooding.
20 MaldivesNational Reportto UNCED In April 1987, unusually high waves were experienced on many islands in the Republic. Male' suffered extensive flooding and sea defenses on Male' and Hulule were damaged. A new "island" approximately 800 by 40 feet was forTned of acropora debris on a submerged reef east of Thulhaagiri island, 7 miles to the North of Male'. The causes of this unusual event appear to have been long distance swell propagation from storm centers in the Southern Indian Ocean.
Although a degree of coastal flooding has been experienced in the past, risks of flood damage resulting from long distance swell propagation in association with high tides have been increased in recent years by the improper management of the coastal zone. Factors contributing to this include the construction of poorly designed sea- walls and coastal structures and the reclamation of land which has reduced the extent of the protective reef flat.
Flooding events in 1987 and 1988 were felt in islands with modified coastlines as far apart as Gan in the South to Shaviyani in the North. A recent review of historical records suggests that around 8 such events have occurred within the last 170 years and that one such event in 1819 resulted in 12 islands being abandoned.
Trausbouadry issues
The major transboundary issue facing the Maldives in the immediate future is that of climatic change and sea levs:l rise. The Republic of the Maldives has contributed little to this global problem ye; it may well be one of the first countries to suffer the adverse impacts of such changes. In addition, the scale of the potential impacts relative to the country as a whole is considerably greater ,.an the potential impacts facing coastal nations with extensive areas of land well above sea level.
The environmental and development problems facing the country as a consequence of climatic changes will accentuate current problems of environmental management. In addition, the timing of these changes is such that the country will be forced to invest more quickly and heavily in sound environmental management practices and to adopt more expensive technologies than would otherwise have been the case.
Other enviromnmentalissues of a transboundary nature which affect the country at the present time involve the extensive maritime traffic passing through the Maldivian Archipelago resulting in low levels of oil pollution at present but the potential for a major oil related spillage or accident in the future. At the present time no other source of traiisboundary pollution
/LfViw N7doI Reportto UNCED 21 is known to affect the Maldives, although potentially air pollution resultin' from the current Gulf War may, according to some experts affect t. pattern of monsoon rainfall over India and hence the Maldives.
Recent incidents in the Middle East, where nearly 600 oil wells in the Kuwait were ablaze and generating about 750,000 tones of soot per month into the atmosphere, may have effects on the rainfall patterns in the Maldives. Scientists believe that the smoke from the oil wells will pass over the Indian Subcontinent and cause reduced rainfall in the South-West monsoon.
Current rates of exploitation of the pelagic tuna resources of the Eastern Indian Ocean are such that external impacts on the Maldivian tuna resources appear not to be a problem at the present time. This situation could change, particularly if world stocks of tuna in other areas become depleted and fishing intensity by long distance fishing fleets immediately outside the Maldives Exclusive Economic Zone were to increase.
Due to its narrow base, the economy of the country is subject to wide fluctuations as a result of changes to world prices for tuna and the influence of international economic changes in the shipping and tourism sectors. The impact of external events on the economy or the country may be felt indirectly since as noted above political instability and civil disturbance in neighbouring Sri Lanka, and the recent Gulf War have affected tourist arrivals. Any extemal event affecting international air travel in general could potentially influence arrivals in the future.
Role of turcl resouces in economic development
As an archipelagic state, the Republic of Maldives has historically been an important s aging point for trade between the Indian Ocean and South- East Asia, and has relied on marine products (particularly dried Maldive fish and cowne shell) for trade and exchange. Whilst the nature of the products has changed to frozen or canned tuna and tourism, this dependence upon the ocean and its resources remain a fundamental characteristic of Maldivian society.
Economically the country is dependent almost entirely on the marine environment, both through the provision of marine products for export and through prviding a suitable environment for tourism based on diving and other marine related activities.
22 MairNes #ationalReport to UNCED Physically the CounLryowes its very existence to the coral reefs which provide the living base on which the fragile islands are established. The maintenance of these reefsystems in a healthy state is therefore vital to the continued physical and ecooomic existence of the country as a whole.
The limited resource base of the country necessarily restricts the nature of development activities which can be undertaken, whilst the absence of a skilled work force precludes expansion into international service sectors such as off-shore banking and insurance.
During the last two decades the major change that has occurred has been the initiation and expansion of the tourist sector which has sought to exploit the natural environment including the climate, reefs and natural beauty of the islands.
It is unlikely that the dependency of the country on its marine resources will change within the foreseeable future. Future development of the countrywill remain constrained by the narrow natural resource base, the absence of mineral and energy resources, limited land area, and lack of a skilled workforce. Some expansion of the present marine resource base might be possible through innovative use of existing resources and the development of other products via mariculture and diversification of the catch fishery.
MAkives Na/onal Report to UNCED 23 3. Key Environmental and Resources Issues
Cirrent enviromental problems stem in large part from the high population density which is aggregated onto relatively few islands in each atoll. The environmental problems of Male' are an extreme example of this, since population density on the island has reached 30,627 klm2. The problems of Male' and a number of the other more densely populated islands have reached critical levels in terns of environmental management, in particular the management of freshwater resources; coastal infrastructure development; solid waste disposal; sewage disposal; and population pre-sure.
As infrastructural development increases, the costs of repairing coastal stmucturesor building new defense rises if environmental considerations have been ignored during initial construction and land reclamation. For example a jetty and breakwater built on Ihavandhoo in Haa Alifu was eroded and removed by wave and current action within 18 months of construction due to incorrect placement in relation to onshore currents.
The following problems listed in priority order for the marine and terrestrial environments separately were designated for immediate consideration in implementing the 1990-92 work programme by the 1989 Nation-' Workshop.
Terrestrial/Human environmental problems:
Freshwater management; Migration to Male'; Population growth; Solid waste disposal; Sewage contamination of groundwaters; Fuelwood supplies and deforestation.
Marine environmental problems:
Coral mining; Sewage contamination of coastal water; Sea-level rise; Solid waste disposal; Dredging.
Incrcasing rates of reef degradation occur as a consequence of increased use of corals in construction. Live coral mining for construction i. considerably reducing the capacity of some reefs to absorb wave energy
24 MaidniesNaaional Report to UNCED and altering local current and sediment patterns. It may adversely affect the capability of the reef system as a whole to respond to sea-level rise.
Land reclamation, which is widespread throughout the country particulariy on the oceanic sides of the islands, increases vulnerability and further reduces the health of the reef environment. Such activities are undertaken without environmental data on local currents and sediment movements.
Aquifer depletion and saline water intrusion are a problem for nearly all inhabited islands and are a particular problem in islands with high population densities.
High population growth and urbanisation increase vulnerability by straining already limited resources and resulting in the aggregation of human and capital resources into a few locations, hence increasing the risk of catastrophic impas through episodic events such as storms or long distance swells causing flooding.
The present resort-islands upon which the tourist industry depends represent a considerable capital investment which is highly vulnerable to increased relative sea level and episodic events. The 64 islands on which the industry is based represent critical areas for environmental management during construction and for waste disposal during operation.
_fvIs Nadiraa Reportto UNCED 25 4. Contraints to Sustainable Development
In-county conmruint
Constraints to sustainable development include the narrow existing resource base of the country and limited opportunities for its expansion, combined with a lack of resource inventories which precludes the identification of "new" or "potential"resources.
A major constraint to development is the small land area dispersed over considerable oceanic distances leading to prob!ems of communication, and financial and logistic difficulties in the provision of services such as health and education. The per capita costs of providing services without relocating people are prohibitive unless such decentralised services can themselves be centered around economic developments.
Aggregation of people into more -ecornomic"units may lead to unforeseen environmental problems as in the case of Male', where compaction of the road surface by vehicles prevents rain from permeating and recharging the aquifer. Consequently high capital investment costs have been incurred in p:vingthe roads and installingadrainage system fordirect aquiferrecharge. Increased roof coverage in rural islands prevents rainwater recharge leadine to rapid depletion of the freshwater reserves. Both the quality and tt quantity of this resource are being affected.
A shortage of trained manpower at all levels and the lack of high ievel education and training opportunities within the country result in a dependence upon aid and for the provision of such services.
The absence of an adequate in-country data base (except in the case of weather) covering many physical and bio!ogical parameters, leads to inadequate decision making concerning the environmental consequences of development activities and a lack of information which might be used to expand-!he existing resource base. For example, information on local current patterns is scanty and only qualitative. Such information is vital in coastal construction work and in estimating the nature of sand transport within the reef system.
Under developed mechanisms within the Government for taking environmental problems into consideration in the planning process and the absence of well-defined guide-lines and procedures for the evaluation of the environmental impacts of development projects and activities, hinder the implementation of environment protection measures.
26 MaldivesNaornal Reportto UNCED The lack of national inventories of freshwater resources precludes development of appropriate national policies with respect to the use and protection of aquifer systems, and the high costs of undertaking such an inventory are a constraint to action in this field.
The impact of coral mining has been extensively reviewed and its impact on the sustainable use of reefsystems is extreme. The absence of alternative in-country sources of construction materials other than coral blocks poses a major constraint to physical infrastructure development. Altemative construction materials andVorsources are being actively investigated by the Government. One alternative appears to be to import construction materials. This would however result in increased external dependence and a further drain on the balance of payments.
The lack of mineral and in particular energy sources is a constraint to development, leading to over-exploitation of fuelwood supplies and dependence on external energy sources. The absence of altematives to fuelwood particularly in more isolated communities have lead to depletion of supplies and loss of fringing vegetation which in tum leads to enhanced beach erosion.
Externaly generated constraints to sustainable development
A major constraint to sustainable development in the past has been the failure of international organisations and aid agencies to recognise the unique constraints to developmeintprovided by small land areas dispersed over enorrnous maritime distances, combined with the. unique and fragile nature of atoll environments.The intemational pool of experts with practical experience and understanding of island environments is itself small with the result that external expert advice frequently advocates solutions which are in practice unsustainable in small, archipelagic states.
Many of the solutions to development problems advocated by international experts involve high technology and high energy consumption, reflecting the conditions ard! a:sperience of large states rather than the needs and capabilities of sma;l states. In small states, economic, geographic and environmental conditions often demand novel solutions if they are to be sustainable. Solar generation of DC electricity may not be the preferred option for a country where distribution networks exist, but may well be more sustainable if a less efficient system for adoption by communities on small isolated islands was provided reducing the needs for internal transport and distribution of expensive oil products.
Maksv Nationa Reportto UNCED 27 The adoption of unsustainable modes of development is enhanced by the sectoral approach of donor and assistance agencies to environmental anL other development problems. Addressing the problems of infant mortality from water borne, diarrhoeal diseases without addressing the consequence of enhanced survival and hence population growth has contributed to the explosive growth of the population.
A lack of financial resources and appropriatc advice, has resulted in the adoption of unsound waste disposal practices for both solid and effluent wastes, which in turn results in pollution problems in both the terrestrial and marine cnvironments. The provision of aid and assistance in this and other fields has been distorted by the perceptions of donor agencies as to the nature of appropriate solutions to sectoral issues.
28 MAdivesNational Report to UNCED C. Responseto Environment/ DevelopmentIssues
S. Recent Developnments
Recent developmentswithin the country
Initial consultants reports on envimnmental matters in the Maldives were produced for the Government in 1983 and 1985, which recommended the fonnation of a National Environment Council and an Environme:ntauthority within the Goverment, recommendations which were acted on in 1986. Initially a three person environ,nent section was established in the Ministry of Home Affairs, together with a National Environment Council composed of high level representatives from most Government Departments.
Subsequently a variety ofsub-sectoral reports on conservation, oil pollution, environmental management, disaster preparedness, deforestation and the implications of climatic change and sea level rise were prepared at the request of the GovernmenL In so far as it has been possible to implement the recommendations of these reports, this has been done within the constraints of manpower and financial resources. Many of the substantive recommendations however involved considerable financial expenditures and investment in equipment and manpower, and were made without defining the necessary mechanisms td-ough which such resources could be obtained. Hence, such recommendations remain largely unimplemented at the present time.
The combination of present environmental problems in the Maldives together with the recommendations of visiting experts which remain unimplemented, might suggest on superficial examination that the Republic lacks the will to implement change. This viewpoint is incorrect and it would seem that the problems of planning sustainable development in the Maldives stem from the highly sectoral approach to planning which was adopted in the past in conformity with the approach of international aid and assistance agencies which placed emphasis on economic development without adequate consideration of environmental issues.
The extreme flooding events in Male' in 1987 emphasised the need for environmental management and planning, and since then the Government has increasingly turned its attention to environniental issues. The Govermmenthas supported a number of national and intemational initiatives designed to address current global problems and plan for changing environmental conditions in future. To achieve this planning capability within the country, considerable extemal assistance is required and to
AlS NAtirua Report toUNCED 29 secure this assistance, Government representatives at all levels have taken a high profile in intemational debates on environmental issues.
Against this background, the Government of the Maldives sought the assistance of UNDP, and UNEP in attempting to define new approaches to sustainable development which would address existing environmental problems and provide a planning mechanism for avoiding where possible, tl e creation of new problems. Accordingly a national workshop on enviranmental management and planning in the Maldives supported by UNEP, UNDP and the Ministry of Planning and Environment was organised and held in late 1989. This workshop was attended by senior government officials, representatives of the private sector and representatives of NGOs concerned with environmental issues.
The National Workshop developed a National Environment Action Plan (Annex 1) and Work Programme on the basis of a critical review and analysis of current environmental problems. The Action Plan and work programme contains the overall strategy of the Governrnent in the environmental sector which represents a combined approach to managing and solving existing problems and establishing the mechanisms anc procedures for sound future environmental planning.
The National Environment Action Plan recognises that successful environmental management requires a broad cross-sectoral perception of the interactions of natural and human factors in shaping the physical and natural environment in which societies exist. Sectoral approaches to either undetstanding the problems or developing solutions will not work since each sector is interdependent and changes to the physical environment for example will affect the biological environment and both in tum will affect the society dependent upon that environment. The role of environmental planning and management is therefore seen as the provision of a long- term perspective of the costs to future generations of present day development decisions.
In 1988 the Environment Section of the Ministry of Home Affairs was expanded and transferred to the Ministry of Planning and Development which was renamed the Ministry of Planning and Environment. During the preparation of the National Environment Action Plan and immediately following its acceptance by the Government the National Environment Council was reconstituted with a wider membership including representatives of the media and was provided with far ranging powers in environmental issues. Simultaneously the Environment Section was expanded to include an Environmental Research Unit charged with assembling the necessary environmental information required for planning purposes.
30 Maldsves Natonal Report to UNCED In late 1990 an ;mplementation schedule for the Environment Work Programme was developed and assistance was sought from the international donor community for the implementation of the Work Programme of the National Environment Action Plan. Simultaneously the next three year National Development Plan for the Maldives was under preparation and central to this plan is the cross-sectoral inclusion of environmental issues in all future development activities within the country.
The Maidives and Internaonal En'ironmenr Affairs
His Excellency President Maumoon Abdu' Gayoom has played a leading role internationally in drawing the attention of the world's leaders to the special situation and particular environmental problems of small island states, stimulating the Commonwealth Secretariat to initiate a study of global climate change and sea level rise impacts. The Director of Environmental Affairs was himself a member of the 6 man team which produced this assessment.
In addition, Govemment representatives of the Republic of the Maldives continue to actively participate in the environmentally related regional activities of bodies such as UNEP, ESCAP and WMO in the deliberations of the InterGovernmental Panel on Climate Change and its working groups, concerned with assessing global climate change impacts and response strategies.
The Maldives participates actively in a number of the relevant programmes and activities of the UN and its specialised agencies including the World Meteorological Organisation, Food and Agriculture Organisation. and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. The Maldives participates in the TOGA programme and regularly contributes meteorological data to the WMO.
In 1989 the Maldives hosted a Ministerial level meeting of small states concerned with sea level rise (Small States Conference on Sea Level Rise) and the resulting Male' Declaration calls on the UN, its agencies and other appropriate institutions to assist in the implementation of the decisions contained in the declaration. Items 4,5 and 6 of the declaration recommend the establishment of an Institutional capability to protect and manage coastal zones; calls upon all states to undertake environmental impact assessments for major development projects and recommends that steps must be immediately r::ken to protect vulnerable natural ecosystems. It also calls on the UN, its specialised agencies and other appropriate international agencies to assist less developed countries in achieving these goals.
UakivasNational Repat to UNCED 31- The Maldives participated in the 3econd World Climate Conferencc in 1990 and was instrumental, along with other archipelagic states in ensuring that the resulting Ministerial Declaration included mentioning of the particular problems such states face in achieving sustainable development. That Declaration notes that the present rate of climate change "could even threaten survival in some small island states" and T recommends that adequate and additional financial resources should be mobilised and best available envirommentallysound technologics transferred ecpeditiously on a fair and most favourable basis."
The above paragraphs provide indicators of Government approaches to environmental issues; on one hand, concem with intemational conventions addressing global issues and on the other with addressing local environmental problems. This strategy is exemplified in the phrase "Think globally and act locally".
Pnnciples & Goals
The Lrinciple aim of the National Environment Action Plan is to help the Goveanment of the Republic of Maldives to maintain and improve the environment of the country, including the marine and ocean area contained within the Exclusive Economic Zone, and to manage the resorces contained therein for the collective benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations.
The directive principles of the Action Plan are:
The continuous assessment of the state of the environment within the country,includingthe impactsof man'sactivitieson land, in freshwater, in lagoons, reefs and ocean and of the effects of these activities on the quality of the human environment.
The development and implementation of management methods suited tothe natural andsocial environmentofthe country,whichwill maintain or enhaace environmental quality, while at the same time, utilising the resources on a sustainable basis.
The preparation and implementation of comprehensive national envi- ronmental legisiation and participation in international agreements to provide for responsible and effective management of the environment.
The strengthening of national capabilities, institutional arrangements and financial support which will enable the Action Plan to be imple- mented in an efficient and economic manner.
32 MalduvesNational Report to UNCED All components of the Action Plan are viewed as interdependent and provide a framework for comprehensive action which should contribute to both the protection of the environment and the continued deveiopment of the country.
Within the context of development and as a mechanism to address the environmental and development problems resulting from in-migration to Male', the Government has adopted a policy of decentralisation encouraging development projects and activities in the atolls.
Policies, legislation and institutions
Through its adoption of the National Environment Action Plan, the Govermnent is committed to the concept of sustainable development and is seeking as a matter of priority, appropriate policies and mechanisms for translating this goal in:.o concrete action in the field of development.
The Government is committed to the development of appropriate sectoral policies covering areas such as freshwater resources and waste managemenL To date, policies have been adopted requiring the assessment of environmentalimpacts for all development projects but the in-country capability for uizdertaking and/or evaluating such impact assessments is limited.
Sectoral policies covering enviromment and development issues already exist in the tourist, health and fisheries sectors. In the case of tourism, resort island developers are subject to requirements for waste disposal. coastal construction and density of accommodation which are all detailed. Such sectoral policies frequently include legislative powers for enforcement of agreed standards, but to date, no effective comprehensive environmental legislation exists.
Government support to institution building in the environment sector has concentrated on training and the expansion of the Environment section of the Ministry of Planning and Environment, and has included the recent establishment of an Envimnment Research Unit with responsibility in the fields of environmental monitonng and assessment.
Substantial financial investments in capital and human resources are required if environmentally sound and sustainable development is to be assured in the Maldives. Regrettably such resources are unavailable in- country at the present time and extensive financial and expert assistance will be required of the international donor community over the next two decades.
Mal&ves National Repotto UNCED 33 Some initiatives are being developed in the private sector in-country, particularly among tourist resort operators where environmental awareness is well developed and the need for maintaining environmental quality is a recognised pre-requisite for a healthy tourist industry.
Programmes and Projects
To date, few activities have been initiated in the environment sector and initial support from UNDP has been concemed with strengthening the relevant sections of the Government through enhanced in-service and overseas training in various environmental fields. It must be recognised that building an internal capacity for environmental management and planning in the Maldives is hampered by the absence of indigenous expertise and the small size of the pool of trained and skilled personriel in all fields associated with developmentL
A number of programmes and projects in other sectors have contained environmental components although the overall coverage has, to date been limited to "one-off" environmental monitoring programmes associated with harbour developments, or resource surveys associated with exploited and stressed resources such as the Male' freshwater aquifer. Expert assessments of the scale of some environmental problems such as waste disposal in Male' have also been undertaken.
Major development projects have been concentrated in the service and fishedes sectors and infiastructure development. To date, few projects have taken environmental concerns into consideration during initial planning, although this is changing rapidly.
Environmental education and awareness have been given high priority, with regular radio and television programmes and the production of various printed materials for distribution in the atolls. Much of this work is undertaken with the active participation of various non-governmental organisations active in eavironmental fields in the country.
Research in-country is severely limited by the lack of professionally trained national manpower. To date, most environmental research work has concentrated on coral reef biology and monitoring associated with specific problems such as coral bleaching and mortality from out-breaks of the crown of thorns starfish.
No formal in-country training programmes in environment and development exist within the country, and Maldives is likely to depend for some time on courses which are offered in other countries.
34 MadWes NationalRepapt to UNCED Since 1987 Maldives has been a part of the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) programme of WMO and tide gauges have been established in Gan (February 1987), Male' (August 1989) and in Hanimaadhoo (July 1991).
An aquifeir recharge project has been carried out in Male' with the assistance of the Denmark government.
Due to the extensive damage caused by the high waves in April 1987 and in view of the predicted sea level rise and its impact on low lying coastal areas an extensive Male' South break water project was carried out with assistance from the Govemment of Japan. The 1160 meter breakwater cost more than US S 14 million.
IntenWiond Co-operation
Given the concern of the country with the potential impacts of climatic change and sea levIelrise, the Republic of Maldives will continue to press for the adoption of a Global Convention for protection of the atmosphere and limitation of radiatively active gas emissions.
The Republic of Maldives will continue to press for recognition by developed countries of their liabilities and responsibilitiestowards countries such as the Maldives which have contributed little to global problems, but which are likely to be among the first and perhaps the most significantly affected by chtangingclimate and rising sea level.
Given the unique problems of environment and de-teopment in small archipelagic states, it is -vital that international and multi-national corporations, bilateral donors and intemational financial agencies such as the World Bank adopt approaches and policies which recognise the need for specialised technological solutions to these unir-'e developmental problems and assist small island govemments in identi.ying and adopting appropriate technological innovations.
At present, the United Nations and its specialised agencies adopt a sectoral approach to development assistance and the provision of advice making it difficult for small states with limited manpower to articulate successfully with each agency. Thus ocean and maritime affairs for example are covered by the activities of IMO, UN Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, UNEP, Unesco, [OC and FAO and to derive full benefit from the UN System, each country needs to maintain membership of and contact with each agency. Membership of all the specialised agencies of the UN System and attendance at important meetings of each agency kve aional Repat to UNCED 35 places an unacceptably high financial and manpower burden on smn states. Many smaller countries therefore seek membership of none or oni, a few specialised agencies thereby limiting access to and distorting the range of external advice and assistance which is potentially available to address the problems of environment and development.
Due to their distribution largely centered in the Mediterranean, Caribbean, Indian and Pacific Oceans, small island states have difficulty in accessing and exchanging information and experiences of appropriate (and inappropriate) solutions, whether technological, scientific or managerial to the unique problems of development in small country environments. To access and exchange such infonnation and experience, a clearing house mechanism is needed which will provide small state's Governments with ready access to relevant information and experience.
The Ministerial level Conference entitled "Small States Conference on Sea Level Rise' held in Male' in November 1989 resulted in the Male' Declaration (Annex 11)which calls on.the United Nations System to assist the small states in implementing the termnsof the declaration. Subsequent to this meeting, a meeting of the Male' Declaration Action Group was held in January 1991. This meeting pliduced a recommended programme of action for small states. To be effective in implementing thes recommendations and the Declaration itself, technical and financia, assistance are needed from the UN System to support the work of the Task Force, possibly through the fonnation of a permanent Office and SecretariaL
36 *;,aIdies National Report to LUNCED D. Procedures Followed in Preparingthe Report
This report was produced by the Environment Section of the Ministry of Planning and Environment under the direction of the National Commission for the Protection of the Environment (NCPE). Financial assistance was provided by ttie UNDP and the draft report was produced with the technical assistuace of an international consultant.
The report was approved by the National Commission for the Protection of the Environment which is empowered under Maldivian Law in all matters relating to the- environment. The Commission is Chaired by the Minister of Planning and Environment Honourable Mr Ismail Shafeeu and composed of senior level representatives of Government Departments responsible for all sectors discussed in the report. The report was subsequently approved by the Ministry of Planning and Environment for submission to the Preparatory Committee of UNCED.
Copies of the draft report were distributed to Non-Governmental Organisations for comment, such comments being considered by the NCPE prior to its finalization.
MAakivesNALthnaI Report to UNCED 37 E. Anticipated Results of the Conference
The Republic of Maldives would hope that an immediate result of the Conference would be the signing of Conventions on the Protection of the Atmosphere (Global Framework Convention on Climate Change) and Biodiveisity.
Enhanced international awareness of the unique problems of development in small archipelagic states and appropriate adjustments to the United Nations System that will facilitate the identification and implementation of mechanisms for achieving sustainable development in such countries.
The Maldives would expect a direct and prompt response from the United Nations System to the call for assistance made in the Male' Declaration, and in particular that appropriate support be provided to the initiatives developed collectively by the Small States following that Declaration.
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) should help to ensure that developing countries are not only placed in a better position to develop their own technologies, but also that they have access to environmentally sound technology. Greater emphasis should be placed on investigating real possibilities for transferring technology to developing countries.
The Maldives would hope that the UNCED would be able to get a commitment from the developed world for making available new and additional funds to the developing countries so that they could more effectively tackle their environmental problems.
38 Maldives National Report to UNCED Annexes:
I National Environment Action Plan 11 Male' Declaration
Maldv.s Nadknaf Reportto UNCED 39 ANNEX I
EN VIRONMENTACTION PLAN
Ministry of Planning and Environment Male' Republic of Maldives
Maldives NationalReport to UNCED ANNEX I
CONTENTS
FOREWORD 41
BACKGROUND 42
PRINCIPALAIM AND DIRECTIVEPRINCIPLES 43
DEVELOPMENTOF NATIONAL CAPABILITIES 49
TRAINING 50
AREAS FOR 2RIORITY ACON IN 1990-1991 -51
WORK PROGRAMME 54
42 MaldivesNtabonal Report to UNCED ANNEX I
FOREWORD
The growing importance for protecting the environment cannot be over-emphasized. This particularlyapplies tossmallisland countries like the Maldives,where daily life is almost eniirely governedby theenvironment. Fishing for instance,is the largest industry, and tourism next, with the highest foreign currency eamer. Environmentalmanagement is therefore the key to sustain these two very important sectors. With limited natural resources in the country, the future generations has also to depend on them.
In a place like the Maldives, where life is so intertwined with the complex but delicate ecosystems, the need to protect the environment is utmost. The vulnerability of the Maldives environment is further increased by the threat of global warming and its consequences, in particular that of sea level rise. Sound environmentalmanagement today, is the key to a safe and sustainable future. Unless action is initiated urgently, it may have disastrous consequences on the country.
It is my firm belief that this Action Plan will workltowards laying the necessary foundation to build and strengthen the environmental planning and management capabilitv in the country taking particular note of the immediate areasand the medium to long term activities.
I take great pleasure in extending a word oLfi-rntitude to the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Development Pro,ramme. for their kind assistance, and to Dr. John Pernetta in particular- who h.Lscontributed significantly in putting this Action Plan together.
FATHULLA JAMEEL Minister of State for Planning and Environment 1989
Makves NationalRepoit to UNCED 43 ANNEX I
BACKGROUND
The Maldives forms achain of coral atolls on the Lacadive-Chagos submarine ridge rising from the deep Indian Ocean. Sequential growth of coral has built up the chain of islands. The 1190 odd islands make up less than 2% of the total area of the country. On an average the elevation of the islands are about 1.6m above mean sea level. The surrounding reefs of the islands protect them against the swells, currents and waves of the Indian Ocean.
The fragile nature of the islands, the biological diversity of the marine resources together with the important terrestrial ecosystems and their vital importance to the health and well-being of the people - both present and future generations - have resulted in a demonstrated need for better environmental management an planning in the country. The traditional life stvle of the people had almost negligible impact on the environment but recent socio economic developments have led to mark deterioration on the environment. The potential impacts of the predicted global climatic change including the threat of a rise in sea !evel, threatens the environment on the country more than ever before.
To minimize the adverse effects of environmental degradation. a number of activities were initiated by various sectoral agencies of the govemment. However, the need for an integrated environmental management plan was felt more, to allow for coordination and implementation of such activities. Realizing this need, the govemment sought the assistance of the United Nations, in particular the United Nations Environment Programme and United Nations Development Programme to draw up a management strategy. As a result, with assistance from UNDP, UNEP commissioned a study in December 1988, to identify areas most vulnerable to the natural and anthropogenic changes. The findings and the recommendations were placed beforea nationalworkshopheld from 28-31 October 1989.Thisworkshop, drew up the National Action Plan, a document aimedat environmental management and planning in the Maldives. The National Environment Council, later approved the activities to be under taken by the action plan. The wise management of the environment, in order to achieve sustainable development. underlies the rationale for implementine this action plan.
44 MaldivesNational Report to UNCED ANNEX I PRINCIPLE AIM AND DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES
The principal aim of the Action Plan is to help the Government of the Republic of Maldives to mainstainand improve the environment of the country, including the marine ar.d ocean area contained within the Exclusive Economic Zone, and to manage the resources contained therein for the collective benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations.
The directive principles of the Action Plan are:
-The continuous assessment of the state of the environment within the country, including the impacts of man's activities on land, in fresh water, in lagoons. reefs and ocean and of the effective of these activities on the quality of the human environment.
- The development and implementation of management methods suited to the natural and social environmentofthescountry,whichwill maintain orenhance environmental quality, while at the same time utilizing resources on a sustainable basis.
-Thepreparation and implementationofcomnprehensivenational environmental legislation andparticipation in intemational agreementstoprovide forresponsible andeffective management of the environment.
- The strengthening of national capabilities. institutional arrangements and financial support which will enable the Action Plan to be implemented in an efficient and economic manner.
In executing individual activities developed to implement the Action Plan. consideration will be given to the potential impacts of global environmental change in particular. the climatic change and its predicted consequences.
FRAME WORK FOR ACTION
In orderto achieve the principal aim and in accordance with the directive principles of the Action Plan, specific work programmes will be developed aimed at achieving the following:
(i) Assessment of the current state of the environment;
(ii) Assesment of the impact of marine and land-based activities on the quality of the environment;
(iii) Assessment of the environmental implications of demographic patterns in the country;
(iv) Management of marine and land-based development activities which have an impact on environmental quality;
Makfvs NaoWnafReport to UNCED 45 ANNEX I
(v) Management of land and marine resources on a sustainable basis:
(vi) Development of sustainable coordinating mechanisms for the successful implementation of the Action Plan;
(vii) Development of suitable training and educational programmes to enable the Government to effectively implement all aspects of the Action Plan;
(viii) Developmen. of education and environmental awareness programmes for the population at large.
All componentsoftheAction Planare interdependentand provide a framework forcomprehensive action which should contribute to both the protection of the environment and the continued development of the country. Thus, no component may be seen as end to itself.
The workprogrammes arising from the Action Planshould contribute not only to the resolution of environmental problems within the country, but also should seek to strengthen cooperative programmes with neighbouringstates,with othersmall islandstates in the Pacificand Caribbean regions; and with overseas institutions and agencies (including the various UN bodies) havinig an interest in environmental matters relating to the wider Indian region in ,eneral and the Maldives in particular.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
One of the major constraints confronting the Maldives in making wise use of resources in the developmentprocess, isthe paucityofenvironmental and resource information, so necessary for rational decision making Thislackof information isparticularly critical inthat it relates to issues of fundamental importance such as:
(i) The future potential of under-utlised resources;
(ii) The fragility of the islands;
(iii) The ability of over-utilised or degradated resources to recover or sustain yields;
(iv) The presence of many islands with limited resources but large human populations.
The environmental assessment work programmes is to be initiated through a coordinated resources inventory and environmental monitoring programme based on existing national, regional and intemational activities in this field.
46 Maldives NataonalReport to UNCED ANNEX I
The specific areas for environmental assessment under the Action Plan are as follows:
1.Assessment ofthe health ofthe Maldivian coral reefs including assessment of impact resulting from crown of thoms predation; coral bleaching; coral mining and sand degrading; coral, and corai reef growth rates; impacts of tourism; and sand production in natural systems.
2. Assessment of the nature and volumes of marine pollution including but not limited to hydrocarbons, solid waste and sewage around Male' and other selected population centres.
3. Assessment of the status of marine fisheries stocks and of the aquacultue potential of appropriate indigenous species of algae, fish and shellfish for local consumption ard/or export.
4. Assessment of the status of the aquifer resources outside Male'.
5. Assessment of the current level of coastal erosion problems throughout the country.
6. Assessment of future climate patterns under scenarios of global warming and assessment of relative sea level changes in the Maldives.
7. Assessment of wind and tidally generated currentpatterns.
8. Environmental Impact Assessment for planned major developments.
9. Assessment of terrestrial resources including soils, vegetation, fuelwood and agricultural production.
10. Assessment of energy consumption patterns and evaluation of non-conventional energy sources and their potential for utilization.
11. National assessmentofthevulnerabilityof humansettlementstoepisodic events such as long distance storms swell induced flooding.
12. Assessment of the availability and suitability of altemative building materials, and altemative building designs which are energy efficient.
13. Assessment of the environmental implications of inter-island transport development.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
The key toenvironmentally sound development is the management of resources on a sustainable basis. Environmental management should therefore take into account the carrying capacity of the environment; the goals of development as defined by the Government; and the economic
Ma/dhvesNatonal Re,or0tto UNCED 47 ANNEX I
feasibilitv of implementing management proposals. Continuing socio-ecnnomic development in the country can only be achieved on a sustainable basis if environmental considerations are incorporated into the design of developments. Improved knowledge of environmental systems and process may now enable some environmental errors of the past to be corrected and avoided in the future.
TIe activities undertaken within the framework of the environmental management component oftheAction Planwill be implemented in such away as to ensure that environmental assessments are effectively carried out and that the results are incorporated into sectoral management programmes. Environmental management activities will be undertaken to devise appr')priate ways of using natural resources in balanced manner taking into consideration the needs of the present population and the needs of 'uture generations.
Specific areas which are regarded as of immediate priority in the country as a whole are:
1. The development of an environmentally sound, national population management policy to assist in achieving sustainable development.
2. To review, activelv promote and implement the existing policv of decentralization bv the creation of centres of attraction containiniznecessary services and a sound economic base.
3. To develo5 a programme of fuelwood management based on the capacitv for renewable use of the resources. togetherwith consideration of alternative fuel sources, and their economic and environmental costs.
4. The management of the land/lagoon/reef ecosystem to maintain its health and condition. including the development of coastal zone management schemes for individual islands and atolls.
5. The development of guidelines for the constructions and location of coastal structurcs such as seawalls. groynes. harbours. jetties, pi--rs, gabions and causewavs.
6. The development of national databank of environmental information, and establishment of suitable management procedurestoensure theaccessibilitv ofdata to all sections of Government concerned with the collection and application of such information.
7.The development ofstandardsandcontrol mechanisms forthe regulation of land based sources of pollution.
8. The development of a national programme to control litter problems. giving primarv consideration to recycling, re-use and exports of recoverable materials.
9. The auditing of the effectiveness of previous environmental management decisions.
48 MaldivesNatonal Reportto UNCED ANNEX I 10.The development of national policy guidelines concerning the wise use of aquifer resources.
11. The development and implementation of appropriate guidelines, technologies and practices for waste disposal with particular attention being directed to recycling, and energy generation.
12. Promotion of policies and practices in the field of human settlement which give special attention to the ecological problems of urban and rural developments on small islands.
13.1Thedevelopmentandapplicationofsuitableguidelinesforthe implementationofenvironmental impact assessments for all major developments in the country.
14. The development of an efficient inter-island transport system which will minimize adverse environmental impacts
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL CAPABILITIES
TheActionPlanenvisages an intensive trainingand technical assistance etFort, especially in the earlystagesofimplementation oftheworkprogrammes. The activitiesundertaken inenvironmental assessmentand managementwill include built-in trainingcomponentswhichwill emphasize the action onieited nature of the plan and the indispensable link between environmental assessment, management and training in the country.
Recognizing the importance of environmental awareness and the need for the entire population to provide adequate care for their shared environment, the Action Plan will emphasize environmental education in schools. The production of public awareness materials and the mountingofpublicawarenesscampaignsconcerningsensitive aspects of the natural environment will be an integral component of all activities undert-akenin irrplementing the Action Plan.
[NSTrITrIONAL ARRANGEMENTS:
For effectively implementation of the Action Plan, the Environment Council is responsible for reviewing biennially, the content of the Action Plan; reviewing the substantive progress of activities and work programmes initiated under it; and for deciding upon the nature and ,mechanisms for implementation of the various activities. These mechanisms will be instituted by the Government to ensure timelv and efficient decision making in implementing the Action Plan.
The individual Ministries and Departments of the Govemment will be responsible for the collection of environmental, information relating to their sectoral responsibilities, and are responsible for ensuring that such information is shared between all Departments involved in excuating the Action Plan. Departmental Focal Points will be designated in each Government Department participating in the work of the Action Plan to coordinate the day-to-day inputs of
Makrives NationalReport to UNCED 49 ANNEX I their Departments into the Action Plan and to maintain links with the Environment Section of the Ministry of Planning and Environment. In principle. each of the acLivitiesagreed upon as part of the work programmes undertaken under the Action Plan will be carried out through collaboration between several Government Departments jointlv.
The Environment Section of the Ministrv of Plannine and Environment is responsible for coordinating the implementation of the work programmes by the members of its own staff and staff from other Government Ministries as appropriate. The Environment Section is also responsible for the coordination of environmental information and ensuring that environmental considerations are incorporated into the planning process and ensuring the compliance with requirements forEnvironmental ImpactAssessmentsof all activities affectini! the environment.
The activities arising from this Action Plan will be financed bv the Government, and bv intemational agencies,asthe United Nations.agencies.theCommonwealth.andotherintemational organisations and through bilateral agreements with donor states.
TRAINING
The lack of adequate man-power and resource-personnnel is a major constraint cOnfrontingthe Maldives as a whole, with respect to developing the specific, professional and research areas. This is more pertinent in the environment field since this is a fairly new development. even in most other countries. What distinguishes the Maldives is the lack of trained personnel in other disciplines too, who could perhaps, with further training, take on a component of the environmental management.
Therequired training, therefore, has to be initiated from thevery basic levels.This requires time. however, if the Maldives is to develop even a verv basic environmental management cadre, a multi disciplinary team h.-asto he trained urgentlv. toi handle the growinm need for sound environmental planning and management capabilities in the countrv The multi-faceted nature of the environment, particularly in an island ecosystem. like the Maldives. makes it even more difficult to specify the training requirements. as most formal training do not necessarily retlect the in-house situation. Th,ishas to be developed through experience and on the job training.
As an initial step, the areas for short term training include, training, in;
* The production of awareness and education materials.
* Categorization and compilation of basic environmental data.
- Surveying and sampling skills for basic survev works.
MaldivesNational Report to UNCED ANNEX I
' Assessment and quantification of basic environmental impacts and qualitv change.
' Basic data processing and programming,
' Records keeping and documentation.
Tertiary level training required include, training in;
* Earth sciences. life sciences and social sciences. In addition Computer Science or Programming is necessary to built the data-base for the country.
Although mos! of the environmental parameters are quite distinct in their subject matter, a holistic or a well - integrated approach is essential to effectively coordinate the environmrental planning and management in the countrv.
AREAS FOR PRIORITYACTION IN 1990 - 1991
The following environmental problems listed in prioritv order have been designated for immediate consideration in implementing the 1990 - 1991 work pmneramme:
1. Marine envimnmnenialprohlems: coral mining sewage contamination of coastal water sea level rise solid waste manaizement dredging
2. Terrestrial/Human environmental 1roblems: Freshwater management Migration to Male' Population growth Solid waste disposal Sewage contamination of groundwaters Fuelwood supplies and deforestation
Althougha numberof these problems are underactive examination by Govemment Departments al the present time. it is expected that a full report on work relevant to the above problem areas be submitted to the National Environment Council in the immediate future.
Madives NatonaIReport to UNCED 51 ANNEX I Recognizing the limitatiors ofimmediate action. in addressing long-term management problems it is recommended that certain ameliorative actions could be taken immediately to address pressing environmental problems. To help in the rrocess, a public awareness campaign is to be mounted immediately, designed to inform the public of the fragility of the aquifer svstem and the need for appropriate actions at an individual. household and communitv level. to address this priority issue.
Individual and community actions to be undertaken for immediate implementation to conserve freshwater in Male' include:
- directing all rainfall from roofs, not being directly utilized, into the aquifer.
designated certain roads as pedestrian area only, and to reduce compaction, heavy vehicles are to be restricted to certain routes;
* developing methods toensure thatstandingwaterbe directed to aquifer recharge and the is to be implemented as soon as possible;
- investigatingthe possibilityof supplyingpipedwaterto the reclaimed area of Male' and the use of this piped water be monitored and charge for excessive use of water.
Recognising that there are no immediate actions which can be taken to ameliorate the problems of migration to Male' and of population growth, an environmentally sound, national population manm.gementpolicy will be developed to assist in achieving sustainable development. This is to be done while reviewing, actively promoting and implementing the existing policv of decentralization by thecreation of centresofattraction containing necessaryservices and a sound economic basis.
In formulatingpolicieswith respectto migrationtoMale', the full reasons ftormigration patterns to be investigated in order that the existing policy of decentralization is made more effective.
Actions to immediately address for the mitigation of marine environmental problems, are;
adiscouraging the use of coral and corai aggregates for building purposes;
'adopting a policy of waiving duty on imported aggregate for construction materials that may have a direct impact in ..,.tigating environmental stress on marine resources in particular such as coral and sand.
52 MaldivesNaftional Report to JNCED ANNEX I
the Government providing a lead in this regard by not using coral in the construction of public buildings; and
taking imnmediatestep to ensure the continued survival of threatened marine species.
It is recognised that the problems of climatic change and sea level rise need to be addressed through combination of.nternational and national actions. National actions which can be taken are:
' initiating programmes to measure the relative changes in sea level rise in the Maldives;
- identifyingand implementing appropriate mitigation measures oranticipated potential climatic and sea level impacts;
* considering the consequences of global climatic change in the process; and
- aciy panicipazingin relevantglobal progmnmnesconcemed with addressingthis issue.
Al*3kes Nationl Reportto UNCED 53 ANNEX I WORK PROGRAMME
For establishing the medium term environmental plannin, capability, the tollowing work programme is to be implemented in 1990-1991
ACTIVITY TITLE VATL'RE OF DEPARTEANT NO: THEACTIVITY
I. Establishmcntof an Trainingof environmcnralIstaff. MIPE. enviroinental management Coordination& implcmcntation NEC. and planningcapabiliLyinthe of the work programmc MAA. Ministryof Planningand 'EnvironmenL
2. Establishmentof a Trainingand monitoringOf Ehc MPWL HydrographicUnitcapable ocean environment MPE- of monitoringsealevel. tidal MAA. and wave patterns. mM.
3. Extension of weather Planning and AssLssment lI-r DM. monitoringin the Rcpublic fuLurc monitoring. IMPE. of Maldivesand asscssmcnt MPWL of McteorologicalI MAA. ClimatologicaipatternLs under conditionsof global warmring.
4. Assessmentof groundwater Trainingand assessment MPE. rcsourecsoutside Malc throughaquife r survevs 'NAA. ut scicctcd ildands M HWIMWSA.
5. Marine ecosystenmsand coral Trainingand assc&sment %lFA/MRS. reef survcys of marine environmentsaround MPE. scicctcd islands.
6. Coastal gcomorphology and Assc.se.smcntand training in coastal MPWL Sedimentology erxsion & hydrography. MPE
7. Terrestrial resource Training and assessment MPE. surveys of selected in physical, soil and vcgetation MAA. islands survevs MFA. OPPD.
54 Maldives Natronal Report to UNCED ANNEX I ACTIVI1TYTITLE NATUREOF DEPARTME.%T NO: THE ACTIVITY
8. Economic implications of Planning for sustainable MIPE. climatic change and sea development. level rise
9. Sociolegical factors Planning for sustainable MPE. affecting sustainiable development. MAA. development in the Maldives.
10. Solid waste management Planning assessment MPE. for urban centres and and control. MT. tourist resons in the MM. Maldives MWSA. MPWL.
11. Assessment of sewage Planning and evaluation MPE. disposal alternatives of disposal alternatives. MHW/ MWSA. in the Maldives MPWL
12. Analvsis of demographic Planning and evaluation MPE. trends in theMaldives of migration and demographic trends.
13. Environment impact Planning and training .MPE- assessment of the through implementation of SIDU. Villingilli resettlement majorEIA's. MPWL. scheme MWSA.
14. Preparation of Public Preparation and distribution MPE. awareness and non-formal of newsletters & popular ME. education materials booklets. TVM/VOM. is. Resource inventorv Provision of base-line data of MPE. for selected islands islands selected for MPWL. development. MWSA. SIDU.
Makdvs atonal Reportto UNCED 55 ANNEX I
ACTIVITY TITLE NATURE OF DEPARTMENT NO: THE ACTIVITY
16. Feasibility study for a Planning and evaluation. MFAIMRS. National Institute for MLPE. Natural Resources NEC. Research
17. Establishment of an Provide a centralized NMPE. Environmental data environmental information NCPE. Database. system for use by all Govemment Departments
18. National Workshop for Training in preparation and MPE. Midterm review of the presentation of scientific NCPE. work programme reports; review of work programme progress and implementation.
19. Terminal seminar and Review of progress and MPE. workshop, to review the preparation of 1992193 NCPE. 1990191work programme work programme. implementation
-5-6-SE MaldivesNfational Report to UNCED ANNEX I
.PROGRAMME AREA: ACT!Vri-Y NO:
Planning: 1l.23,8,9.10,12,15,16,17,19. Assessment: 2.3,4,5,6,7,l0,15. Management: 1,3,10.11,13,14,17,18,19. Training: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,13,14,17,18.
Lead Departmens are the first listed and those in which the activity is centred, collaborating depaitments are also indicated.
DM = Department of Meteorology; MAA = Ministry of Atolls Administration; ME = Ministry of Education; MFA = Ministry of Fisheries and Agriculture; MH = Ministry of Health; MPE = Ministry of Planning and Environment; MPWL = Ministry of Public Works and Labour; MRS = Marine Research Section of the MFA; MM = Male Municipality; MWSA = Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority; NCPE = Natiorl Commission for the Protection of the Environment; SIDU = Selected Islands Development Unit; OPPD = Office for Physical Planning and Design; vOM = Voice of Maldives; TVM = Television Maldives;
&Wdldis NationalReport to UNCED 57 ANNEXII
MALE' DECLARATION ON GLOBAL WARMING AND SEA LEVEL RISE
18 November 1989
mafwatWqmNE * ANNEX 11
MALE' DECLARATION ON GLOBAL WARMING AND SEA LEVEL RISE
18 November 1989
AIadiesXNttOLJNCED ANNEX II LMALE'DECLARATION ON GLOBAL WARMING AND SEA LEVEL RISE
Environmental issues facing the world clearly demonstrate that organisms and all the elements of nature including land, water and air cannot be exploited without far-reaching implications for the earth and its environment. It has been proved more conclusively than at any other time in history that the welfare of mankind is inextricably linked to the state of the environment. It has also been established that atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have increased over the last two centuries. These increases are seriously threatening to cause climate change, global warming and sea level rise, which have become common concerns of mankind.
There is now a broad scientifis consensus that the global mean temperature could rise approximately by 1 degree to 2 degree celcius by the year 2030. [t is predicted that even if the increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhousse gases were to be brought to a standstill immediately, however unrealistic that may be, the global temperature and sea level would continue to rise for decades to come
Although the entireworld would be adversely affected bv these processes. low-I ving, small. coastal and island states will face a decidedly greater predicament. Sea level rise would cause extensive damage to the land and infrastructure of those countries and even threaten the very survival of some island states. The possibility also exists of an increase in the frequency and/or intensity of natural disasters related to climate change, global warming and sea level rise.
Paradoxically the caialysLin this disturbing state of the global environment has been the rapid developemnt oftindustrialisation that was intended to lead to material progress. In view of the fact that the overloadingof the atmosphere with greenhouse gases occured primarilv through the actions of the industsrialised nations during the past two hundred years. these nations now have a moral obligation to initate on an urgent basis. international action to stabilise and subsequently reduce emmissions of ,greenhousegases and to sponsore. as a matter of priority! an urgentworld wide vroiramme of action to combat the serious implications of climate change, global warming and sea level rise. In addition, resources and technology should be made available by the industrialised nations, particularly to the most vu!nerable states, which may not have the financial and technical means to address these problems.
A continuing dialogue between the small States and the rest of the world on the issues of sea level rise need to be initiated. The smal' states call for an international response, especially from the developed and industrialised nations of the world. The likeiy effects of sea level rise urgently need to be established more accuratly, and an effective international strategy for the small states of the world to ctope with those impacts should be agreed upon as a seperate issue within a global strategy. In this connection. the WMO/UNEP Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is recognised as the main forum for the on-going work on science, impacts and response strategies of climate change.
60 Maldwes Nabonal Reportto UNCED ANNEX 11
In the light ofthescientificconsensus regardingthe likelihoodofclimate change and global warming and deeply concemed over the changing global environment and its possible adverse effects, particularly the threat of sea level rise, the small states gathered here in Male' from 14 - 18 November 1989, declare their intent towork. collaborate and scek intemational cooperation to protect the low-iying small coastal and island states of the world from the dangers posed by climate changes, global warming and sea level rise.
THEREFORE, WE THE F:EPRESENATIVES OF THE SMALL STATES GATHERED HERE:
1. Decide todevelop aprogramme of actionwithin the small states, for cooperation and exchange of in..irmation on strategies and policies in relation to climate change, global warming and sea level rise which are common concerns of mankind: and in particular, to:
(a) establish an Action Group, initially comprising of representatives from the Caribbean, South Pacific, Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean regions, to oversee the implementation of the decisions and recommendations of the Small States Conference on SeaLevel Rise. tocoordinate ajoint approachon the issues of climate change, global warning and sea level rise, and to pursue and follow upon global and regional response strategies;
(b)- consider the establishment of a climate and sea level programme and a monitoring network as an important component within the global measuring systems; recognising the urgent necessity to take initial measures to create a monitoring infrastructure, bearing in mind thespecific interests of small developing island states, to apply to the appropriate United Nations Agencies (in particular WMO,UNEP, UNESCO) for assist-wicein its implementation;
(c) mount a campaign to increase awarenessofthe international communilvofthe particularvulnerability of the small states to sea level rise;
(d) consider the most effective manner in which the small states can participate in the -workof the [ntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and seek assistance for such participation; and
(e) seek assistance from the UN, its Agencies and other appropriate institutions in the implemenattion of the decisions contained in this Declaration.
2. Call upon all states of the world family of nations to take immediate and effective measures according to their capabilities and the means at their disposal. to control. limit or reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, and to consider ways and means of protecting the small states of theworldwhich are mostvulnerable to sea level rise.
&Lv1Nati,uIRELxvt*,UNCED 61 ANNEX 11
3. Urge all states to take immediate measures to enhance enenry etficiency and to formulate plans and strategies for a change over, as far as possible. to alternative. less environmentally harmful sources of energy.
4. Recommend thatwhere necessarv all states take immediate me.asuresto establish the institutional framework to protect and manage their coastal zones aqd to enact legislation to facilitate such measures.
5. Call upon all states to undertake environmental nmpaci assessment studies for all developemnt projects, review existing developemnE pro=,rammes in terms of environmental impact assessment andstrengtAen environmental management capa- bilities. %
6. Recommend that small coastal and island states take adequate measures to maintain their aquifers and protect vulnerable natural ecosvstems such as coral reefs and mangroves, which may already be at risk, as they can provide natural protection against effects of climate change, global wariming and sea level rise.
7. Appeal to all states to embark on intensive afforestation and/or revegetation programmes with emphasis on the selection of plants and trees suitable for the different soil conditions, and salt-tolerant varieties for the protection of Coastal areas.
8. Recommed that research be intensified in undlerstandingthe eomplex interrelation- ships concerning climate cliange, greenhouse effects. sea level rise. and their implications on the cnvironmien[and also to determine methods of ameliorntinh the impacts of these changes on coastal ecosystems.
9. Urte the industrialised nations to develop modalities and mcchanisms to facilitate funding, technologytransferanid tiaining in areas related to the causes andproblems associated with the rise in sea level. In this regard. the states racing immediate [hreat should be assigned a higher priority for assistaucc.
10. Supportthe call by the developing countries of the world for the strengthening of the existing funding technology transfer and information me'chanisms,not exclud- ing the development of new mechanisms to assist them in implementing measures to control, limit or reduce emissions of greenhoustegases and adapt to and protect themselves from the adverseeffectsofunavoidableclimate chan.ge,gloal arming and sea level rise. Such mechanisms would also help to ensure that the tr;nsition to a more and environmentally sound worldwide programme of sustainable develop- ment can be achieved.
11. Call for negotiations fur a framework convention on climate change lo start-:assoon as possible after the adoption of the interim report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
6Z MaldivesNabonal Report to UNCED ANNEXII
SMALL STATES CONFERENCE ON SEA LEVEL RISE 14-18 NOVEMBER 1989, MALE', MALDIVES
PARTICIPATING STATES
1. Antigua and Barbuda 2. Barbados 3. Brunei Darussalam 4. Cyprus 5. Fiji 6. Grenada 7. Kiribati 8. Maldives 9. Malta 10. Mauritius 11. Seychelles 12. Tonga 13. Trinidad and Tobago 14. Vanuatu
, A p N 63 I