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Lower Fraser Valley Air Quality Monitoring Network

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Lower Fraser Valley Air Quality Monitoring Network 2008 Lower Fraser Valley Air Quality Report May 2010 Summary This annual report summarizes the air quality Douglas (Peace Arch) Border Crossing in monitoring data collected by the Lower Fraser Surrey. Valley (LFV) Air Quality Monitoring Network in 2008 and describes the air quality monitoring Pollutants Monitored activities and programs conducted during the Pollutants are emitted to the air from a variety year. The main focus is to report on the state of human activities and natural phenomena. of ambient (outdoor) air quality in the LFV. Once airborne, the resulting pollutant concentrations are dependant on several LFV Air Quality Monitoring Network factors, including the weather, topography and The LFV Air Quality Monitoring Network chemical reactions in the atmosphere. includes 26 air quality monitoring stations located from Horseshoe Bay in West Common air contaminants, including ozone Vancouver to Hope. Metro Vancouver (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide operates 22 stations in Metro Vancouver, as (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate well as 4 stations in the Fraser Valley matter, are widely monitored throughout the Regional District (FVRD) under an agreement network. Particulate matter is composed of with the FVRD. Air quality and weather data very small particles that remain suspended in from most of these stations are collected the air. They are further distinguished by their automatically on a continuous basis, size, which is measured in units of a millionth transmitted to Metro Vancouver’s Head Office of a metre (or micrometre). Particles with a in Burnaby, and stored in an electronic diameter less than 10 micrometres are database. The data are then used to referred to as inhalable particulate (PM10), communicate information to the public in the while those less than 2.5 micrometres are form of an air quality health index. termed fine particulate (PM2.5). Both PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations are monitored Air quality monitoring stations are located throughout the LFV. throughout the LFV to help understand the air quality levels that residents are exposed to Other pollutants less widely monitored in the most of the time. This report shows how these network include ammonia, volatile organic levels have varied throughout the region in compounds (VOC), and total reduced sulphur 2008 and how these levels have changed (TRS). over time. Trends in air quality measured by the Air Quality Monitoring Network are useful Priority Pollutants in evaluating the effectiveness of pollutant Research indicates that adverse health effects emission reductions undertaken as part of can occur at air quality levels measured in the Metro Vancouver’s Air Quality Management LFV. Health experts have identified exposure Plan. to ozone and particulate matter as being associated with the most serious health Special Air Quality Monitoring effects. Ozone is a strong oxidant that can In addition to the long-term Monitoring irritate the eyes, nose and throat, and reduce Network stations, Metro Vancouver deploys lung function. PM2.5 particles are small portable air quality stations and instruments to enough to be breathed deeply into the lungs, conduct special monitoring studies. Special resulting in impacts to both respiratory and studies typically investigate suspected cardiovascular systems. Long-term exposure problem areas (or “hot spots”) at the local or to these pollutants can aggravate existing community level, or survey potential locations heart and lung diseases and lead to for new long-term stations. In 2008, special premature mortality. studies were initiated in New Westminster, Surrey, the Burrard Inlet areas of Vancouver, Of particular concern is the PM2.5 emitted from Burnaby and North Vancouver, and at the diesel fuel combustion in car, truck, marine, 2008 Air Quality Report for the Lower Fraser Valley Page S - 1 rail and non-road engines. These particles and particulate matter), Metro Vancouver’s (“diesel PM”) are thought to contribute ambient air quality objectives, and provincial significantly to the health effects identified objectives. As part of the Air Quality above. Reducing emissions from diesel Management Plan (AQMP) adopted by Metro engines is a priority of Metro Vancouver’s Vancouver in October 2005, health-based diesel emission reduction program. In ambient air quality objectives were set for addition, during 2008 the capacity for ozone (O3), particulate matter (PM2.5 and monitoring these particles was increased in PM10), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide the Air Quality Monitoring Network. (NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). During 2008 Metro Vancouver’s objectives were more Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) stringent than both the Canada-Wide In 2008 the commonly reported air quality Standards and provincial objectives for these index was replaced by a new national health- air pollutants. based Air Quality Health Index (AQHI). Developed by Environment Canada and In April 2009 the provincial government Health Canada, the AQHI is intended to established new air quality objectives for communicate the health risks associated with PM2.5. A 24-hour objective is numerically the a mix of air pollutants to the public and same as Metro Vancouver’s objective. provide guidance on how individuals can Compliance with Metro Vancouver’s objective adjust their exposure and physical activities as requires no exceedances, while the provincial air pollution levels change. The AQHI is objective allows for some exceedances each calculated every hour using monitoring data year. The province’s annual target of 8 from stations in the LFV. AQHI forecasts are micrograms per cubic metre and an annual also available (for today, tonight and planning goal of 6 micrograms per cubic metre tomorrow). More information on the AQHI, as are more stringent than the annual objective well as current and forecast values in the LFV, previously set by Metro Vancouver. is available at: Air Quality Advisories http://www.airhealth.ca, Periods of degraded air quality can occur in http://www.airhealthbc.ca, and the LFV for several reasons, such as http://www.bcairquality.ca/readings/index.html summertime smog during hot weather or smoke from forest fires. Air quality advisories are issued to the public and health authorities when air quality has deteriorated or is predicted to deteriorate significantly within the LFV. One air quality advisory for ozone was issued during August 2008 for one day during hot sunny weather. In the last ten years, the number of days when air quality advisories were in place ranged from zero to as many as seven days annually. Visibility and Haze Visibility can also be degraded in the LFV, causing local views to become partially Air Quality Objectives and Standards obscured in haze. This haze may have Several pollutant-specific air quality objectives different characteristics depending on the and standards are used as benchmarks to location. In much of Metro Vancouver, characterize air quality. They include the especially the more urbanized areas to the federal Canada-Wide Standards (for ozone west, the haze can have a brownish appearance due to emissions of nitrogen 2008 Air Quality Report for the Lower Fraser Valley Page S - 2 oxides from transportation sources. Further Figure S1: Nitrogen Dioxide Trends east in the LFV impaired visibility is often 120 associated with a white haze, which is due to Short-Term Peak small particles (PM2.5) in the air that scatter 100 ) Average light. 3 g/m 80 Monitoring conducted for assessing visibility 60 and haze includes continuous measurements of ammonia, PM and important constituents 40 2.5 ( Concentration 2 (for example, particulate nitrate, particulate NO sulphate, elemental carbon and organic 20 carbon) and light scattering. Seven automated 0 digital cameras are also operated throughout 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 the LFV to record views along specific lines of sight. When these photographs are examined Figure S2: Sulphur Dioxide Trends alongside the pollutant measurements, 70 visibility impairment can be related to pollution 60 Short-Term Peak concentrations and their sources. New ) 3 Average 50 visibility monitoring instruments are being g/m considered as part of a multi-agency initiative 40 to develop a pilot visibility improvement strategy for the LFV. 30 Concentration ( Concentration 2 20 Regional Trends in Air Quality SO 10 Long-term regional trends in air quality are 0 the trends observed within the LFV as a 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 whole. They are determined by averaging Figure S3: Carbon Monoxide Trends measurements from several stations distributed throughout the LFV. 5000 Short-Term Peak 4000 ) Average concentrations are the ambient 3 Average g/m concentrations that the region experiences most of the time. Short-term peak 3000 concentrations refer to relatively infrequent higher concentrations experienced for short 2000 periods (one hour to one day). Specific CO ConcentrationCO ( locations may have experienced trends that 1000 differ slightly from this regional picture. 0 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Improvements have been made over the last two decades for some pollutants, Figure S4: Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Trends including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen 50 dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Short-Term Peak particulate matter (PM2.5). Figures S1 to S4 Average ) show that both short-term peak and average 3 40 g/m concentrations have declined since the late eighties for these pollutants. Similarly, 30 concentrations of volatile organic compounds 20 have also declined (not shown). Concentration ( Concentration 2.5 10 Despite significant population growth in the PM region over the same time period, emission 0 reductions across a variety of sectors have 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 2008 Air Quality Report for the Lower Fraser Valley Page S - 3 brought about these improvements.
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