Demographic Trends and Attitudes towards Migration Globally

Neil G. Ruiz Associate Director of Global Migration & Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. We conduct polling, demographic research, and other data-driven social science research. We do not take policy positions. All of our research is available at www.pewresearch.org. We are a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts, our primary funder.

Major research areas • U.S. politics and policy • Journalism and media • Internet, science and technology • Religion and public life • Hispanic trends • Global attitudes and trends • Global migration and demography • Social and demographic trends • Research methodology

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2 Global Migration Trends

January 14, 2020 www.pewresearch.org 3 January 14, 2020 4 Largest Immigrant Destination at Historic High

January 14, 2020 5 25 countries and territories have higher shares of foreign born than the U.S.

January 14, 2020 6 Number of refugees today exceeds number following fall of Berlin Wall in 1989

January 14, 2020 7 A record-high share of the world’s population is displaced from their homes

January 14, 2020 8 Top ORIGINS of international migrants (in millions, migrant stock as of 2017)

January 14, 2020 9 January 14, 2020 10 Unauthorized Immigrants in Top Destinations: Europe and United States

January 14, 2020 www.pewresearch.org 11 Europe’s unauthorized immigrant population with and without asylum seekers Range for the estimated number of unauthorized immigrants in millions living in Europe, 2014-2017

Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on Eurostat and European labor force data.

January 14, 2020 12 Unauthorized immigrants in Europe account for nearly one-in-five non-EU-EFTA citizens

Estimates of people living in Europe without EU or EFTA citizenship, 2017

Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data.

January 14, 2020 13 More than two-thirds of Europe’s unauthorized immigrants in 2017 lived in Germany, the UK, Italy and France Estimated number of unauthorized immigrants in thousands by country of residence, 2017

Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data.

January 14, 2020 14 Terminology Europe - European Union (EU) member countries in 2017 and the four European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries – Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.

Noncitizens - residents of Europe who are not EU-EFTA citizens, most of whom were not born in EU or EFTA countries

Unauthorized immigrants - noncitizens living in their country of residence without a residency permit. The estimates are for the population at the end of each year, not annual flows.

Includes the following groups: ▪ Entered without permission ▪ Visa overstayers ▪ Deferred deportees ▪ Children born to unauthorized immigrant parents ▪ Asylum seekers waiting for a decision

January 14, 2020 15 Estimates rely on four primary methods Primary method, by country

Note: Percentages are for 2017 estimates. Europe’s unauthorized immigrant population is half the size of that in U.S. Range for the estimated number of unauthorized immigrants in 2017, in millions

Source: Pew Research Center estimates for Europe based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data. Pew Research Center estimates for U.S. based on augmented U.S. Bureau data.

January 14, 2020 17 National origins of unauthorized immigrants are more diverse in Europe than in the U.S.

% unauthorized immigrants in 2017, by region of nationality

Source: Pew Research Center estimates for Europe based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data. Pew Research Center estimates for U.S. based on augmented U.S. Census Bureau data.

January 14, 2020 18 Unauthorized immigrants in Europe have had shorter periods of residence than unauthorized immigrants in the U.S.

% unauthorized immigrants in 2017, by duration of residence

Source: Pew Research Center estimates for Europe based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data. Pew Research Center estimates for U.S. based on augmented U.S. Census Bureau data.

January 14, 2020 19 Unauthorized immigrants in Europe are younger than those in the U.S.

% unauthorized immigrants in 2017, by age

Source: Pew Research Center estimates for Europe based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data. Pew Research Center estimates for U.S. based on augmented U.S. Census Bureau data.

January 14, 2020 20 Slight majorities of unauthorized immigrants in both Europe and the U.S. are male % unauthorized immigrants in 2017, by sex

Source: Pew Research Center estimates for Europe based on Eurostat and European labor force survey data. Pew Research Center estimates for U.S. based on augmented U.S. Census Bureau data.

January 14, 2020 21 High Skilled Talent at Top Destination Countries

January 14, 2020 www.pewresearch.org 22 January 14, 2020 23 January 14, 2020 24 January 14, 2020 25 January 14, 2020 26 Most “Popular” Universities 2016

January 14, 2020 27 Work Authorization for Foreign College Graduates: Optional Practical Training (OPT)

January 14, 2020 www.pewresearch.org 28

The OPT program has grown rapidly during OPT expansion and foreign student surge

Optional Practical Training approvals rose substantially after 2008 program expansion Number of foreign student graduates approved to work in the United States under the OPT program, in thousands

300 thousand

257

200 2008 STEM extension

100 78 80

2016 STEM extension

0 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Note: Data based on calendar years. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement data received August, 2017, through a Freedom of Information Act request. PEW RESEARCH CENTER

January 14, 2020 www.pewresearch.org 29

Students from Asia make up a large majority of graduates approved for OPT, 2004-2016

Note: See Appendix E for region categories. Figures are students with associate degree or higher degrees in higher education, rounded to nearest hundred. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement data received August 2017 through a Freedom of Information Act request. “Number of Foreign College Students Staying and Working in U.S. After Graduation Surges” PEW RESEARCH CENTER

January 14, 2020 30

Majority of foreign student graduates under OPT are from Asia Nearly three-quarters of the 1.5 million graduates on OPT came from Asia Number and % of OPT approvals in the United States from 2004-2016, by country of citizenship

Note: Only top 10 countries shown. Figures are students with an associate degree or higher and are rounded to nearest hundred. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement data received August 2017 through a Freedom of Information Act request. “Number of Foreign College Students Staying and Working in U.S. After Graduation Surges” PEW RESEARCH CENTER January 14, 2020 31

STEM foreign graduates are the largest users of the OPT program

Number of foreign students graduating American colleges and obtaining authorization to work in the U.S. grows, especially among those in STEM fields Number of OPT approvals from 2004-2016, in thousands Number of STEM graduates under OPT grew substantially after the 2008 program expansion % increase between 2008 and 2016

STEM 400%

Non-STEM 49%

Note: Majors are grouped based on the most recent delineation of majors that fall under Note: Figures are students with an associate degree or higher. STEM categories are based the science, technology, engineering, or on fields outlined by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. mathematics (STEM) field outlined by the Source: Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement data Department of Homeland Security. received August 2017 through a Freedom of Information Act request. Source: Pew Research Center analysis of “Number of Foreign College Students Staying and Working in U.S. After Graduation Surges” U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement data received August, 2017, through a PEW RESEARCH CENTER Freedom of Information Act request. PEW RESEARCH CENTER

January 14, 2020 32 The Future: World Population Projections

January 14, 2020 www.pewresearch.org 33 January 14, 2020 34 January 14, 2020 35 January 14, 2020 36 January 14, 2020 37 January 14, 2020 38 Findings from Pew Research Center’s Public Opinion about Migration around the World

January 14, 2020 www.pewresearch.org 39 About the 2018 Global Attitudes Survey

Face-to-face countries 27,612 interviews conducted from May 14

• Argentina • Russia to August 12, 2018 in 31 languages • Brazil • Indonesia • Mexico • Philippines • Greece • Israel • Hungary • Tunisia • Italy • Kenya • Poland • Nigeria • South Africa

Telephone countries In each country, samples are • Canada • Sweden representative of • France • United Kingdom the adult (18+) • Germany • Japan population • Netherlands • South Korea • Spain • Australia

Additional data from a telephone survey of 1,500 U.S. adults conducted from May 14-June 15, 2018

40 Half or more in many destination countries view immigrants as a strength Immigrants today make our country stronger because of their work and talents OR Immigrants today are a burden on our country because they take our jobs and social benefits

Source: Spring 2018 Global Attitudes Survey, Q.54a.

January 14, 2020 41 Views on the impact of immigrants in Europe have shifted since 2014 % who say immigrants today make our country stronger because of their work and talents

Source: Spring 2018 Global Attitudes Survey, Q.54a.

January 14, 2020 42 Immigrants viewed more favorably among those on the ideological left % who say immigrants today make our country stronger because of their work and talents

Source: Spring 2018 Global Attitudes Survey, Q.54a.

January 14, 2020 43 www.pewresearch.org More say immigrants strengthen the U.S. as the partisan divide grows

January 14, 2020 44 Views on immigrants’ willingness to integrate are mixed Immigrants in our country today want to adopt our customs and way of life OR Immigrants today want to be distinct from our society

Source: Spring 2018 Global Attitudes Survey, Q.54c.

January 14, 2020 45 In many countries, half or more say immigrants are no more to blame for crime Immigrants in our country today are more to blame for crime than other groups OR are no more to blame for crime than other groups

Source: Spring 2018 Global Attitudes Survey, Q.54b.

January 14, 2020 46 Half or more in several countries support deporting immigrants living in their country illegally Thinking about immigration, would you __ deporting immigrants currently in the country illegally?

Source: Spring 2018 Global Attitudes Survey, Q.53b.

January 14, 2020 47 More people on the ideological right support the deportation of immigrants living in their country illegally % who support deporting immigrants currently in the country illegally

Source: Spring 2018 Global Attitudes Survey, Q.53b.

January 14, 2020 48 Around the world, few want more immigration In your opinion, should we allow more immigrants to move to our country, fewer immigrants, or about the same as we do now? (%)

Source: Spring 2018 Global Attitudes Survey, Q.52.

January 14, 2020 49 In several economically advanced nations, majority of public supports high-skilled immigration Thinking about immigration, would you __ encouraging highly skilled people to immigrate and work in our country?

Source: Spring 2018 Global Attitudes Survey, Q.53c.

January 14, 2020 50 Many who want fewer immigrants support high-skilled immigration

Among those who say their country should allow fewer or no immigrants, % who __ encouraging highly skilled people to immigrate and work in our country?

Source: Spring 2018 Global Attitudes Survey, Q.53c.

January 14, 2020 51 Majorities in many countries support taking in refugees Talking about immigration, would you ___ taking in refugees from countries where people are fleeing violence and war?

Source: Spring 2018 Global Attitudes Survey. Q53a.

January 14, 2020 52 Majorities in many countries think outmigration is a big problem % who say people leaving their country for jobs in other countries is a very or moderately big problem

Source: Spring 2018 Global Attitudes Survey, Q.52.

January 14, 2020 53 Contact Information Neil G. Ruiz

Associate Director of Global Migration & Demography [email protected] @neil_ruiz