History of Iraq in the 20Th Century Professor Orit Bashkin, NELC

Home , Arab Capital of Culture, Contemporary history, History of Iraq, Modern history of Iraq

NEHC 26151: History of Iraq in the 20th Century Professor Orit Bashkin, NELC

Office Hours: Monday, Wednesday, 3.30-4.30

Teaching Assistants:

Chelsie May, NELC

Lyle Longworth, NELC

Class Tasks and Grading: 1) Reading, class participation in discussion sessions (30%) 2) Midterm exam (30%) 3) Final take-home exam [two essay questions; advanced students may write a short paper instead]. The questions will be given at the last day of class. 40% . They are due a week after. Seven pages long].

Textbook [please order online]:

Charles A Tripp, History of Iraq (Cambridge and New York, 2007)

Please order online

Useful Books on the Modern History of Iraq: Pehbe Marr, The Modern History of Iraq (Boulder, 1985) Hana Batatu, The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq (Princeton, 1978) Marion Farouk-Sluglett and Peter Sluglett, Iraq Since 1958: from Revolution to Dictatorship (revised edition) (London, 2001) For Middle East [background]: William L. Cleveland, A history of the modern Middle East (Boulder 1994)

Class 1: Wednesday January 3: Historical Background

Tripp, The Ottoman period, 8-30

Marion Farouk and Peter Sluglett, “The Historiography of Modern Iraq”, The American Historical Review 5 (1991), 1408-1421 [www.jstor.org]

Class 2: Monday, January 8: British Colonization in the 1920s

Tripp, The British Mandate, 30-75

Zainab Saleh, "On Iraqi Nationality: Law, Citizenship and Exclusion," The Arab Studies Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1, (Spring 2013), pp. 48-78 [jstor.org]

Peter Sluglett, "Imperial Myopia: Some Lessons from Two Invasions of Iraq," Middle East Journal, Vol. 62, No. 4 (Autumn, 2008), pp. 593-609 Amal Vinogradov, “The 1920 Revolt in Iraq Reconsidered: The Role of Tribes in National Politics,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 3/2 (1972), 123-139 [Jstor]

Class 3: Wednesday January 10: Elements of Independence and Nationalism in the Interwar Period

Tripp, The Hashemite Monarchy, 1932-1941, 75-105

Ernest C, Dawn, “The Formation of Pan-Arab Ideology in the Inter-war Years,” IJMES Vol. 20, No. 1 (1988), 67-91 [jstor]

Michael Eppel, “The Elite, the Effendiyya, and the Growth of Nationalism and Pan-Arabism in Hashemite Iraq,” 1921-1958,” IJMES Vol. 30, No. 2 (1998), 227-250 [jstor]

Class 4: Monday, January 15: MLK Day

Class 5: Wednesday, January 17: Establishing the Monarchic State

Tripp, The Hashemite Monarchy, 1941-1958, 105-143

Caecilia Pieri, "Modernity and its Posts in Constructing an Arab Capital: Baghdad's Urban Space and Architecture, Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, Vol. 42, No. 1/2 (Summer/Winter 2008), pp. 32-39 [jstor]

Stefanie K. Wichhart, "Selling Democracy During the Second British Occupation of Iraq, 1941—5," Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 48, No. 3 (JULY 2013), pp. 509-536

Marion Farouk-Sluglett, Peter Sluglett, "The Transformation of Land Tenure and Rural Social Structure in Central and Southern Iraq, C. 1870-1958," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Feb., 2008) [jstor]

Marion Farouk-Sluglett, Peter Sluglett, "Labor and National Liberation: The Trade Union Movement in Iraq, 1920-1958," Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Spring 1983), pp. 139- 154

Class 6: Monday, January 22: Gender in the monarchic period

Noga Efrati, "The Other 'Awakening' in Iraq: The Women's Movement in the First Half of the Twentieth Century," British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Nov., 2004), pp. 153-173 [jstor]

Sara Pursley, "The Stage of Adolescence: Anticolonial Time, Youth Insurgency, and the Marriage Crisis in Hashimite Iraq," History of the Present, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Fall 2013), pp. 160- 197 [jstor]

Peter Wien, "Mothers of Warriors: Girls in Youth Debate of Interwar Iraq, Girlhood, A Global History, (pp. 289-303) [jstor]

Class 7: Wednesday, January 24: Sectarian, Ethnic, and Religious Culture

Hala Fattah, "Wahhabi Influences, Salafi Responses: Sheikh Mahmud Shukri and the Iraqi Salafi Movement, 1745-1930, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2 (May 2003), pp. 127- 148

Marion Farouk-Sluglett and Peter Sluglett, “Some Reflections on the Sunni/Shi‘i Question in Iraq”, Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies) 5/2 (1978), 79-87 [jstor]

Sami Zubaida, “The Fragments Imagine the Nation: The Case of Iraq”, International Journal of Middle East Studies 32 (2002), 205-215 [Jstor]

Yizhak Nakash, "The Conversion of Iraq's Tribes to Shiism," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 26, No. 3 (Aug., 1994), pp. 443-463 [jstor]

Yizhak Nakash, "The Visitation of the Shrines of the Imams and the Shi'i Mujtahids in the Early Twentieth Century," Studia Islamica, No. 81 (1995), pp. 153-164

Nelida Fuccaro, "Ethnicity, State Formation, and Conscription in Postcolonial Iraq: The Case of the Yazidi Kurds of Jabal Sinjar," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Nov., 1997), pp. 559-580 [jstor]

Jordi Tejel Gorgas, "Urban Mobilization in Iraqi Kurdistan during the British Mandate: Sulaimaniya 1918-30," Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Jul., 2008), pp. 537-552 [jstor]

Class 8: Monday, January 29: Iraqi Jews

Reuven Snir, "My Adherence to the Creed of Moses Has Not Diminished My Love for Muhammad's Nation": The Emergence and Demise of Iraqi Jewish Literary Modern Culture, The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol. 98, No. 1 (Winter, 2008), pp. 62-87 [jstor]

Reuven Snir, ""My Heart Beats with Love of the Arabs": Iraqi Jews Writing in Arabic in the Twentieth Century" https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reuven_Snir/publication/233296648_My_Heart_Bea ts_with_Love_of_the_Arabs_Iraqi_Jews_Writing_in_Arabic_in_the_Twentieth_Century/links /5782401808ae5f367d3b5803/My-Heart-Beats-with-Love-of-the-Arabs-Iraqi-Jews-Writing- in-Arabic-in-the-Twentieth-Century.pdf

Class 9: Wednesday, January 31: Revolution!

Tripp, The Republic, 1958-1968, 143-186

John F. Devlin, “The Baath Party: Rise and Metamorphosis,” The American Historical Review 96/5 (1991), 1396-1407 [jstor]

Mona Damluji, "New Lights for Aladdin: Utopian Visions, Architectures of Tradition, and the making of Modern Baghdad, 1950-1970, Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review, Vol. 22, No. 1, THE UTOPIA OF TRADITION: Twelfth Conference of the International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments, December 15-18, 2010, American University of Beirut (AUB), Beirut, Lebanon: Conference Abstracts (FALL 2010), pp. 74-75 [jstor]

Premier Abdul Karim Kassem reviews Military parade in Baghdad, Iraq. HD Stock Footage https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xqvN7S6YR8

Revolt and overthrow of Government in Iraq. General Abdul Karrem arrives in Baghd...HD Stock Footage https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3SSCAKhMRE

Class 10:

Monday February 5

Midterm:

25 Multiple Choice questions on Iraqi history

Terms for the exam:

King Faysal 1; Percy Cox; Gilbert Calyton; 1920 Revolt; Gertrude Bell; Mandate System; Mujtahids; High Commissioner; Mosul Question; King Ghazi; Effendia; Futuwwa [youth movement]; Nuri al-Said; Sati al-Husri; Taqwif Sudwedi; Rashid 'Ali al-Kaylani [Gailani]; 1941 Kaylani Revolt; Farhud; King Faysal II; Regent Abd al-Ilah; Fadhil al-Jamali; Naziha Duleimi; Yusuf Salman Yusuf [Fahd]; Iraqi Communist Party; Wathba (1948); Iraqi Intifada; Michel 'Aflaq; Ba'ath; Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri; Nazik al-Malaika; Sabiha Sheikh Da'ud; 'Abd al- Karim Qasim; Agrarian Reform; 'Abd al-Salam 'Arif; 'Abd al-Rahman 'Arif; 'Abd al-Rahman al- Bazzaz; Madinat al-Thawra; Mosul incident; Sheikh Mahmud Brazanji; Mustafa Barazani

Class 11: Wednesday February 7: The Framework of The Ba'ath Party and the Ba'ath Regime

Tripp, The Baath and Saddam, 186-267

Bagdad Iraqi capital city in 1970s. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JyBChdNP7Dw

Class 12: Monday, February 12: Republic of Fear? Saddam Husayn

Kanan Makiya, Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq (Berkeley, 1998) Chapter 1, on: https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520214392 Marion Farouk Sluglett, "The Making of a Modern Dictator: The Irresistible Rise of Saddam Husayn," Oriente Moderno, Nuova serie, Anno 12 (73), Nr. 1/6 (Gennaio-Giugno 1993), pp. 73-86 [jstor]

Joseph Sassoon, Saddam Hussain's Baath party, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beIcTFFNZb8

Amatzia Baram, “Neo-Tribalism in Iraq: Saddam Hussein's Tribal Policies 1991-96,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 29/1 (1997), 1-31. [jstor]

I knew Saddam, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f_Wuqm22gUU

Class 13: Wednesday February 14: Wars in the Gulf, The Iran Iraq War, The Gulf War

Dina Khoury, Iraq at War Time, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-koWbeMge-s

Peter Sluglett, The Resilience of a Frontier: Ottoman and Iraqi Claims to Kuwait, 1871-1990, The International History Review, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Dec., 2002), pp. 783-816

Marion Farouk-Sluglett, Peter Sluglett, Iraq Since 1986: The Strengthening of Saddam, Middle East Report, No. 167, On the Edge of War (Nov. - Dec., 1990), pp. 19-24

The Lost Daughter of Halabja (Our World) - BBC News https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwyqR28Hxg0

Class 14, Monday February 19: Gender Under the Ba'th

Noga Efrati, Productive or Reproductive? The Roles of Iraqi Women during the Iraq-Iran War Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Apr., 1999), pp. 27-44 [jstor]

Sara Pursley, "Daughters of the Right Path: Family Law, Homosocial Publics, and the Ethics of Intimacy in the Works of Shi῾i Revivalist Bint Al-Huda" Journal of Middle East Women's Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Spring 2012), pp. 51-77 [jstor]

Class 15: Wednesday February 21: American Involvement

Tripp, American Occupation and the New Republic, 277-317

Nada Shabout, "The Free Art of Occupation: Images of a New Iraq," Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3/4 (Summer/Fall 2006), pp. 41-53 [jstor]

Saddam's speech in court: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCJ8JqtGahQ

[FULL] Colin Powell's Presentation to the UN Security Council On Iraq's WMD Program https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ErlDSJHRVMA

President Bush Announces Start of Iraq War https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BwxI_l84dc

Ghosts of Abu Ghraib, HBO Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGpaOp6_I7M

Iraqi recounts Abu Ghraib abuse - 23 July 09 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1b97gEV58A0

Class 16: Monday February 26, Gender Under Occupation

Noga Efrati, "Negotiating Rights in Iraq: Women and the Personal Status Law," Middle East Journal, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 577-595

Nadje Al-Ali, "Reconstructing Gender: Iraqi Women between Dictatorship, War, Sanctions and Occupation," Third World Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 4/5, Reconstructing Post-Saddam Iraq: A Quixotic Beginning to the `Global Democratic Revolution' (2005), pp. 739-758

Nadje Al-Ali, Nicola Pratt, "Women's Organizing and the Conflict in Iraq since 2003," Feminist Review, No. 88, War (2008), pp. 74-85

Nadje Al-Ali, Nicola Pratt, "Conspiracy of Near Silence: Violence Against Iraqi Women Middle East Report," No. 258, PEOPLE POWER (Spring 2011), pp. 34-37, 48

Nadje Al-Ali, "The Challenges for Women Working at Iraqi Universities," Middle East Report, No. 266, IRAQ: TEN YEARS LATER (Spring 2013), pp. 30-31

Class 17: Wednesday February 28: Challenges of Religion

Juan Cole, "The United States and Shi'ite Religious Factions in Post-Ba'thist Iraq," Middle East Journal, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Autumn, 2003), pp. 543-566

Juan Cole, "The Decline of Grand Ayatollah Sistani's Influence in 2006-2007," Die Friedens- Warte, Vol. 82, No. 2/3, Religion, Krieg und Frieden (2007), pp. 67-83

Achim Rohde, "Change and Continuity in Arab Iraqi Education: Sunni and Shi’i Discourses in Iraqi Textbooks Before and After 2003," Comparative Education Review, Vol. 57, No. 4 (November 2013), pp. 711-734

Class 18: Monday March 5: Rise of Isis and Loss of Mosul

What Isis Really Wants, The Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/what-isis-really-wants/384980/ l

The Secret History of ISIS 2016 FRONTLINE PBS Full Documentary HD https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LA45F5_kreo

Slaves of Isis: The Long Walk of Yazidi Women, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/25/slaves-of-isis-the-long-walk-of-the-yazidi- women

Interviews with Yazidi Women: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4FDWcBRCU8

Christmas Returns to Mosul: https://mosul-eye.org/2017/12/17/christmas-returns-to- mosul/

Class 19: Wednesday March 7: Accountability: Was the Mission Accomplished?

Michelle Caswell, "Thank You Very Much, Now Give Them Back": Cultural Property and the Fight over the Iraqi Baath Party Records, The American Archivist, Vol. 74, No. 1 (Spring/Summer 2011), pp. 211-240

Nada Shabout, "A Makeover: Baghdad, the 2013 Arab Capital of Culture, Middle East Report, No. 266, IRAQ: TEN YEARS LATER (Spring 2013), pp. 26-33

Discussions groups:

Group 1 and 3 – discussion leader: Chelsie May

Group 2 and 4, discussion leader: Kyle Longworth

Group 6: discussion leader: Orit Bashkin

Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 will meet on Fridays.

Groups 1+2 Friday, January 12th

Gertrude Bell, (1868-1926), The Letters of Gertrude Bell (London, 1927), selections

Groups 3+4 Friday, January 19th

Gertrude Bell, (1868-1926), The Letters of Gertrude Bell (London, 1927), selections

Groups 1+2 Friday, January 26th

On Nostalgia: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/photography/what-to-see/happy-tourists-hula- hoops-architectural-wonders-iraq-never-seen/

Watch the first 10 sites in this youtube search: Iraq in the 1950s: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=iraq+in+the+1950s

Prepare a power-point presentation made up of photos [no text needed] about the monarchic period in Baghdad. Include at least nine images. If you find a relevant video you may include it as well. Send the power-point presentation to your discussion leader

Groups 3+4 Friday, February 2nd

On Nostalgia: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/photography/what-to-see/happy-tourists-hula- hoops-architectural-wonders-iraq-never-seen/

Watch the first 10 sites in this youtube search: Iraq in the 1950s: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=iraq+in+the+1950s

Groups 1+2 Friday, February 9th

Sasson Somekh, Baghdad Yesterday, Selections

Prepare a power-point presentation made up of photos [no text needed] about Iraqi Jews in both Iraq and in Israel. If you find a relevant video you may include it as well. Send the power- point presentation to your discussion leader

Groups 3+4 Friday, February 16th Sasson Somekh, Baghdad Yesterday, Selections

Groups 1+2 February 23rd

Iraq War - [Documentary] - 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1sYBfgI0VQ

Prepare a power-point presentation made up of photos [no text needed] about the Ba’ath regime in Iraq. If you find a relevant video you may include it as well. Send the power-point presentation to your discussion leader

Groups 3+4 March 3rd

Iraq War - [Documentary] - 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1sYBfgI0VQ

Group 6:

Wed, 7-8, January 10th

Gertrude Bell, (1868-1926), The Letters of Gertrude Bell (London, 1927), selections

Wed, 7-8, January 24th

On Nostalgia: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/photography/what-to-see/happy-tourists-hula- hoops-architectural-wonders-iraq-never-seen/

Watch the first 10 sites in this youtube search: Iraq in the 1950s: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=iraq+in+the+1950s

Wed, 7-8, February 7th

Sasson Somekh, Baghdad Yesterday, Selections

Wed, 7-8, February 21 Iraq War - [Documentary] - 2015 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1sYBfgI0VQPrepare a power-point presentation made up of photos [no text needed] about the Ba’ath regime in Iraq. If you find a relevant video you may include it as well. Send the power-point presentation to your discussion leader