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Marine Safety in Puerto Rico 12/17/2013

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Marine Safety in Puerto Rico 12/17/2013 Marine Safety in Puerto Rico 12/17/2013 Evaluating Effectiveness of the Signage and Other Markings for Gudiance and Warning Placed by OCN An Interactive Qualifying Project submitted to the faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science 12/17/2013 Sponsoring Agency: Department of Natural and Environmental Resources in Puerto Rico Submitted to: Project Advisor: Hugh Lauer, Ph.D., WPI Professor Project Advisor: Stanley Selkow, Ph.D., WPI Professor Sponsor Liaison: Aileen Velazco-Domínguez Submitted by: César A. Benoit Jr. Zachary C. Blanchard Alex M. Rutfield George H. Williamson IV Marine Safety in Puerto Rico 12/17/2013 Abstract Despite warnings against dangers in the water, swimmers are continuing to drown at Puerto Rican beaches. The goal of our project was to improve maritime safety through warning signage and the education of beachgoers. Using resources at the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, we evaluated high-risk areas and used interviews to determine how well swimmers comprehend the dangers. Based on the analysis on the information we gathered, we made recommendations to better educate the public. The recommendations, along with a database, will ideally improve maritime safety in Puerto Rico. i Marine Safety in Puerto Rico 12/17/13 Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following people for their contributions to our project, Marine Safety in Puerto Rico: Our sponsor, Aileen Velazco-Domínguez, from the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources of Puerto Rico; Our secondary sponsor, Nahil González for certifying us at the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources and arranging transportation to beaches; The members of the Oficina de Comisionado Navigación who drove our team to the necessary beaches around the island – including Rafael, César, Jorge, and Omar; Mr. Augusto Gigante, the Director of the Lifeguards Unit of Puerto Rico; Marjorie, the librarian at the Department of Natural and Environmental Resources; Our on-site project liaison, Beatriz Arsuaga; Our primary advisors, Professor Hugh Lauer and Professor Stanley Selkow, from Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Our project center coordinator, Professor Lauren Mathews; Our ID 2050 preparatory course professor, Professor Susan Vernon-Gerstenfeld. ii Marine Safety in Puerto Rico 12/17/2013 Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... ii Figures ......................................................................................................................................................... vi Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Signs ...................................................................................................................................................... 3 Specific Beaches ................................................................................................................................... 3 Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 5 Chapter Two: Background ............................................................................................................................ 8 Drowning As A Worldwide Problem........................................................................................................ 8 Demographics Of Victims ........................................................................................................................ 8 Beach Characteristics .............................................................................................................................. 11 Sand and Waves .................................................................................................................................. 11 Rip Current Characteristics ................................................................................................................. 12 Longshore Currents ............................................................................................................................. 13 Shorebreaks ......................................................................................................................................... 14 Environmental Causes Of Drowning ...................................................................................................... 14 Weather Related .................................................................................................................................. 14 Rip Currents ........................................................................................................................................ 17 Social Causes Of Drowning .................................................................................................................... 18 Psychology Of Warnings ........................................................................................................................ 19 Why Warnings Are Sometimes Ignored ............................................................................................. 20 Improving the Heeding of Warnings .................................................................................................. 22 Marine Education .................................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter Three: Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 25 Safety Precautions And Beach Analysis ................................................................................................. 25 Determining Public Knowledge .............................................................................................................. 28 Analysis............................................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter Four: Results And Analysis ........................................................................................................... 32 High-Risk Beaches .................................................................................................................................. 32 Low-Risk Beaches .................................................................................................................................. 35 Low-Risk Vs. High-Risk Beaches .......................................................................................................... 36 Public Awareness .................................................................................................................................... 40 Sign Awareness ................................................................................................................................... 41 Swimming Capability and Rip Current Knowledge ........................................................................... 43 Opinions in Times of Emergency ....................................................................................................... 44 Weather Knowledge Prior to Visiting the Beach ................................................................................ 45 Opinion on Public Awareness ............................................................................................................. 46 iii Marine Safety in Puerto Rico 12/17/13 Investigation Of Safety Protocols ........................................................................................................... 47 Chapter Five: Conclusions And Recommendations ................................................................................... 51 Signs ........................................................................................................................................................ 52 Individual Beaches .................................................................................................................................. 54 Miscellaneous ......................................................................................................................................... 55 What We Learned ................................................................................................................................... 57 References ................................................................................................................................................... 59 Appendix A ................................................................................................................................................. 61 Safety Certifications ................................................................................................................................ 61 Blue
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