“India Fighting with Itself” Discourses on the Naxalite Movement in Indian News Media

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“India Fighting with Itself” Discourses on the Naxalite Movement in Indian News Media “India fighting with itself” Discourses on the Naxalite movement in Indian news media Sanni Björn University of Jyväskylä Department of History and Ethnology Ethnology Master's thesis 9.2.2015 JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Historian ja etnologian laitos Tekijä – Author Sanni Björn Työn nimi – Title ”Intia taistossa itsensä kanssa” - diskursseja naksaliittiliikkeestä intialaisessa uutismediassa Aine – Subject Taso – Level Etnologia Pro gradu -tutkielma Aika – Date Sivumäärä – Pages Helmikuu 2015 100 Tiivistelmä – Abstract Eräs Intian lähihistorian merkittävimmistä selkkauksista on ollut jatkuva konflikti maoistikapinallisten ja Intian valtion välillä. Maoistiliike syntyi 1960-luvun lopulla Länsi-Bengalin osavaltiossa ja sai nimensä Naxalbari-kylässä tapahtuneiden väkivaltaisuuksien myötä. Nykyään naksaliitit vaikuttaa lähinnä Intian köyhimmissä osavaltioissa, varsinkin hyvin metsäisillä alueilla, jotka ovat intialaisten alkuperäiskansojen asuttamia. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tutkia tätä konfliktia intialaisen uutismedian representaatioiden kautta. Miten naksaliittejä kuvataan maan suurimmassa englanninkielisessä sanomalehdessä? Minkälaisia diskursseja heihin kytkeytyy? Toisekseen tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on myös tutkia ja esitellä naksaliittiliikettä, sen koostumusta, ideologiaa ja siihen vaikuttavia yhteiskunnallisia ongelmia, kuten eriarvoisuutta, poliisin korruptiota ja alkuperäiskansojen maaoikeuskysymyksiä. Tutkimusaineisto koostui 115 Times of India -sanomalehden kirjoituksesta vuosilta 2010-2012, joista suurin osa oli uutisia ja murto-osa mielipidekirjoituksia. Tutkimusmetodina käytin diskurssianalyysiä. Diskurssit ymmärretään kulttuurintutkimuksen piirissä kielen tapana tuottaa sosiaalista todellisuutta. Toisin sanoen se, miten naksaliiteistä kirjoitetaan määrittää sitä, miten heidät ymmärretään ja mitä merkityksiä naksaliittien kategoriaan liitetään. Kriittinen diskurssianalyysi liittää diskurssit niitä ympäröivään yhteiskuntaan ja sen valtasuhteisiin. Aineiston diskursseista syntyy kuva naksaliiteistä, jotka ovat alueidensa taloudellista kehitystä vastaan, ovelia ja irrallaan perinteisestä intialaisesta perheinstituutiosta. Naksaliittejä ei kuitenkaan kuvata yksinkertaisesti vihollisina, kuten useita muita kapinallis- ja terrostiryhmiä kuvataan mediassa, vaan aineistosta löytyy myös vahva pelastusdiskurssi, jossa naksaliitti voi liittyessään takaisin valtavirtaan saada anteeksi aiemmin tekemänsä teot. Diskurssien taustalla on vahva kansallismielinen ajattelu, joka kuitenkin katsoo naksaliitit osaksi Intiaa, ja käsitys kehityksen taloudellisesta luonteesta, joka taas liittyy vahvasti intialaisen nykypolitiikan talousliberalistisiin pyrkimyksiin. Naksaliitit ovat ikään kuin jatkuva muistutus Intian köyhimmän väestönosan ongelmista, mutta samaan aikaan heidän vallankumouksellisista toimintavoistaan johtuvat konfliktit ovat enemmän esillä uutisissa kuin köyhien huonot olot ja vähäiset vaihtoehdot. Asiasanat – Keywords Intia, naksaliitit, äärivasemmistolaisuus, maoismi, diskurssianalyysi, kapinalliset Säilytyspaikka – Depository Verkossa. JYX electroninen arkisto. Muita tietoja – Additional information UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ Tiedekunta – Faculty Laitos – Department Faculty of Humanities Deparment of History and Ethnology Tekijä – Author Sanni Björn Työn nimi – Title ”India fighting with itself” Discourses on the Naxalite movement in the Indian news media Aine – Subject Taso – Level Ethnology Master's thesis Aika – Date Sivumäärä – Pages February 2015 102 Tiivistelmä – Abstract One of the most important upheavals in recent Indian history is the conflict between the Indian state and the Maoist rebels known as Naxalites. The movement began in late 1960's in the state of West Bengal, in the village of Naxalbari. Nowadays Naxalites operate in many of the most impoverished Indian states, especially those that are heavily forested and populated by indigenous peoples, referred to as adivasi. The purpose of this study was to research the conflict through representations in India's native English news media. How are Naxalites portrayed in India's biggest English national newspaper? What kind of discourses stem from these representations? The secondary focus of this study was to research and present the Naxalite movement as a whole, its composition, its ideology and the issues connected to it, such as economic inequality, police corruption and indigenous land rights. The field of research is composed of 115 articles and opinion pieces from Times of India, from years 2010 to 2012. Discourse analysis was used as the research method. Discourses in cultural anthropology and sociological studies are understood as the way language constructs a social reality about a certain topic. In other words, the way that Naxalites are represented in writing defines how they are understood and what kind of meanings is attached to the category of Naxalites. Critical Discourse Analysis, which is also used in this study, connects discourses to the society that surrounds them and the power relations within that society. The discourses in my corpus form a picture of Naxalites that is not wholly negative but does contain many negative aspects. They are portrayed as being against the economic development of their areas, cunning and detached from the traditional family institutions of Indian society. Naxalites are not represented as enemies like other rebel and terrorist groups in media often are. Instead one can also find a redemption discourse, where a Naxalite can be forgiven for their previous actions by re-joining mainstream society. Underpinning the discourses there is a strong nationalist ideology, which still considers the Naxalite movement as a part of India. Ideas about economic development, related to the modern Indian politics and economic liberalism is also an important context. Naxalites can be seen as a continuing reminder of the problems of the poorest in India, but at the same their their revolutionary means and the conflict that results are more covered in the news than the conditions of the country's rural poor. Asiasanat – Keywords India, naxalites, extremist left-wing, Maoism, discourse, discourse analysis, rebellion, insurgency Säilytyspaikka – Depository Online. JYX electronic archives. Muita tietoja – Additional information CONTENTS 1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................1 Background and the objectives of this study...................................................................................1 Reflections on the standpoint of the researcher...............................................................................5 India: context to the conflict............................................................................................................6 Insurgency and terrorism.................................................................................................................9 Terrorism...................................................................................................................................11 2. Discourse as theory and method of analysis...................................................................................13 Times of India as a field of discourse............................................................................................13 Discourse as theory, discourse analysis as method........................................................................16 Critical Discourse Analysis............................................................................................................18 3. Related theoretical concepts...........................................................................................................20 Representation...............................................................................................................................20 The ideological square..............................................................................................................21 Silencing: inclusions and exclusions.............................................................................................22 Media discourse.............................................................................................................................23 4. Naxalites.........................................................................................................................................26 History: from a single rebellion to a wide movement...................................................................26 Ideology: social justice through revolution ..................................................................................30 Naxalites today: a varied and wide-spread group.........................................................................32 Problems related to the conflict.....................................................................................................35 Proposed solutions and their discursive viewpoints......................................................................38 Law-and-order and socio-economic discourses........................................................................38 Adivasi discourse......................................................................................................................40 Policy discourses.......................................................................................................................42
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