The Neo-Aeneolithic Osseous Materials Industry of Transylvania
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THE NEO-AENEOLITHIC OSSEOUS MATERIALS INDUSTRY OF TRANSYLVANIA. REPERTORY. TYPOLOGY. PALAEOTECHNOLOGICAL STUDY. DATA REGARDING THE PALAEOECONOMY. DATABASE • PhD Thesis • Abstract • PhD Candidate: Diana-Maria Sztancs Universitatea Lucian Blaga Sibiu Invest in people! • PROJECT FINANCED BY THE EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND ID project: 7606 • Title of the project: “The increase of the PhD studies role and of PhD candidates competitiveness in an United Europe” • “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu 10, Victoriei Avenue Sibiu THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH, YOUTH AND SPORTS “LUCIAN BLAGA” UNIVERSITY OF SIBIU “NICOLAE LUPU” FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PATRIMONY Domain: HISTORY THE NEO-AENEOLITHIC OSSEOUS MATERIALS INDUSTRY OF TRANSYLVANIA. REPERTORY. TYPOLOGY. PALAEOTECHNOLOGICAL STUDY. DATA REGARDING THE PALAEOECONOMY. DATABASE PhD Thesis SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR: Professor SABIN ADRIAN LUCA, PhD. PhD CANDIDATE: DIANA-MARIA SZTANCS SIBIU 2011 1 THE NEO-AENEOLITHIC OSSEOUS MATERIALS INDUSTRY OF TRANSYLVANIA. REPERTORY. TYPOLOGY. PALAEOTECHNOLOGICAL STUDY. DATA REGARDING THE PALAEOECONOMY. DATABASE • PhD Thesis • Abstract • PhD Candidate: Diana-Maria Sztancs Universitatea Lucian Blaga Sibiu Invest in people! • PROJECT FINANCED BY THE EUROPEAN SOCIAL FUND ID project: 7606 • The title of the project: “The increase of the PhD studies role and of PhD candidates competitiveness in an Unite Europe” • “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu 10, Victoriei Avenue Sibiu THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, RESEARCH, YOUTH AND SPORTS “LUCIAN BLAGA” UNIVERSITY OF SIBIU “NICOLAE LUPU” FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PATRIMONY Domain: HISTORY PhD COMMISSION: Appointed by the Rector of “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu Order No. 94/27th of September 2011 ∗ PRESIDENT: Assistant Professor SORIN RADU, PhD. ∗ SCIENTIFIC COORDINATOR: Professor SABIN ADRIAN LUCA, PhD. ∗ REVIEWERS: Professor GHEORGHE LAZAROVICI, PhD. Professor MARIN CÂRCIUMARU, PhD. Professor NICOLAE URSULESCU, PhD. 2 THE NEO-AENEOLITHIC OSSEOUS MATERIALS INDUSTRY OF TRANSYLVANIA. REPERTORY. TYPOLOGY. PALAEOTECHNOLOGICAL STUDY. DATA REGARDING THE PALAEOECONOMY. DATABASE • PhD Thesis • Abstract • PhD Candidate: Diana-Maria Sztancs CONTENTS Introduction 8 1st Chapter. The Natural environment of Transylvania 13 1. Mountains and Depressions 15 1.1. The Ciuc Mountains 15 1.2. The Ciuc Depression 15 1.3. The Baraolt Depression 15 1.4. The Baraolt Mountains 16 1.5. The Southern Carpathians 16 1.6. The Retezat Mountains 16 1.7. The Godeanu and Ţarcu Mountains 17 1.8. The Parâng Mountains 17 1.9. The Şureanu (or Sebeş) Mountains 17 1.10. The Sibiu Mountains 17 1.11. The Făgăraş Mountains 18 1.12. The Western Romanian Carpathians 18 1.13. The Apuseni Mountains 19 1.14. The Bihor – Vlădeasa Mountains 19 1.15. The Gilău – Muntele Mare Mountains 20 1.16. The Metaliferi Mountains 20 1.17. The Mureş (Zarand, Metaliferi, Trascău) Mountains 20 1.18. The Poiana Ruscă Mountains 21 1.19. The Petroşani and Haţeg Depressions 21 2. Plateaus and Hills 21 2.1. Transylvanian Plateau 21 2.2. Transylvanian Subcarpathian Hills 22 2.3. Western Romanian Hills 22 2.4. Mureş Corridor 23 3. Plains 23 3.1. Transylvanian Plain 23 3.2. Western Romanian Plain 23 4. Climate 24 5. Hydrographical network 24 5.1. Rivers 25 5.2. Lakes 25 6. Soils 26 3 THE NEO-AENEOLITHIC OSSEOUS MATERIALS INDUSTRY OF TRANSYLVANIA. REPERTORY. TYPOLOGY. PALAEOTECHNOLOGICAL STUDY. DATA REGARDING THE PALAEOECONOMY. DATABASE • PhD Thesis • Abstract • PhD Candidate: Diana-Maria Sztancs 7. Vegetation 27 8. Fauna 30 9. Natural resources 31 10. Data regarding the Transylvanian palaeoenvironment in the Holocene period 32 10.1. Plants in Neo-Aeneolithic 36 2nd Chapter. The Neo-Aeneolithic chronology in Transylvania 38 1. The Neolithic 39 1.1. The Early Neolithic 40 Starčevo-Criş Culture 40 1.2. The Developed Neolithic 43 Vinča Culture (A and B phases) 43 Linear Pottery Culture. 44 Cluj – Cheile Turzii – Lumea Nouă – Iclod Cultural Complex 45 2. The Aeneolithic 45 2.1. The Early Aeneolithic 45 Turdaş Culture 45 Foeni-Mintia Cultural Group 46 Petreşti Culture 47 Iclod Cultural Group 47 Tiszapolgár Culture 48 2.2. The Developed Aeneolithic 48 Decea Mureş Cultural Group 48 Bodrogkeresztúr Culture 48 Ariuşd-Cucuteni-Tripolie Cultural Complex 49 2.3. The Final Aeneolithic 50 Baden Culture 50 Coţofeni Culture 51 3. Hypothesis regarding the end of Aeneolithic in Transylvania 55 3rd Chapter. Osseous animal materials 57 1. Bone 59 2. Antler 62 3. Teeth 65 4. Shells 68 4 THE NEO-AENEOLITHIC OSSEOUS MATERIALS INDUSTRY OF TRANSYLVANIA. REPERTORY. TYPOLOGY. PALAEOTECHNOLOGICAL STUDY. DATA REGARDING THE PALAEOECONOMY. DATABASE • PhD Thesis • Abstract • PhD Candidate: Diana-Maria Sztancs 4th Chapter. Considerations regarding the Neo-Aeneolithic animal husbandry and hunting/fishing/gathering in Transylvania 70 1. The Early Neolithic 72 2. The Developed Neolithic 76 3. The Early Aeneolithic 77 4. The Developed Aeneolithic 80 5. The Final Aeneolithic 80 5th Chapter. The History of the research regarding the Neo-Aeneolithic osseous materials industry from Transylvania 82 1. The Early period 83 2. The period of the first archaeological synthesis 87 3. The period of the great archaeological synthesis 89 4. The period of interdisciplinary research 93 6th Chapter. Methodological considerations regarding the osseous materials industry 100 1. Objectives of the study 100 2. Manufacture of the osseous materials artefacts 108 3. Stages of the study 112 3.1. Defining the extremities 112 3.2. Analytical fiche 112 3.3. Typological classification 117 3.4. Technical study. Raw materials identification 118 3.5. Manufacturing chain 120 3.6. Use-wear traces 122 3.7. Graphic representation 125 7th Chapter. Repertory 127 Alba County 128 1. Aiud – „Cetăţuia” 130 2. Alba Iulia – „Lumea Nouă” 132 3. Căpud – „Măgura Căpudului” 136 4. Câlnic – „În Vii” 138 5. Câlnic – „Dealul Mare” 140 6. Daia Română – „Părăuţ” 146 5 THE NEO-AENEOLITHIC OSSEOUS MATERIALS INDUSTRY OF TRANSYLVANIA. REPERTORY. TYPOLOGY. PALAEOTECHNOLOGICAL STUDY. DATA REGARDING THE PALAEOECONOMY. DATABASE • PhD Thesis • Abstract • PhD Candidate: Diana-Maria Sztancs 7. Decea Mureşului – „Nord de localitate” 147 8. Limba – „Bordane” 156 9. Limba – „În Coastă” 169 10. Mihalţ – „Măticuţa” 170 11. Pianu de Jos – „Podei” 171 12. Răhău – „Dealul Şipotelor” 178 13. Sebeş – „Râpa Roşie” . 180 14. Şeuşa – „Gorgan” 181 15. Şeuşa – „La Cărarea Morii” 216 16. Tărtăria – „Gura Luncii” 227 17. Zlatna – „Colţul lui Blaj” 246 Arad County 248 1. Arad – Str. Voievod Moga 250 2. Pecica – „Forgaci” 255 3. Sântana – „Holumb” 257 Bihor County 259 1. Sighiştel – „Peştera nr. 1 din Dâmbul Colibii” 261 2. Valea lui Mihai – „Grădina nr. 942” 262 Cluj County 267 1. Cluj-Napoca – Gura Baciului 269 Covasna County 292 1. Ariuşd – „Dealul Tyiszk” 294 2. Leţ – „Várhegy” 345 3. Malnaş-Băi – „Füvenyestető” 353 4. Olteni –„În Dosul Cetăţii” 356 5. Sfântu Gheorghe – „Bédeháza” 369 Harghita County 370 Păuleni Ciuc – „Dâmbul Cetăţii” 372 Hunedoara County 408 1. Boholt – „Ciuta” 410 2. Cerişor – „Peştera Cauce” 410 3. Deva – „Ciangăi” 444 4. Ohaba Ponor – „Peştera din Bordul Mare” 444 5. Romos – „La Făgădău” 447 6. Silvaşu de Jos 449 7. Turdaş – „Luncă” 449 Sălaj County 459 1. Zăuan – „Dâlma Cimitirului” 461 Sibiu County 465 6 THE NEO-AENEOLITHIC OSSEOUS MATERIALS INDUSTRY OF TRANSYLVANIA. REPERTORY. TYPOLOGY. PALAEOTECHNOLOGICAL STUDY. DATA REGARDING THE PALAEOECONOMY. DATABASE • PhD Thesis • Abstract • PhD Candidate: Diana-Maria Sztancs 1. Boarta – „Cetate” 467 2. Miercurea Sibiului – „Petriş” 469 3. Ocna Sibiului – „Faţa Vacilor” 520 4. Ocna Sibiului – „Triguri” 525 5. Păuca – „Homm” 541 8th Chapter. Database of Transylvanian Neo-Aeneolithic osseous materials industry 545 1. Consideration regarding the database. Archaeology and Informatics 546 2. Structure of the database of the Transylvanian Neo-Aeneolithic osseous materials industry. Queries 552 9th Chapter. Typology of the Transylvanian Neo-Aeneolithic osseous materials industry 564 1. Typological categories 565 1.1. I. Tools Typological category 565 1.2. II. Weapons Typological category 566 1.3. III. Adornments Typological category 567 1.4. IV. Hafts Typological category 567 1.5. V. Varia Typological category 568 2. Typological structure and cultural distribution 568 2.1. Starčevo-Criş Culture 568 2.2. Vinča Culture 571 2.3. Turdaş Culture 573 2.4. Foeni Cultural Group 574 2.5. Petreşti Culture 574 2.6. Ariuşd-Cucuteni Culture 578 2.7. Tiszapolgár Culture 582 2.8. Decea Mureşului Culture 583 2.9. Coţofeni Culture 584 3. The Typological List of osseous materials industry of Romania. Transylvanian Neo-Aeneolithic types 587 4. Elements of absolute chronology in the context of Transylvanian Neo-Aeneolithic osseous materials industry 600 5. Analogies for Transylvanian Neo-Aeneolithic types 609 10th Chapter. Technical study of Transylvanian Neo-Aeneolithic osseous materials industry 620 1. General considerations 620 7 THE NEO-AENEOLITHIC OSSEOUS MATERIALS INDUSTRY OF TRANSYLVANIA. REPERTORY. TYPOLOGY. PALAEOTECHNOLOGICAL STUDY. DATA REGARDING THE PALAEOECONOMY. DATABASE • PhD Thesis • Abstract • PhD Candidate: Diana-Maria Sztancs 2. Raw materials 622 3. Raw materials distribution in Neo-Aeneolithic cultures 628 3.1. Starčevo-Criş Culture 628 3.2. Vinča Culture 630 3.3. Turdaş Culture 630 3.4. Ariuşd-Cucuteni Culture 631 3.5. Coţofeni Culture 634 4. Débitage. Shaping. Use-wear traces 635 5. Technological parameters for osseous materials industry in Neo-Aeneolithic cultures from Transylvania 638 5.1. Analysis of technological parameters for the Starčevo-Criş