Interaction, Population Movement, and Political Economy: the Changing Social Landscape of Northeastern Florida (A.D
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INTERACTION, POPULATION MOVEMENT, AND POLITICAL ECONOMY: THE CHANGING SOCIAL LANDSCAPE OF NORTHEASTERN FLORIDA (A.D. 900-1500) By KEITH H. ASHLEY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2003 Copyright 2003 by Keith H. Ashley Angela ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have benefited from many people over the course of my dissertation research. I begin with my committee members, who each in their own way contributed to this study. Kathy Deagan, a historical archaeologist, remained on my committee even after my research moved away from a postcontact focus. She served as a constant reminder of the generalizing aspects of anthropology. Charlotte Porter was a late, yet welcomed, addition to my committee. She offered a historical and outside perspective of considerable help. Ken Sassaman was a great influence on my dissertation, probably more than he realizes. He was always available for discussion, and in our conversations he always challenged me to address theory and to look at northeastern Florida with an eye also on broader anthropological issues. Buzz Thunen provided frequent counsel, and discussions with him help to refine my understanding of northeastern Florida archaeology. Buzz also helped to keep me employed at the University of North Florida during the writing stage of my doctoral pursuit. I thank them all. I am profoundly indebted to Jerry Milanich, who served as my committee chair. I couldn’t have asked for a better advisor. He gave me tremendous freedom to pursue my research, even if it brought me to conclusions that differed from his. He was quick to respond to my questions and requests, and availed me to his resources. His insights into Florida archaeology were of invaluable guidance. I also thank him for securing money to keep me employed during my first few years of graduate school. Special thanks go to student colleagues and professional peers, who helped me in various ways. Myles Bland of Bland and Associates shared his opinions on a variety of topics, and was always an upbeat source of encouragement. Archaeologists at Environmental Services, Inc. (particularly Greg Smith, Marsha Chance, Greg Hendryx, and Brent Handley) kept me abreast of iv their ongoing work in the area and allowed me access to their data. I profited greatly from a symposium on the Shields site, and I thank all of the participants: Rochelle Marrinan, Vicki Rolland, Tom Penders, Myles Bland, Duke Beasley, Buzz Thunen, and Jim Brown. I am particularly grateful to Vicki Rolland, who willingly shared her thoughts on the technological aspects of pottery, contributed substantially to Shields site excavations and faunal analysis, provided constructive commentary on several chapters, and used her raffle winnings to pay for several radiocarbon dates reported in this study. Several colleagues provided references, unpublished information, and access to artifact collections. Frankie Snow of South Georgia College opened his ceramic collections and allowed me free range. Keith Stephenson funded several radiometric assays on soot from Swift Creek pottery; and he unselfishly allowed me to use his unpublished Ocmulgee phase dates. Dwight Kirkland also supplied a variety of unpublished site information. Together, these three scholars shared freely their ideas and increased my knowledge of Ocmulgee Big Bend and southeastern Georgia archaeology. Although not always agreeing with my interpretations, they were staunch in their support. I am very grateful to each of them. At the Florida Museum of Natural History, Elise LeCompte, Scott Mitchell, and Al Woods were instrumental in allowing me access to the museum’s collections. Dave Dickel facilitated my examination of potsherds at the Bureau of Archaeological Research. Hugh Palmer of the Jacksonville Museum of Science and History allowed me to examine artifacts from Mayport Mound 1 and Mound 2 and to scrape sherd soot for AMS dating. Darden Hood and Lethia Cerda (of Beta Analytic, Inc.) graciously calibrated a large number of radiocarbon assays for me. Brian Floyd is responsible for drawing Figure 8-4, and I thank him for allowing me to include it in my dissertation. I extend gratitude to others who have assisted in some way or another: Louis Tesar, Duke Beasley, Mike Russo, Becky Saunders, Greg Heide, Dennis Blanton, John Cottier, Ray Crook, Lucy Wayne, Jon Endonino, John Worth, Rhonda Kimbrough, Adam King, Karen Walker, Jeff v Mitchem, Ann Cordell, Donna Ruhl, Marion Smith, John Whitehurst, Diane Kloetzer, Rob Patton, George Luer, Shanna Schofield, Brad Biglow, Neill Wallis, and Jamie Waggoner. I owe a great deal of appreciation to several landowners who allowed us to shovel test on their property and/or to examine their artifact collections: they include the Reeves, Wells, Simmons, Pearsalls, Sares, Masucci, Simmons, David, and Klechak families; Tommy Abood, Craig Morris, Jerry Hyde, and Richard Hamrick. I especially wish to thank Kinzey Reeves for making his yard available for archaeological excavation. I appreciate the help of volunteers from the local community, University of North Florida students, and members of the Northeastern Florida Anthropological Society, who served diligently as dependable and efficient field workers. I would particularly like to thank Mike Tarlton, Dave Bishop, Walter Wells, Jim Freel, Brian Floyd, Steve Ferrell, and Bob Richter. Two Florida Archaeological Council (FAC)-John W. Griffin Student Grants provided funding for radiocarbon dates. Another FAC-Griffin Grant along with an Archaeological Neutron Activation Analysis Support Grant from the University Research Reactor, University of Missouri helped reduce the cost of neutron activation analysis of pottery. I would like also to thank Michael Glascock and Hector Neff with their invaluable assistance with the INAA data. My family has been steadfast in their support. My affinal kin, Jo Ann and David Mynatt, who have always treated me as a son, were both instrumental in the production of all figures; I couldn’t have put the final version together without them. My parents and brothers have always been there for me. My mom has been among my staunchest and most vocal supporters. My father passed away in 1999, and I wish he were here to share in my achievement. My children, Avery and Kyle, have been patient and understanding, allowing Dad to finish his dissertation. Finally, I owe my greatest debt to Angela Ashley, who has sacrificed more than she should have to allow me to pursue this goal. Her love and faith in me, kept me going during moments when I felt overwhelmed. She is simply the best. I repeat my thanks to everyone. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................xiii ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW.................................................................................... 1 Dissertation Problem................................................................................................................ 5 Dissertation Data.................................................................................................................... 10 Organization of the Dissertation ............................................................................................ 11 2 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL CONCERNS......................................................... 16 History Matters ...................................................................................................................... 17 Exchange................................................................................................................................ 23 Population Movement ............................................................................................................ 27 Political Economy.................................................................................................................. 32 Mode of Production........................................................................................................ 33 Class Analysis ................................................................................................................ 36 Communal Social Formation ......................................................................................... 39 Dual Processual Theory ................................................................................................. 42 Prestige Goods Models................................................................................................... 47 3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOHISTORICAL CONTEXTS......................................... 56 Geographic and Cultural Setting............................................................................................ 59 Natural Environment.............................................................................................................. 61 Revamping the Late Woodland Chronology (ca. AD 500-900) ............................................ 64 Reconsidering the St.