Triassic Dinosaurs

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Dinosaurs Triassic Dinosaurs Written by Sarah J. Keller Copyright 2001 Isaveatree.com ISBN 0-9714299-0-1 (50 Book Set) Table Of Contents Triassic dinosaurs……………………..6 Eoraptors………………………….…..10 Small meat eating dinosaurs………...12 Large meat eating dinosaurs…….…..18 Glossary…………………………..…...24 Index………………………………...…25 Books to read and web sites to visit…26 2. Dinosaurs were animals that lived 200 million years ago. Dinosaurs have been dead for 60 million years. People have only been on our earth for 6 million years. 4. The earliest dinosaurs lived during a period of time called the Triassic period. Fossils from this Triassic period are small for dinosaurs. 6. In this Triassic period, all the land on our earth was joined together. The dinosaurs all lived in the middle. There was food for all kinds of animals. 8. Eoraptors were the first dinosaurs. They were about three feet long. They ran on their back legs. Eoraptors had hipbones like lizards. 10. The Saltopus was only about two feet long. It was a meat-eating dinosaur. It probably ate insects, frogs, and small animals. 12. The Procompsognathus was about four feet long and also ate meat. It could have eaten early rat-like animals. 14. The Herrerasaurus was a ten-foot long meat-eating dinosaur. It could run fast on its strong hind legs. It caught small animals with its strong front claws. 16. The Zanclodon was a twenty-foot long meat- eating dinosaur. It also caught its food with the sharp claws on it front legs. 18. The Plateosaurus was over twenty-six feet long. It was a plant eater that ate ferns and leaves. It could stand on its back legs and eat from the tops of trees. 20. These early dinosaurs lived well. There was plenty of food for them to grow. Dinosaurs ruled the Triassic period. 22. Glossary Index Eoraptors – the first dinosaurs Eoraptors, 10 Fossils - remains of plants and animals from millions years ago Fossils, 6 Herrerasaurus – fast meat eating dinosaur Herrerasaurus, 16 Plateosaurus – huge plant eating dinosaur Plateosaurus, 20 Procompsognathus – small meat eating dinosaur Procompsognathus, 14 Saltopus – two-foot long dinosaur that probably ate Saltopus, 12 insects and frogs Triassic Period, 6 Triassic Period – first of the three dinosaur periods of Zanclodon, 18 Zanclodon – twenty-foot long meat eater with sharp claws 24. 25. More Great Books To Read Title: On the Trail of Incredible Dinosaurs Author: William Lindsay Publisher: D.K. Publishing Copyright: 1998 Title: Dinosaur Cousins Author: Steve Parker Publisher: Grolier Educational Copyright: 2000 Title: The Last of the Dinosaurs Author: Steve Parker Publisher: Grolier Educational Copyright: 2000 Websites Link 1 26. Credits Sarah Keller – Author Douglas Meyers- Technology Director Dan Mader- Art Director / Illustrator Robert Rance - Photo Selections Robert Rance - Audio Engineering Robert Rance – Research Photo Credits Some images in collection 1 (50 book set) www.arttoday.com I save a tree reserves the right to change photos at any time .

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The Origin and Early Evolution of Dinosaurs
Biol. Rev. (2010), 85, pp. 55–110. 55 doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00094.x The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs Max C. Langer1∗,MartinD.Ezcurra2, Jonathas S. Bittencourt1 and Fernando E. Novas2,3 1Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil 2Laboratorio de Anatomia Comparada y Evolución de los Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘‘Bernardino Rivadavia’’, Avda. Angel Gallardo 470, Cdad. de Buenos Aires, Argentina 3CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient´ıficas y Técnicas); Avda. Rivadavia 1917 - Cdad. de Buenos Aires, Argentina (Received 28 November 2008; revised 09 July 2009; accepted 14 July 2009) ABSTRACT The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis,andPanphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as ‘‘all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops’’.
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University of Birmingham a New Dinosaur With
University of Birmingham A new dinosaur with theropod affinities from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation, South Brazil Marsola, Julio; Bittencourt, Jonathas; Butler, Richard; Da Rosa, Atila; Sayao, Juliana; Langer, Max DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2018.1531878 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Marsola, J, Bittencourt, J, Butler, R, Da Rosa, A, Sayao, J & Langer, M 2019, 'A new dinosaur with theropod affinities from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation, South Brazil', Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, vol. 38, no. 5, e1531878. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2018.1531878 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Checked for eligibility: 25/07/2018 This is the accepted manuscript for a forthcoming publication in Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain.
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Dinosaurs British Isles
DINOSAURS of the BRITISH ISLES Dean R. Lomax & Nobumichi Tamura Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett (Natural History Museum, London) Skeletal reconstructions by Scott Hartman, Jaime A. Headden & Gregory S. Paul Life and scene reconstructions by Nobumichi Tamura & James McKay CONTENTS Foreword by Dr Paul M. Barrett.............................................................................10 Foreword by the authors........................................................................................11 Acknowledgements................................................................................................12 Museum and institutional abbreviations...............................................................13 Introduction: An age-old interest..........................................................................16 What is a dinosaur?................................................................................................18 The question of birds and the ‘extinction’ of the dinosaurs..................................25 The age of dinosaurs..............................................................................................30 Taxonomy: The naming of species.......................................................................34 Dinosaur classification...........................................................................................37 Saurischian dinosaurs............................................................................................39 Theropoda............................................................................................................39
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Basal Saurischia
TWO Basal Saurischia MAX C. LANGER The name Saurischia was coined by Seeley in lectures given in et al. 1999b; Langer et al. 2000), as well as various strata in the 1887, published in 1888, to designate those dinosaurs possessing western United States and on the Atlantic Coast of both the a propubic pelvis. This plesiomorphic feature distinguishes them United States and Canada (Olsen et al. 1989; Long and Murry from ornithischians, which have an opisthopubic pelvis. De- 1995; Hunt et al. 1998; Lucas 1998). spite its general acceptance as a taxonomic unit since the pro- Interestingly, while saurischian dinosaurs are abundant in posal of the name (Huene 1932; Romer 1956; Colbert 1964a; Steel Carnian strata and became the dominant component of vari- 1970), the monophyly of Saurischia was heavily questioned in ous Norian faunas, ornithischians are barely represented through the 1960s and 1970s (Charig et al. 1965; Charig 1976b; Reig 1970; this time interval. Pisanosaurus mertii, from the Ischigualasto Romer 1972c; Thulborn 1975; Cruickshank 1979). Its status as a Formation, is the sole reasonably well known Triassic member natural group was, however, fixed by Bakker and Galton (1974), of the group, which only achieved higher abundance and di- Bonaparte (1975b) and, more importantly, Gauthier (1986), versity during Early Jurassic times (Weishampel and Norman who formally established the monophyly of the group. 1989). The taxa discussed in this chapter (table 2.1) are usually con- sidered to be among the oldest known dinosaurs. They include the most basal saurischians, as well as various forms of uncer- Deﬁnition and Diagnosis tain affinity once assigned to the group.
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A Re-Evaluation of the Enigmatic Dinosauriform Caseosaurus Crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and Its Implications for Early Dinosaur Evolution
A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution MATTHEW G. BARON and MEGAN E. WILLIAMS Baron, M.G. and Williams, M.E. 2018. A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 129–145. The holotype specimen of the Late Triassic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis is redescribed and evaluated phylogenetically for the first time, providing new anatomical information and data on the earliest dinosaurs and their evolution within the dinosauromorph lineage. Historically, Caseosaurus crosbyensis has been considered to represent an early saurischian dinosaur, and often a herrerasaur. More recent work on Triassic dinosaurs has cast doubt over its supposed dinosaurian affinities and uncertainty about particular features in the holotype and only known specimen has led to the species being regarded as a dinosauriform of indeterminate position. Here, we present a new diagnosis for Caseosaurus crosbyensis and refer additional material to the taxon—a partial right ilium from Snyder Quarry. Our com- parisons and phylogenetic analyses suggest that Caseosaurus crosbyensis belongs in a clade with herrerasaurs and that this clade is the sister taxon of Dinosauria, rather than positioned within it. This result, along with other recent analyses of early dinosaurs, pulls apart what remains of the “traditional” group of dinosaurs collectively termed saurischians into a polyphyletic assemblage and implies that Dinosauria should be regarded as composed exclusively of Ornithoscelida (Ornithischia + Theropoda) and Sauropodomorpha. In addition, our analysis recovers the enigmatic European taxon Saltopus elginensis among herrerasaurs for the first time.
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The Pelvic and Hind Limb Anatomy of the Stem-Sauropodomorph Saturnalia Tupiniquim (Late Triassic, Brazil)
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10 Easy Steps to Teaching Dinosaurs
Written by: Michelle Robinette, Ed.S., Donna Hearn, Ed.S., and Jennifer Brown, M.Ed Edited by: Karen Soll and Jennifer Boudart Cover design by: Holly Miller Interior design by: Bob Williams Illustrated by: Tom Kelly © 2002 Learning Resources, Inc., Vernon Hills, IL (U.S.A.) Learning Resources Ltd., King’s Lynn, Norfolk (U.K.) All rights reserved. This book is copyrighted. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission, except for the specific permission stated below. Each blackline master is intended for reproduction in quantities sufficient for classroom use. Permis- sion is granted to the purchaser to reproduce each blackline master in quantities suitable for noncom- mercial classroom use. ISBN: 1-56911-028-X Printed in China. NOSAURS DINOSAURS DINOSAURS DINOSAURS DINOSAURS DINOSAURS DINOSAURS DINOSA NOSAURS TableDINOSAURS of ContentsDINOSAURS DINOSAUR DINOSAURS DINOSAURS DINOSAURS DINOSA INOSAURS DINOSAURS DINOSAURS DINOSAU DINOSAURS DINOSAURS DINOSAURSDINOSAURS DINOSA 1 Using This Book .............................................................................3-4 2 Gather Great Resources ..............................................................5-8 3 Speak the Lingo ........................................................................... 9-12 4 Set the Scene ............................................................................. 13-16 5 Plan a Project .............................................................................17-20
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SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Doi:10.1038/Nature24011
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi:10.1038/nature24011 1. Details of the new phylogenetic analysis 1.1. Modifications to Baron et al. (2017) data matrix The following list presents all character scoring modifications to the original taxon-character matrix of Baron et al. (2017). Unless explicitly mentioned, specimen numbers without asterisks have been scored from notes and photographs after their first-hand examination by at least one of the authors, specimens marked with † were coded based only on photographic material, and specimens marked with * were coded on direct observation of the specimens. Aardonyx celestae; score modifications based on the first-hand observation of all specimens mentioned in Yates et al. (2010). 19: 0 >1. 21 0 >1. 54: 0 >?. 57: 0 >?. 156: 1 >0. 202: 1 >0. 204: 1 >0. 266: 1 >0. 280: ? >0. Ch 286: 2 >1. 348: 0 >?. 365: ? >1. 376: ? >0. 382: 0 >?. 439: 0 >1. 450: 1 >0. Abrictosaurus consors; score modifications based on NHMUK RU B54†. Further bibliographic source: Sereno (2012). 7: 0>?; 26 0>?; 35. 2>0/1; 47: 0>?; 54 1>?; 369 0>?; 424 1>?. Agilisaurus louderbacki; score modifications based on Barrett et al. (2005) and scorings in Butler et al. (2008) and Barrett et al. (2016). 6: 0>?; 11: 0>1; 35: 1>0; 54: 1>0; 189: ?>0. Agnosphitys cromhallensis; score modifications based on cast of VMNH 1751. Further bibliographic source: Fraser et al. (2001). 15: ? >0; 16: ? >0; 21: ? >1; 24: ? >1; 30: 0 >?; 159: 0 >1; 160: - >0; 164: - >?; 165: ? >0; 167: ? >0; 172: 0 >?; 176: 0 >?; 177: 1 >0; 180: ? >0; 185: 0 >?; 221: 0 >?; 222: 0 >?; 252: 0 >1; 253: 0 >1; 254: 1 >?; 256: 0 >1; 258: 1 >?; 259: ? >0; 292: ? >1; 298: ? >0; 303: 1 >2; 305: 2 >1; 306: ? >2; 315: 1 >0; 317: ? >1; 318: ? >0; 409: ? >0; 411: 1 >0; 419: 1 >0; 421: ? >0.
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Body-Size Evolution in the Dinosauria
8 Body-Size Evolution in the Dinosauria Matthew T. Carrano Introduction The evolution of body size and its influence on organismal biology have received scientific attention since the earliest decades of evolutionary study (e.g., Cope, 1887, 1896; Thompson, 1917). Both paleontologists and neontologists have attempted to determine correlations between body size and numerous aspects of life history, with the ultimate goal of docu- menting both the predictive and causal connections involved (LaBarbera, 1986, 1989). These studies have generated an appreciation for the thor- oughgoing interrelationships between body size and nearly every sig- nificant facet of organismal biology, including metabolism (Lindstedt & Calder, 1981; Schmidt-Nielsen, 1984; McNab, 1989), population ecology (Damuth, 1981; Juanes, 1986; Gittleman & Purvis, 1998), locomotion (Mc- Mahon, 1975; Biewener, 1989; Alexander, 1996), and reproduction (Alex- ander, 1996). An enduring focus of these studies has been Cope’s Rule, the notion that body size tends to increase over time within lineages (Kurtén, 1953; Stanley, 1973; Polly, 1998). Such an observation has been made regarding many different clades but has been examined specifically in only a few (MacFadden, 1986; Arnold et al., 1995; Jablonski, 1996, 1997; Trammer & Kaim, 1997, 1999; Alroy, 1998). The discordant results of such analyses have underscored two points: (1) Cope’s Rule does not apply universally to all groups; and (2) even when present, size increases in different clades may reflect very different underlying processes. Thus, the question, “does Cope’s Rule exist?” is better parsed into two questions: “to which groups does Cope’s Rule apply?” and “what process is responsible for it in each?” Several recent works (McShea, 1994, 2000; Jablonski, 1997; Alroy, 1998, 2000a, 2000b) have begun to address these more specific questions, attempting to quantify patterns of body-size evolution in a phylogenetic (rather than strictly temporal) context, as well as developing methods for interpreting the resultant patterns.
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Das Natürliche System Der Saurischia. Friedrich
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie Jahr/Year: 1914 Band/Volume: 1914 Autor(en)/Author(s): Huene Friedrich Freiherr von Artikel/Article: Das natürliche System der Saurischia. 154-158 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/;www.zobodat.at 154 F. v. Huene, grenze anzugeben, könnte möglich werden, wenn charakteristische Fossilfunde eine genaue Altersbestimmung der Grauwacke gestatten sollten, für die sich jetzt kulmisches Alter durch petrographische Ähnlichkeiten und durch die stratigraphischen Verhältnisse nur 1 wahrscheinlich machen läßt . Über die genauere Richtung und über die Länge der Verwerfung von Leipzig-Plagwitz lassen sich zurzeit keinerlei Angaben machen. Die Auswertung der in vorstehendem dargelegten tektonischen Verhältnisse für die Geologie Mitteldeutschlands mag weitere Räume ins Auge fassenden Studien überlassen bleiben. Leipzig, Geologische Landesuntersuchung, Dezember 1913. Das natürliche System der Saurischia. Von Friedrich von Huene in Tübingen. Mit 1 Textfigur. Das verzögerte Erscheinen einiger schon vor längerer Zeit zum Druck gegebener Schriften sowie neuere Publikationen und Funde von Saurischiern in der Trias veranlassen mich, hier kurz einige der in jenen im April und Juni 1913 abgeschlossenen Manuskripten niedergelegten Ergebnisse sowie auch einiges darüber Hinausgehende zusammenzufassen. Mit Seele v halte ich die „Dinosaurier“ nicht mehr für eine natürliche Gruppe (Ordnung), sondern für zwei auf ver- schiedene Weise und an verschiedener Stelle aus den Pseudosuchiern entstandene Ordnungen, die Saurischia und die Ornithiscliia. Die Bezeichnung „Dinosaurier“ [ ist jedem Paläontologen so geläufig geworden, daß es zunächst unbequem erscheinen möchte, diesen Namen ganz aufzugeben, aber die „Enaliosaurier“ sind denselben Weg gegangen und so wird es auch hier möglich sein.
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A Juvenile Coelophysoid Skull from the Early Jurassic of Zimbabwe, and the Synonymy of Coelophysis and Syntarsus
A juvenile coelophysoid skull from the Early Jurassic of Zimbabwe, and the synonymy of Coelophysis and Syntarsus Anthea Bristowe* & Michael A. Raath Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, WITS, 2050 South Africa Received 23 September 2004. Accepted 5 December 2004 Several authors have drawn attention to the close similarities between the neotheropod dinosaurs Coelophysis and Syntarsus. Recon- struction and analysis of a skull from a juvenile specimen of Syntarsus (collected from the Forest Sandstone Formation of Zimbabwe) show that cranial characters previously used to distinguish these taxa and justify their generic separation (namely the presence of a ‘nasal fenestra’ in Syntarsus and the length of its antorbital fenestra), were based on erroneous reconstructions of disassociated cranial elements. On the basis of this reinterpretation we conclude that Syntarsus is a junior synonym of Coelophysis. Variations are noted in three cranial characters – the length of the maxillary tooth row, the width of the base of the lachrymal and the shape of the antorbital maxillary fossa – that taken together with the chronological and geographical separation of the two taxa justify separation at species level. Keywords: Dinosaurs, Neotheropoda, Coelophysoid, taxonomy, Triassic, Jurassic. INTRODUCTION Following the work of Gauthier (1986), these taxa were Ever since the theropod Syntarsus rhodesiensis was first suggested to belong to a monophyletic clade known as described (Raath 1969), a succession of authors have Ceratosauria. However, more recent works by a number commented on the close morphological similarity be- of authors (Sereno 1997, 1999; Holtz 2000; Wilson et al. tween it and Coelophysis bauri (Raath 1969, 1977; Paul 1988, 2003; Rauhut 2003) have re-evaluated theropod interrela- 1993; Colbert 1989; Rowe 1989; Tykoski 1998; Downs tionships.
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A New Theropod Dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and Its Implications for the Early Evolution of Theropods
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