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Volume 3, Number 1, January 2012 Aliah University Newsletter Advisors Volume 3, Number 1, January 2012 Aliah University Newsletter Advisors: Professor. Syed Samsul Alam, Vice-Chancellor Professor. Sudip K. Banerjee Editor : Dr. Amzed Hossein Publication Co-ordinators : Dr. Harun Al Rasid Gazi, Mukandar Sekh Published by : Publication Section, Aliah University DN 47, Sector-V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata - 700 091 Phone : 033 2706 2125 / 2271 / 2583 Website : www.aliah.ac.in Volume 3, Number 1, January 2012 Contents Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad 2 Architect of Modern Indian Education System Professor Syed Samsul Alam Relevance of Madrasah Education in India 19 Dr. Anowar Hossain Carbon Nanotubes 22 Application in Modern Science Dr. Sk. Faruque Ahmed Maulavi Bhai Girish Chandra Sen 24 Dr. Shabnam Begum 27 University News The Hon’ble Chief Minister Smt. Mamata Banerjee Lays the Foundation Stone of Aliah University Campus Seminar 28 Aliah Faculty and Students at the 4th Science Conclave at IIIT, Allahabad Students’ Seminar at the Department of English Achievements 30 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Architect of Modern Indian Education System Professor Syed Samsul Alam Azad, Sheikh Muhammad refused to do Kornish Vice Chancellor (obeisance) to the Emperor as, in his view, it did not behove the learned to lay prostrate before wealth. Born on 11 November, 1888, in a divine Sufi family of He refused to bend his knees to Baal and was Maulana Khairuddin and to his Arab wife, Aliyah, as sentenced to be imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior for one of their five children, who was given the chrono- four years. “I am the ninth of tenth in paternal grammatical name of Firoz Bakht (of exalted descent from Sheikh Jamaluddin", Azad said to destiny), but was commonly called Ghulam Mahadeo Desai, one of his earlier biographers, “.... I Muhiyuddin Ahmad, and later came to be known as can say that there wasn't one of my ancestors, but Abul Kalam Azad. Maulana Azad had combined in was noted for his learning and Sufism.” him scholarly pursuits, sturdy independence of It also remained a kind of family tradition not to character, and a distinct mental bent towards accept any office or position of power; but Shaikh unworldliness. He was one of the foremost leaders of Sirajuddin, a great grandfather of Maulana Azad, Indian freedom struggle, an icon of secular accepted the position of a Chief Judge and broke the nationalism in modern-day India, and one of the tradition. Another of his ancestors Mohammad most prominent Muslim leaders to support Hindu- Hadi was appointed by Shahjahan to be the Muslim unity, opposing the partition of India on Governor of Agra Fort. His father's maternal communal lines. A renowned scholar, poet, author, grandfather, Maulana Munawaruddin, was one of journalist, politician, and well-versed in many the last Rukn-ul-Mudarrasin (literally meaning languages, he was a brilliant debater, as indicated by pillar of the teachers/professors) of the Mughal his name, Abul Kalam, which literally means 'lord of period. This post had been first created in dialogue'. He adopted the pen name 'Azad' (free) as a Shahjehan's time and was intended to supervise the mark of his mental emancipation from a narrow view activities of the State for the promotion of learning of religion and life. Maulana Azad became and scholarship. The officer had to administer gifts independent India's first education minister. of lands, endowments and pensions to scholars and teachers and could be compared to a Director of Ancestry Maulana Azaad's forefathers had come from Herat Education in the modern world. Mughul power had (a city in Afghanistan) to Mughal India during the by that time declined but these major posts were still reign of the Mughal emperor Babur (nearly 500 retained. Maulana Azad's father, Maulana Muhammad years ago). They first settled in Agra and then Khairuddin (1831-1908), a scholar-sufi of Persian moved to Delhi. He took pride in tracing his birth (Tajik) origin, was then living in Calcutta. from an ancestor, Sheikh Jamaluddin (or Maulana Khairuddin's father died while he was still very Jamaluddin), who earned a name for himself during young and he was brought up by his maternal the reign of Emperor Akbar. Maulana Jamaluddin grandfather, Maulana Munawaruddin (1787-1857), was a profound scholar and a religious divine of a famous 'alim' of Delhi. The family lived in Bengal great repute, having to his credit a number of books until the First Indian War of Independence (the which are held in high esteem to this day and among Sepoy Mutiny) broke out (in 1857). Two years before which is the celebrated commentary on the most the Mutiny, Maulana Munawaruddin was trustworthy text of Hadith (Islamic Traditions), and disgusted with the state of affairs in India and recognized as an authority by which most Muslim decided to migrate to Makkah, the holiest city in divines swear. Jamaluddin revolted against the Islam. His grandson - from daughter's side - innovation of Akbar's Din-i-Ilahi, thus incurring the Maulana Khairuddin also accompanied him. When displeasure of the Emperor. He was patronized by Munawaruddin reached Bhopal, Nawab Sikandar Akbar's foster-brother, Mirza Aziz Kokaltash, but Jehan Begum detained him. The Mutiny started anticipating trouble in future, he left for Makkah. while he was still in Bhopal and for two years he This first known ancestor of Maulana Azad left the could not leave the place. He then came to Bombay proud legacy of Satyagraha for him. Later on, in the but he could not go to Makkah as death overtook times of Jehangir, another ancestor of Maulana him there. Khairuddin was then about twenty-five. giving him an education of the modern type; he held He proceeded to Makkah, built a house for himself, that modern education would destroy religious and settled there. In Makkah, he came into the faith. Because of Azad's conformist family attention of a very famous religious scholar, Shaikh background, his education was arranged in the old Mohammad Zahir Watri, in his time Madina's best traditional manner; he did not go to any Madrasah known 'Alim' whose fame had travelled outside or school, nor did he attend any modern western Arabia, and married his daughter Aliyah. Maulana educational institution. There was of course the Azad was born in 1888 in the holy city of Makkah. Calcutta Madrasa, but his father did not have a very high opinion of it. (Azad, 1959) He was taught at Maulana Khairuddin's life and temperament were home, first by his father and later by appointed coloured by stoic simplicity and contemplation of the teachers who were eminent in their respective Sufis. He wrote numerous books both in Arabic and fields. Azad learned Arabic, Persian, Hanafi fiqh, Persian. He gained much fame in the Muslim world and shariat first and then philosophy, mathematics, for his ten-volume work on Islam in Arabic which and science. The medium was Arabic. was published in Egypt and for his central role in the restoration of the famous Zubeida Canal (Nahr-e- Students who followed the traditional system of Zubeida), main source of water for the people of education normally finished their course at the age Makkah, constructed by Begum Zubeida, the wife of between twenty and twenty-five. This included a Khalifa Harun al-Rashid. In course of time, the canal period when the young scholar had to teach pupils had deteriorated and there was a great shortage of and thus prove that he had acquired mastery over water in the city. This scarcity was acutest during the what he had learnt. Abul Kalam was able to complete Haj and pilgrims had to face great difficulties. the traditional course of higher Islamic education by Maulana Khairuddin had this nahr repaired. He the time he was sixteen, nine years ahead of his raised a fund of twenty lakhs in India, Egypt, Syria, contemporaries, and his father got together some and Turkey and improved the canal in such a way fifteen students, most of whom were twice his age, to that the Bedwin did not have an opportunity of whom he taught higher philosophy, mathematics, damaging it again. In recognition of his services, he and logic in addition to Islamic Theology. Later he was awarded the First Class Majidi Medal by the learnt English, world history, and politics through Turkish Emperor Sultan Abdul Majid. self-study. At ten Abul Kalam was well-versed in the Quran and at seventeen he was a trained theologian Some time back Maulana Khairuddin had fallen recognized in the Islamic world. down in Jedda and broken his shin bone. It had been set, but not well, and he was advised that the His early influences were Maulana Shibli Nomani surgeons in Calcutta could put it right. He had (June 3, 1857, Bindwal, Azamgarh district, Uttar intended to stay only for a short time but his disciples Pradesh, India - November 18, 1914, Azamgarh), a and admirers would not let him go. A year after he versatile scholar in Arabic, Persian, Hindi, Turkish, came back to Calcutta with his family in 1899 his wife and Urdu and Altaf Hussain Hali (1837, Panipat, died and was buried there. Haryana, India - 1914), a great poet, prose-writer, critic, teacher, reformer, a student of Mirza Ghalib, Thus, Abul Kalam Azad's family descended from a and a close friend of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. line of eminent Ulema or scholars of Islam and he His Arab mother knew very little Urdu; therefore, inherited from both of his parents the grand legacy of Muhyuddin had to converse most of the time in learning. He was a most worthy scion of an Arabic with his parents and his brother and sisters.
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