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EISSN 2791-710X Journal of Business Administration and Social Studies Formerly Applied Social Sciences Journal of Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Volume 5 ⋅ Issue 1 ⋅ June 2021 j-ba-socstud.org Journal of Business Administration and Social Studies Editor in Chief Advisory Board Hülya AŞKIN BALCI Ahmet GÖKÇEN Fatma DOĞANAY ERGEN Mithat Zeki DİNÇER Head of Vocational School of Social Sciences, Dean of Faculty of Economics and Department of Business Administration, Department of Economics, Faculty of İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Administrative Sciences, İstanbul Rumeli Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Economics, İstanbul University, İstanbul, University, İstanbul, Turkey Sciences, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey Turkey Turkey Department of Turkish Education, Hasan Ali Ahmet Kamil TUNÇEL Fatma Füsun İSTANBULLU DİNÇER Mustafa TEKİN Yücel Faculty of Education, İstanbul University- Department of Accounting and Tax, Gelibolu Department of Tourism Management, Faculty of Department of Econometrics, Faculty of Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey Piri Reis Vocational School, Çanakkale Onsekiz Economics, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey Economics, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey Turkey Editors Gencay SAATCİ Ahmet YÖRÜK Department of Hospitality Management, Mustafa UYSAL Tuğçe UZUN KOCAMIŞ Department of International Trade and Faculty of Tourism, Çanakkale 18 Mart Department of Banking and Finance, Department of Accounting and Tax Department, Logistics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Kadir University, Çanakkale, Turkey School of Applied Sciences, Artvin Çoruh Has University, İstanbul, Turkey University, Artvin, Turkey Vocational School of Social Sciences, İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey Gül Erkol BAYRAM Ali KABLAN Department of Tourism Guidance, School Özer YILMAZ Department of Banking and Insurance, of Tourism and Hotel Management, Sinop Department of International Trade and Serap ÖZDEMİR GÜZEL Uzunköprü School of Applied Sciences, Trakya University, Sinop, Turkey Logistics, Omer Seyfettin Faculty of Department of Accounting and Tax Department, University, Edirne, Turkey Applied Sciences, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Vocational School of Social Sciences, İstanbul Hakan BOZ University, Balıkesir, Turkey University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey Ali Zafer DALAR Department of International Trade and Finance, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and Applied Sciences Faculty, Uşak University, Uşak, Özlem TÜRKŞEN Sciences, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey Turkey Department of Statistics, Faculty of Secretary Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Zehra Binnur AVUNDUK Betül URHAN ÇELİK Hakan CANDAN Turkey Department of Labour Economics and Department of Political Science and Public Department of Marketing and Advertising, Industrial Relations, Faculty of Economics and Administration, Faculty of Economics and Salih GÜNEY Vocational School of Social Sciences, İstanbul Administrative Sciences, Kocaeli University, Administrative Sciences, Karamanoğlu Department of Business Administration, University-Cerrahpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey Kocaeli, Turkey Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Turkey Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, İstanbul Aydın University, Editorial Board Çağla ÜNLÜTÜRK ULUTAŞ Hakan KİTAPÇI İstanbul, Turkey Department of Labour Economics and Department of Management, Faculty of Ali Hakan BÜYÜKLÜ Industrial Relations, Faculty of Economics Business Administration, Gebze Technical Saniye DEDEOĞLU Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts & Science, and Administrative Sciences, Pamukkale University, Kocaeli, Turkey Department of Labour Economics and University, Pamukkale, Turkey Industrial Relations, Faculty of Economics Yıldız Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey İlhan GÜLLÜ and Administrative Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Doğan UYSAL Department of International Relations, Faculty of Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey Aziz Burak ATAMTÜRK Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics Economics and Administrative Sciences, Nevşehir Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics, and Administrative Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar Hacı Bektaş Veli University, Nevşehir, Turkey Şaban ESEN İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey University, Manisa, Turkey Department of Business Administration, İrfan KALAYCI Faculty of Economics and Administrative Gencay SAATCİ Emel MEMİŞ PARMAKSIZ Department of Economics, Faculty of Sciences, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey Department of Economics, Faculty of Political Economics and Administrative Sciences, İnönü Department of Hospitality Management, Faculty of Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey University, Malatya, Turkey Tolga Fahri ÇAKMAK Tourism, Çanakkale 18 Mart University, Çanakkale, Department of Tourism Guidance, Faculty Turkey Ercan ÖZEN İzzet GÜMÜŞ of Tourism, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit Department of Finance and Banking, Applied Department of Business Administration, University, Zonguldak, Turkey Mustafa ÇANAKÇIOĞLU Sciences Faculty, Uşak University, Uşak, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Turkey Sciences, Gelişim University Department of Accounting and Financial Uğur SEVİM Department of Accounting and Finance, Management, Faculty of Economics and Eser YEŞİLDAĞ Kenan GÜLLÜ Faculty of Economics and Administrative Administrative Sciences, Kadir Has University, Department of Capital Markets, School Department of Tourism Guidance, Faculty of Sciences, Giresun University, Giresun, İstanbul, Turkey of Applied Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar Tourism, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey Turkey University, Manisa, Turkey Nilüfer SEZER Mehmet Ertan YARDIM Ünal ÇAĞLAR Department of Public Relations and Publicity, Esin AVCI Department of Civil Procedure, Enforcement Department of Economics, Faculty of Faculty of Communications, İstanbul University, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Arts and and Bankruptcy Law, Faculty of Law, Kadir Has Economics and Administrative Sciences, İstanbul, Turkey Science, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey University, İstanbul, Turkey Kırklareli University, Kırklareli, Turkey Ünal ÇAĞLAR Fahri ERENEL Metin SABAN Yusuf ÇELİK Department of Health Management, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics Department of Business Administration, Department of Business Administration, and Administrative Sciences, Kırklareli University, Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Faculty of Economics and Administrative Faculty of Economics and Administrative Kırklareli, Turkey Sciences, İstinye University, İstanbul, Turkey Sciences, Bartın University, Bartın, Turkey Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara Publisher Publication Coordinators Finance and Administration Contact İbrahim KARA İrem DELİÇAY Zeynep YAKIŞIRER ÜREN Address : Büyükdere Cad. No: 105/9 Arzu YILDIRIM 34394 Mecidiyeköy, Şişli, İstanbul Publication Director Project Coordinators Phone :+90 212 217 17 00 Ali ŞAHİN Deniz KAYA Doğan ORUÇ E-mail : [email protected] Bahar ALBAYRAK Editorial Development Sİnem KOZ Emre KARA Gizem KAYAN TEKAÜT Graphics Department Gamze BİLGEN Ünal ÖZER Deputy Publication Director Irmak BERBEROĞLU Deniz Elif DURAN Gökhan ÇİMEN Ebru BOZ Journal of Business Administration and Social Studies AIMS AND SCOPE Journal of Business Administration and Social Studies (formerly known as Applied Social Sciences Journal of İstanbul University- Cerrahpaşa) is an international, scientific, open access, online-only periodical published in accordance with independent, unbiased, and double-blinded peer-review principles. The journal is official publication of İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa and published biannually in June and December. The publication language of the journal is Turkish and English. Journal of Business Administration and Social Studies aims to contribute to the literature by publishing manuscripts at the highest scientific level in social sciences and business administration. The journal publishes original articles, reviews, editorial comments, and letters to the editors that are prepared in accordance with ethical guidelines. The scope of the journal includes but not limited to Economics, Business Administration, Tourism, Econometrics, Banking, Accounting, Human Resources Management, International Relations, Finance, and Education. The target audience of the journal includes researchers and specialists who are interested or working in all fields of Social Sciences. 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