Figure 1. Location of Burial PC103 at and photograph of the burial during excavation. Maya Archaeology Reports Strontium Isotopic Identification of anEarly ClassicMigrant toPuntadeChimino, Lori E.Wright Bruce R.Bachand

n recent years, studies of ancient migration have been skeletons buried at a site. Strontium isotope ratios have now revolutionized by the application of stable isotopic been used to document prehistoric migration in a variety of techniques that permit the assessment of place of origin archaeological contexts around the world (Bentley et al. 2002; forI individual human skeletons. The ratio between two of Grupe et al. 1997; Knudson and Price 2007; Knudson et al. 2004; the stable isotopes of strontium, 87Sr and 86Sr, is an especially Knudson et al. 2005; Montgomery et al. 2003; Montgomery et al. useful measure because the 87Sr/86Sr values of human remains 2005; Price et al. 1998; Price et al. 1994). are determined by the geology of the region in which a person In , the volcanic highlands of and lived. While 86Sr is not radiogenic, 87Sr is produced by the decay Guatemala have 87Sr/86Sr ratios near .7045, while the limestones of rubidium (Rb), which has an extremely long half-life. Hence of the Maya lowlands have much higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios, ranging volcanic rocks, which contain little Rb due to their origin in the from .7075 to .7090. The southeastern periphery of the Maya earth’s mantle, have low 87Sr/86Sr ratios. By contrast, crustal lowlands has intermediate values, around .7069 at Copan, while sedimentary rocks have higher 87Sr/86Sr, due to their greater very high ratios (.7127) are seen in the metamorphic Maya Rb content and age (Faure 1986). Strontium is taken into the Mountains (Hodell et al. 2004; Price et al. 2008; Price et al. 2000; body through food and water, and substitutes for calcium in Wright 2005a). Hodell et al. (2004) defined five strontium isotopic the mineral structure of tooth enamel and bone. Because tooth regions through survey of environmental 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the enamel forms during childhood and is not remodeled later in life, Maya area: the Northern Lowlands, the Southern Lowlands, the it retains through life a ratio of 87Sr to 86Sr which represents the Maya Mountains, the Metamorphic Province, and the Volcanic values of foods consumed during childhood. Hence it is possible Highlands and Pacific Coast. Although there is some variability to identify the skeletons of immigrants to an archaeological within each of these regions, most of the Southern Lowlands site by comparing their dental 87Sr/86Sr with that of other local (from Alta Verapaz north to Campeche) show values ranging

©29 2009 In Maya Archaeology 1, edited by Charles Golden, Stephen Houston, and Joel Skidmore, pp. 28-35. San Francisco: Precolumbia Mesoweb Press. [electronic facsimile: www.mesoweb.com/articles/Wright-Bachand-2009.pdf] from .7069 to .7084, a fairly narrow range. Environmental data gouged-incised design depicting four curl-nosed saurian are helpful in defining expectations for local signatures; however, creatures (Figure 3). The vessel’s fine gray paste and volcanic dietary factors may also influence87 Sr/86Sr ratios of human ash temper suggest a highland manufacture. Mending holes skeletons. Thus measurement of local human 87Sr/86Sr ratios is below the rim indicate that this vessel had been repaired at important to define local ranges (Wright 2005a). some time prior to deposition. Thermoluminescence dating of This note reports on the stable strontium analyses of nine the polychrome vessel yielded a date of 180 BC ± 520 (University burials excavated by the Archaeological Project in of Washington, UW-1152), for which the Bayesian adjusted range the Petexbatun region of the Department of Peten, Guatemala. is AD 325-504. Two of these are from Punta de Chimino and include an Early The skeleton in Burial PC103 is that of an adult, probably Classic mortuary deposit believed to contain the remains of a less than 50 years of age at death, judging from the dentition. possible foreigner, Burial PC103 (Bachand 2006, 2008; Bachand Although the orbital margins and the mental area appear et al. 2006). The second, Burial PC106, is from a contemporary masculine, long bone dimensions are intermediate between termination deposit. The remaining seven skeletons sampled those of males and females from the Pasión region of Guatemala are from domestic burials at the site of Aguateca, located (Wright 2006). Pelvic remains are very fragmentary, thus sex 4.5 km from Punta de Chimino on the margins of Lake and age cannot be determined with confidence. The maxillary Petexbatun (Figure 2). No aspects of their mortuary contexts central incisors and the canines are filed to Romero’s (1986) type suggest a non-local origin. Using the Aguateca data, we test B4 and A4, respectively. The lateral incisors show marked wear, the hypothesis that the individual in Burial PC103 was not a antemortem fractures, and large caries that may be secondary to local Petexbatun child but instead migrated into the region the filing decoration. An AMS date of 1634 ± 53 BP (cal AD 250- at some point prior to his or her death and burial at Punta de 550, 2-sigma, University of Arizona, AA-66263) was obtained Chimino. from a cortical diaphyseal sample of the skeleton’s left femur. Burial PC103 was contained within a cylindrical stone- Bayesian analyses of the radiometric data place the individual’s lined crypt or cist that penetrated the east-west axis of the late death date between AD 400 and 450. Protoclassic basal platform of Mound 7, the main pyramid on Burial PC103’s grave style and body posture are rather Punta de Chimino’s acropolis (Figure 1). Although its lateral uncharacteristic for the Pasión region (Wright 2006) and for dimensions were not determined, the platform itself contained the Early Classic Maya at large (Welsh 1988). Indeed, across several burials and extended eastward, away from the pyramid, the Southern Maya Lowlands the deceased were generally laid somewhat resembling contemporaneous adosada platforms at out in an extended and supine position or placed on one side and (Bachand 2006:183). The cist was in a flexed position in Early Classic times. Heads were usually 50 cm in diameter by 60 cm deep, ringed with limestone blocks positioned north, south, or east and covered with a single bowl, from top to bottom, and covered by several limestone slabs. often with a “kill hole” in the bottom. Seated burials occur at a Inside the cylindrical cavity, excavators found a fairly number of sites in diverse contexts and with variable offerings; complete human skeleton, an unmodified shell of the Atlantic however, they are quite rare. No Early Classic seated burials or great heart cockle, Dinocardium robustum (Kitty Emery, personal circular stone crypts were excavated at , the communication 2007), and three Early Classic ceramic vessels. only Pasión-zone site with a sizeable Early Classic burial series Despite modest bone preservation, the skeleton’s articulation (Smith 1972), and none have been found in the Petexbatun sites indicated that the deceased was seated with knees bent to the (Wright 2006). In addition to the Motmot tomb at Copan (Fash chest and hands placed near the face. The spine and cranium and Fash 2000; Fash 1998), Early Classic stone-lined cylindrical were located against the northeastern wall of the cist, with the cists or crypts are known from Chac II (Smyth and Rogart skeleton facing southwest; however, the skeleton may have 2004); both sites have demonstrable material ties to Central shifted somewhat following decomposition, so it is difficult to Mexico or Teotihuacan. Importantly, no circular stone-lined ascertain its exact orientation, which originally may have been cist burials have been documented at Teotihuacan (George more westward. Cowgill, personal communication 2005). Instead, the dominant Three ceramic vessels were located to the southeast of the Early Classic mortuary pattern at Teotihuacan was interment skeleton. Two of the vessels are drinking cups; one is a red- in a somewhat irregular oval earthen pit or fosa; the body was on-cream polychrome, the other a black-slipped vase from the seated vertically with legs tightly flexed and head positioned Balanza ceramic group. The third vessel is a highly polished toward the east (Cabrera Castro 1999; Sempowski and Spence yet unslipped, thin-walled cylinder tripod with a repetitive 1994). This burial pattern was replicated at large Teotihuacan-

Maya Archaeology 30 Pasión

a t

n

i

c

a

m

u

s

U

La Amelia

Sayaxche

Altar de Sacrificios n ArroyodePiedra tu n a ac DosPilas L Salinas PuntadeChimino LakePetexbatun Aguateca

P

a

s

i

ó n

0 3 6 9 12km

Cancuen

Figure 2. Map showing the location of Punta de Chimino and Aguateca. affiliated centers in western (Agrinier 1970, 1975). from Early Classic Teotihuacan where they are believed to have Marine bivalve shells are almost exclusively associated with been locally made (Rattray 2001). Burial PC103’s body position, adult males at Teotihuacan, and direct-rim cylinder tripods with circular shape, and bivalve shell fit within the Teotihuacan well executed plano-relief designs are restricted to elaborate tradition, but the stone-lined circular cist does not. As for body graves (Sempowski and Spence 1994). Tripod cylinder vases orientation, there is another important difference: Teotihuacanos first appeared at around the time of the famed Teotihuacan face east, not west. entrada of AD 378 (Laporte and Fialko 1990). The repetitive In summary, Burial PC103 appears to be a Lowland Maya serpent motif on the Punta de Chimino cylinder tripod is interment with some Mexican characteristics. Burial PC103 distinctively Maya; however, similar designs have been reported was sealed with thick capstones but was left uncovered by

31 Lori E. Wright and Bruce R. Bachand 0 5cm

0 5cm

Figure 3. Ceramic vessels recovered from Burial PC103, including a rollout of the incised vessel (drawing by Alfredo Román). subsequent construction for a century or more. Excavations supplemented by terrestrial and aquatic fauna, and one Punta de elsewhere in Punta de Chimino’s acropolis document a violent Chimino skeleton shows equivalent results (Wright 2006:118-119). beginning to the Early Classic abandonment of the site around Strontium in the Petexbatun diets would have come from food AD 430. Dart points, green , pyrite plaque pieces, and and water, as well as the lime that was used to treat maize prior censer pots were found in the plaza and appear to be associated to grinding. Although aquatic snail shells cannot be excluded as with the ritual destruction of a stela and a sacred edifice. In a source of lime, local limestone is the most likely source used conjunction with Burial PC103’s peculiar traits, these findings led at both sites (Wright 2006) and would not differ in 87Sr/86Sr from Bachand et al. (2006) to speculate that Burial PC103’s occupant local snails, or between these two nearby sites. was a foreigner, possibly from Teotihuacan. The burials sampled from Aguateca come from two groups The Aguateca samples serve as a measure of the local located on the periphery of the site. Four burials come from a Petexbatun signal. Punta de Chimino and Aguateca are located single domestic group of moderate social status, Group M6-3 4.5 km from each other on the margins of Lake Petexbatun. (Structures M6-10, M6-28, and M6-29), located 500 m NNE of Both communities had access to geologically comparable the main plaza, inside the defensive walls. Two others are from agricultural lands and riverine/lacustrine dietary resources, a small temple structure, R27-63, located 1.2 km SSW of the hence comparable 87Sr/86Sr are expected. Previous stable city center in a rural group known as Dos . The M6-3 carbon isotopic analyses of Aguateca burials (d13C of collagen = burials date to the early part of the Late Classic period, while

-9.5±0.7‰PDB, n=9) indicate heavy emphasis on maize agriculture, the ceramics associated with the Dos Ceibas burials are slightly

Maya Archaeology 32 earlier and may date from the late Early Classic period. These Results and Discussion burials are all of moderate social status, and show mortuary The table in Figure 4 contains the strontium isotope characteristics consistent with the rest of the Aguateca burial measurements for each sample. For the seven samples from assemblage. Aguateca, the mean 87Sr/86Sr is .70750, and the standard deviation of these samples is .00010. These Aguateca data span Methods from .70739 to .70762, a range only slightly greater than one We selected tooth enamel samples from nine skeletons. The table standard deviation from the mean. Although the deciduous in Figure 4 lists the sampled skeletons, teeth sampled, and the enamel from Burial PC106 is potentially more susceptible strontium isotope measurements. All skeletons sampled are those to diagenesis than are the permanent teeth sampled for the of adults or probable adults, with the exception of Burial PC106, remaining individuals, PC106 has a 87Sr/86Sr value that lies aged 2 years ±8 months by dental development. Sex could not well within the range of the Aguateca teeth, .70757. These be definitively assessed for any of the skeletons. The Aguateca values can be reliably interpreted as a local range because they burials were especially fragmentary, although the tooth enamel show so little variability, despite deriving from three different was well preserved. archaeological contexts. Moreover, they match expected values From most skeletons we selected a first molar, for which for the Cretaceous bedrock of the region, a sample of water the enamel forms between birth and 2.5 years of age. For from the Pasión river near Sayaxche (.70746), reported by burial PC106, a child, we sampled the second deciduous Hodell et al. (2004:597), and data obtained from Seibal skeletons molar, for which enamel forms during the first seven months (Krueger 1985). Diagenetic change of the values is unlikely in after birth. Enamel sections were cut from the crown of each tooth enamel, which is resistant to mineral deposition due to its tooth to provide a section spanning from cusp to cervix, thus dense crystalline structure. Moreover, elemental analyses of soils incorporating the full developmental span of the tooth. from Petexbatun burials show that the soils contain very little The enamel samples were prepared for strontium isotopic strontium (Wright 2006), so incorporation of diagenetic material analysis using a standard methodology (Wright 2005a), in is likely to be minimal. which the samples are digested in nitric acid, dissolved in The enamel from Burial PC103 shows a much higher hydrochloric acid, and strontium is isolated using cation 87Sr/86Sr, .70790. This value is four standard deviations above exchange chromatography. The strontium isotope ratios were the mean of the Aguateca samples, and 2.9 standard deviations measured using thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) at above the highest 87Sr/86Sr value measured at Aguateca. Because the University of North Carolina (UNC-CH), in the laboratory the number of samples measured from Aguateca is fairly small, of Dr. P. Fullagar. The standard error of 87Sr/86Sr measurements and the data are not normally distributed, the membership of at UNC-CH typically ranges from .000006 to .000010. Further the PC103 datum in this group cannot be evaluated using further details of the sample preparation methods can be found statistical means. Nonetheless, its position as an outlier is clear; elsewhere (Knudson et al. 2004; Price et al. 2008; Wright 2005a). it is extremely unlikely that the individual buried in PC103 spent

Burial Lot Date Tooth Sample ID 87Sr/86Sr

AG31 AG29A-3-4-1 Late Classic L M1 F3233 .70759

AG33 AG29A-13-4-2 Late Classic R M1 F3234 .70745

AG36 AG29C-12-4-2 Late Classic L M1 F3235 .70739

AG44 AG29B-11-4-2 Late Classic R M1 F3236 .70748 AG46 AG29B-2-4 Late Classic L M1 F3237 .70762 AG-ST2 ST8C-1-4-2 Early Classic R M1 F3238 .70760 AG-ST3 ST8C-1-4-3 Late Classic R M1 F3239 .70741 PC103 PC51C-2-5-1 Early Classic L M1 F3240 .70790

PC106 PC51A-11-5-2 Early Classic L m2 F3241 .70757

Figure 4. Stable strontium isotope sample composition of tooth enamel from Aguateca and Punta de Chimino (in Tooth column, L/R denotes left/right; M/m denotes permanent/ deciduous molar; superscript/subscript number denotes maxillary/mandibular ordinal).

33 Lori E. Wright and Bruce R. Bachand .7095 both .7075. The PC103 value matches the environmental data from Tikal and falls at the lower end of the range shown by human teeth from Tikal, some 1.2 standard deviations below .7090 the Tikal mean (Wright 2005a). 87Sr/86Sr values near .7079 have also been reported from Piedras Negras, Tonina, and (Price et al. 2008). Hence it is likely that this individual spent .7085 his childhood in the central or western Peten, or in northeast Chiapas. Higher values are found in at Barton Ramie (Krueger 1985), where alluvium from the Maya Mountains .7080 raises the 87Sr/86Sr ratio. Despite the resemblance to Mexican mortuary patterns, it is not possible that this individual was born 87 86 .7075 at Teotihuacan, where the Sr/ Sr values average .7047 (Price et al. 2000). Nor is Kaminaljuyu a possibility; the 87Sr/86Sr of local skeletons at Kaminaljuyu is .7045 (Wright et al. 2008). .7070 Thus, Burial PC103 joins the ranks of two other burials from the Maya area that exhibit what appear to be Mexican mortuary features but have tooth enamel 87Sr/86Sr values inconsistent with .7065 a childhood spent in Central Mexico. At Copan, the skeleton thought to be that of K’inich Yax K’uk’ Mo’ (Burial 95-2) was found in an Early Classic tomb in the talud-tablero “Hunal” .7060 structure, accompanied by artifacts that suggest considerable 87Sr/86Sr affiliation with Central Mexico (Bell et al. 2003; Reents-Budet

Seibal 87 86 (n=11) Copan et al. 2003). However, the Sr/ Sr of this skeleton’s first molar & PC106 indicates an origin in the Central or Northern Maya Lowlands (bone, n=7) (bone, n=9) (bone, n=8) Tikal (n=72) Tikal Burial PC103

Barton Ramie (Buikstra et al. 2003). Likewise, Tikal’s Early Classic ruler Yax Piedras Negras Aguateca (n=7) Nuun Ahiin I, who is generally accepted to have been recovered Punta de Chimino from Burial PTP-010, was accompanied by ceramic vessels Figure 5. Strontium isotope ratios of human tooth enamel from Punta decorated with Teotihuacan-style imagery. Epigraphic records de Chimino, Aguateca, Seibal, Tikal, Piedras Negras, Copan, and Barton suggest that Yax Nuun Ahiin may have been the son of a ruler of Ramie. Sources of comparative data are discussed in the text. Teotihuacan, and monuments from his rule and that of his son his or her early childhood at Punta de Chimino or at another depict him in Teotihuacano garb (Martin and Grube 2000; Stuart site within the Petexbatun region. This is arguably the only 2000). Nonetheless, the canine enamel of the central skeleton in 87 86 elite burial sampled, and dramatic dietary distinctions could PTP-010 shows a local Tikal Sr/ Sr signature, indicating that affect strontium isotope signatures by the consumption of large the individual spent his early childhood at Tikal or nearby in the quantities of imported foods or condiments. At Tikal, however, central Peten (Wright 2005b). where imported sea salt may measurably affect 87Sr/86Sr ratios, 87Sr/86Sr does not vary among social groups that show Conclusion statistically significant dietary differences (Wright 2003, 2005a). The strontium isotope composition of Burial PC103 indicates Given the magnitude of the 87Sr/86Sr distinction shown by PC103, that this individual was almost certainly born and raised in the migration is a more likely explanation. Southern Maya Lowlands, although he or she was not local to the Figure 5 illustrates the 87Sr/86Sr composition of the Aguateca Petexbatun region. The most likely places of origin include the and Punta de Chimino skeletons in comparison with 87Sr/86Sr Usumacinta drainage, where burials from Piedras Negras show data obtained from skeletons at sites in the Maya area. The comparable values, or the central or northern Peten. Although 87Sr/86Sr data measured at Aguateca are consistent with those the 87Sr/86Sr is equivalent to local strontium at Tikal, it falls at reported by Krueger (1985) from Seibal, and with data reported the lower extreme of the range shown by Tikal skeletons. Given by Hodell et al. (2004) for water samples from the Río Pasión, the probable enrichment of Tikal 87Sr/86Sr by the consumption

Maya Archaeology 34 of sea salt (Wright 2005a), if originally from Tikal, he or she ate childhood. Although the precise point of origin of the individual considerably less salt than most of Tikal’s inhabitants during is unclear, the evidence reported here joins a growing body of childhood. While we cannot exclude Tikal from consideration, data that suggests a rather complex interplay between Lowland the individual might also have come from any neighboring Maya and Mexican identities during the early fifth century AD. sites in the vicinity of Tikal if these did not have access to this Equally important is the possibility of central Peten or Tikal imported condiment. However, it would be more parsimonious involvement in Middle Pasión affairs at a time when the region’s to suggest an origin at a site with an equivalent 87Sr/86Sr, such as major Preclassic centers were abandoned (Johnston 2006; those in the Usumacinta drainage. Willey 1990). Punta de Chimino provides a small window into It is important to recall that mapping of 87Sr/86Sr variability this poorly understood but pivotal moment in Lowland Maya in the Maya area is incomplete, and many sites may have history. equivalent local values due to their equivalent geological histories (Price et al. 2008). Because dental enamel forms Acknowledgments in childhood, strontium isotope analysis of teeth will only We thank the Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala determine the place of residence in childhood. PC103’s occupant for permission to excavate at Punta de Chimino and to sample could have been born and raised in northeast Chiapas or the the teeth. Fieldwork at Punta de Chimino was made possible northern Peten, and moved to Punta de Chimino only shortly by funding from NSF grant BCS 0404027, Brigham Young before death, or may have lived there for decades. The dental University’s New World Archaeological Foundation, and the strontium data provide no evidence of where the individual University of Arizona. Mynor Pinto and the owners of Chiminos may have lived or visited during his or her adolescence and Island Lodge provided generous encouragement and logistical adulthood. support at the site. We also thank Takeshi Inomata, Erick As for the individual’s social identity, it is possible that Ponciano, and Daniela Triadan for access to the Aguateca skeletal those who buried this individual considered him or her to be remains, which were excavated with support from NSF grant partly or fully Mexican, or the individual may have emigrated SBE-0414167, and for their generous assistance in the field and from a polity that had strong ties with Teotihuacan, such as lab. Jim Burton and Paul Fullagar carried out the laboratory Tikal. However, burial ritual can be shaped by many factors in analyses with support from NSF grant BCS-0413047. We thank addition to the social persona of the deceased; what is clear is Kitty Emery of the Florida Museum of Natural History for that this individual migrated into the Petexbatun region after identifying the shell found in Burial PC-103.

35 Lori E. Wright and Bruce R. Bachand Maya Archaeology References Cited

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