Posted on Authorea 19 Mar 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158465400.09865649 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. onSn Park Sang Joon winter in waters for coastal species Korean indicator diagnostic and ecoregions Diatom-based osa aescnetdt h atCiaSa,adteEs e E,o h e fJpn,ec with each Japan), of Sea a is the Peninsula, or Korean (ES, the Korean Sea and as East China known mainland the also between and (SS; located Sea Sea), (generally YS, Southern shallow China The the East characteristics. (YS), pressures. the distinguishing community Sea selective its Yellow to that diatom to the connected response concept in by waters in the surrounded Changes coastal occurring is in adaptation Peninsula foreseen 2002). of Korean indicative as ((Finlay The be change, selects” to environment climate reducing considered for be the as solution can such but diversity potential trends everywhere, a crucial ecological is as are global rapidly considered “everything diatoms sink Thus, been in they even interested 2005). have ocean, researchers al. and open et cycle (Sarthou, the CO carbon organisms in 1995). atmospheric deep-water global and for al. the fisheries, et food to productive Nelson, become contributors most to 1998, Falkowski the surface organic and much the support production Randerson as from waters approximately primary Behrenfeld, coastal al. generates global (Field, in et of reportedly combined (Falkowski, Diatoms photosynthesis ˜20% rainforests years and diatom all annual production million as and primary 180 carbon 1998), oceanic than total al. more the et of size for (Field, 40% in abundant contribute range been they They have 2004); species. microalgae 200,000 over silica-depositing with These group phytoplankton ubiquitous and from successful a are Diatoms Introduction space. and time seasonal both subsequent in the ecoregions, and diatom-based ecoregions, Korean of water understanding coastal improved Korean the This for of and ecoregions. point bioindicators four starting stalk-forming, as the a chain-forming, of serve provide Sea tychoplanktonic, one will to East with survey of community associated Northern diatom selection lifestyle and the planktonic the as a (SES), shows such to represented study Sea which groups, led of East other ecoregion each Southern of each diatoms, consisted (SS), indicator in psychrophilic biota Sea analysis the Southern arithmetic species where (YS), the Indicator those Sea using we (NES). from Yellow technique waters, envi- sites—apart pair-group coastal ecoregions: aquatic sampling unweighted Korean four the the the South dinoflagellates—into cluster characterize applied in We to to winter method sites. bioindicators during clustering coastal communities as averages 114 diatom used from of be diversity samples can phytoplankton and diatoms collected relationship distribution The that the means wall. estimate external To habitat silica and ronment. ornamented an diversity with thecal group photosynthetic their eukaryotic between and successful globally a are Diatoms Abstract 2020 5, May 2 1 Joo oe oa eerhInstitute Technology Research and Polar Science Korea Ocean of Institute Korea 2 μ st m n xs ihra igeclso scan fcnetdcls(oita ta.2007). al. et (Kooistra, cells connected of chains as or cells single as either exist and mms to ms 2 < ees(emn20) ie hi bqiosntr,daosaelgclsbet for subjects logical are diatoms nature, ubiquitous their Given 2008). 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Methods cluster community and diatom Materials using characteristics sea survey winter to a links the through investigate clarify Korea to to South is of to sea- and study areas available sites present along coastal the are sampling the as of elements 114 in purpose well communities trace of the diatom as and Therefore, of silicon, distribution regions, 2003). and Price upwelling phosphorus, diversity and nitrogen, and (Morel inorganic growth coastal their light, well-mixed sustain sufficient in where dominate 2001). edges polar to ice al. sub-arctic ( et tend a basins (Kim, exhibits communities seas and deep Diatom sub-tropical processes oceanic and biological contains active sub-polar highly of its also and depths between ES temperatures, front sill basins the surface its closed of sea Ocean. to both size in due Pacific of variations the are outflows North typical approximately former receives characteristics Also the sea, the exhibiting and marginal with to 2002). currents in mid-latitude, Similarities Beardsley unusual Kuroshio typical, and oceans. somewhat (Ichikawa to a and rivers is is subjected largest and ES is world’s Mediterranean the SS the western Russia, The among and is 2003). 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Fig. 2, (Table glacialis respectively (p ecoregions, four values and the indicator v) for calculated found using were species, species identified lis indicator indicator were 7 37 ecoregions and the 6, major Among 17, four 7, the and for 0.05), species indicator The cells (12,105–34,792 abundance species of levels Indicator reduced and 101) and 100, 93, by site-by-site 89–91, dominated (0.25–2.82) and sites (e)), variable SS, at were 1 the indices (Fig. in diversity SS high and Shannon western YS, 25–30), (a)–(c)). the the 1 in in values Fig. low low 1, Group relatively (Table with Unique 1 was ES while pH, Group the respectively, and in Unique region. salinity, 104, moderate SES groups: temperature, and water the 102 major the for and from variability in four 48, (82) Abiotic sites sites these and site four 25 from 105. 47 solitary 64) with included site each: separated as (site sites just SS ecoregion were well two included SS the 3 sites as included 3 Group in the two NES, 2 ecoregion. located to the in Group this from sites one Unique one in sites and 51 with including included 11 included groups but had also ecoregion unique ecoregion ecoregion 13) 2 Three groups 4 YS and Group unique Group 12, the 86). while additional 10, in and SES, Bray- three (3, 75 mostly YS the and (sites sites, the on groups ES 21 from based the major of in clustering, four consisted two UPGMA into 1 and The data Group groupings regions. the 2). the diatom-based clustered adopted (Fig. we establish matrices, so provided to similarity and algorithm methods, method Curtis clustering seven UPGMA this other the the by 0.73), to achieved = compared approximation (r dissimilarity values coefficient best the correlation cophenetic ecoregions the on diatom-based Based and characteristics, variable composition, Species an “not for sites Results zero of from groups ranged the values ability.” IndVal among indicator The species “maximum C´aceres 2013). for indicator (De one identify R to to in species” applied indicator method Computing, was “indicspecies” Statistical (IndVal) the for method using Project value R the Computing). indicator (the using Statistical The visualized R for was sampling Foundation in clustering R between both and assessed the distances 2013), 2017), by then Pairwise Mundt al. were supported et and methods 1962). 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(WPGMC), and centroids (ward.D pair-group (UPGMC), using weighted method centroids method using the method linkage pair-group (UPGMA), pair-group complete weighted unweighted methods averages the the the method, arithmetic clustering (WPGMA), linkage averages using single hierarchical arithmetic the using method eight method follows: pair-group as performed unweighted were we These the matrix. sites, method, distance sampling pairwise the between on based similarity algorithm. distances similarity spatial pairwise Bray–Curtis and identify the data To composition, using skewed calculated normalizing were into sites root sampling fourth between its by transformed was species Fg ii) 4 (Fig. .curvisetus C. , kltnm ori-aioicomplex dohrnii-marinoii Skeletonema , luoim angulatum Pleurosigma Fg v)wr dnie sbigsgicn o SS. for significant being as identified were xvi) 4 (Fig. Fg xviii) 4 (Fig. Fg vii–viii) 4 (Fig. eoianummuloides Melosira , uapazodiacus Eucampia Fg x) 4 (Fig. hlsinm izciie,Taasoiacurviseriata Thalassiosira nitzschioides, Thalassionema , heoeo ffii,C rvs .constrictus C. brevis, C. affinis, Chaetoceros , .debilis C. , Fg i eeietfida en infiatfrY,while YS, for significant being as identified were vi) 4 (Fig. 04 tst 1.Dao ihesws73 ihlwvle nteSS(7–9 SES the in values low with 7–36 was richness Diatom 31). site at (0.42 ciotcu senarius Actinoptychus Fg iii) 4 (Fig. Fg xi) 4 (Fig. Fg xiv) 4 (Fig. aai sulcata Paralia , .lcnou,Chaetoceros laciniosus, C. , 3 uapazodiacus Eucampia , Fg i) 4 (Fig. hlsisr nordenskioeldii Thalassiosira Achnanthes Fg iv) 4 (Fig. seolnskraa yltlalittora- Cyclotella kariana, Asteroplanus , Fg xii) 4 (Fig. p.(i.4xix–xx) 4 (Fig. spp. hlsisr eccentrica Thalassiosira , Fg xvii) 4 (Fig. spp. Fg xv) 4 (Fig. eouapumila Detonula , .contortus C. , · l -1 Fg (f)). 1 (Fig. ) Pseudo-nitzschia , 04–.9i sites in (0.42–0.79 , and Asterionellopsis Entomoneis , .nordens- T. Fg 4 (Fig. Fg 4 (Fig. Fg 4 (Fig. < Posted on Authorea 19 Mar 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158465400.09865649 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ol h ufc ae n h ae eprtr etclgain eoe oeuiom(euh,et (Gebuehr, monsoon uniform NW more the becomes winds; gradient and vertical currents temperature tidal water by that vertically the species well-mixed and diatom is water identify winter surface to in the used column cools water was ecoregion. the technique each diatom-based YS, This of four In characteristics from waters. seasonal species and coastal meaningful geographic Korean the the South identify reflected to the analyses in species ecoregions indicator Takematsu diatom and performed ecoregion Yoon We Volkov, diatom-based deep Min, each area’s Kim, the in Kim, by species the 2004, caused Indicator has flux al. which nutrient et ES, inorganic (Kang, low for 2004). a inputs abundance al. to mixing diatom et related river low Yun, 2001, of be the affected may lack particular, factors environmental sea, and In and water open physical, in area. the geographic, role coastal of the major each characteristics in a in differences played abundances in that probably diatom that indicated differences reported data such the (2013) and Overall, ES, al. for et measured silica) Jung, abundance. dissolved those and diatom than 1990). the phosphorus, increasing higher dissolved at al. times nitrogen, occur (dissolved et three into concentrations seas were phytoplankton Seung, nutrient flow these of inorganic 1991, continuously levels of SS, high (Choi and both currents) to YS production in leading warm Fronts waters primary offshore Kuroshio con- Kang and structures. stratified the nutrient and and front abundance waters Yeo of the and coastal 2012, upwelling turbid and branch between coastal SS, (a al. boundary experiences and et Tsushima also YS (Jung, from which in abundance SS currents community fronts rivers Warm diatom tidal that increased and reported 1998). research with upwelling previous associated coastal study, are present both the centrations to in nutrients nutrients inorganic inorganic main analyze supply the as not such were did species salinity we dominant Although and the by pH here, determined as temperature, YS, not water in were than occurrence , found wa- Rather species species Korean diatom ( We diatom mudflat. for of pH average influencers 2010). the well-developed low seasonal low, Sullivan relatively the 13 were the by and by the YS exhibited Trobajo rather exceed in- in 2019, but not temperatures main tidal temperature, al. did water the water and et temperature the being nutrients, water (Desianti, Although as light, the waters ters. and reported coastal temperature, winter, been in water during substrates—have salinity, distribution sampled of diatom as properties of such physical fluencers factors the environmental with waters abiotic currents—together coastal sea, Korean the in In abundance diatom and variables Abiotic by Discussion dominated strongly but was included, 105 was site site) nearby (105 the sample that one noted only we as here, 3 calculated curviseriata Group Chaetoceros not Unique was for indicator calculated an not although was value indicator An 1and 2. Group Unique for species: identified were indicator had also marina groups unique three The NES. for significant being as pennatum Corethron aurita tella paludosa xxx) aai sulcata Paralia ooiaglacialis Porosira , , adraannulata Lauderia Fg xxiv) 4 (Fig. Fg xi)wr dnie sbigsgicn o E,with SES, for significant being as identified were xxiii) 4 (Fig. , yltlalittoralis Cyclotella Fg xxvi) 4 (Fig. impoagrandis Licmophora , Fg xxiv) 4 (Fig. . , impoaflabellata Licmophora ocndsu centralis Coscinodiscus , Rhabdonema , rqetyocryear-round. occur frequently impoadebilis Licmophora Fg xxi) 4 (Fig. spp , 4 Amphora aiuaelegans Navicula . .paradoxa L. , and < and .) hc a eae otehg conductivity high the to related was which 8.1), Fg xxvii) 4 (Fig. hlsisr pacifica Thalassiosira Licmophora spp., ailrapaxillifera Bacillaria Fg xxii) 4 (Fig. and , heoeo radicans Chaetoceros impoaehrenbergii Licmophora , p. ersnigUiu Group Unique representing spp., auai fasciculata Tabularia Navicula , Fg xii identified xxviii) 4 (Fig. ciotcu senarius Actinoptychus , Grammatophora p.and spp. Fg xxv) 4 (Fig. species, Fg 4 (Fig. Odon- , Posted on Authorea 19 Mar 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158465400.09865649 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. h eetdidctrseisi h E crgo nlddpyhohlcdaossc as such diatoms 2009). cause psychrophilic may al. included current et ecoregion Tsushima (Kooistra, NES the column the of water in effect the stalk-forming species continuous in by indicator the suspended preferred selected that and likely The are substrates also which from is habitats detached It become macroalgae to 2014). massive diatoms the al. of et (Jeong, presence pres- diatoms extensive significant the the for to of exists related relationship occurrence explanation no The as clear showed such rate no column. Currently, diatoms growth attached their action, 2015). easily of and wave Hallegraeff can ence turbulence, and and cells low (Ravizza forces conditions and nutrients intertidal sub-optimal intensities to survive in light study, although microalgae, high to recent macroalgae, experimental a rocks, strong In and under sediments, be rocks 1998). including to (Honeywill against (Honey- substrates, dislodged has pounded zone various become attachment being littoral on stalk as the survive well The throughout to as pools known ice. rock are and in stalk-forming species submerged vertebrates, estuarine, Its found were divided usually were 1998). species is ecoregions will indicator that diatom-based the diatom ES SES, the stalk-forming the study, a our In In as structure groups. such community 2016). northern diatoms, phytoplankton and al. influence et southern that by currents (Choi, distinct eddies affected area These into mesoscale mainly this Current. and is in Tsushima fronts distribution distribution N-trending diatom subpolar and the where the and continuous coastline, form Current, linear and cause Liman simple, meet characteristics S-trending a geological currents—the with has diatoms. terrace and major shear chain-forming coastal two physical for turbulence a availability its Recently, has nutrient ES studied, although the 2006). The not and increasing 2018), was be al. well al. SS et may et in Peters, which (Bergkvist, con- turbulence 2009, turbulence, diatoms biological chain-forming of and in al. type uptake chemical, et nutrient the physical, Musielak, enhancing of to advantages as 2015, 2012). the responses reported with Kim been al. beneficial diatoms and et including wind-driven chain-forming (Bae sediment (Bjaerke, as of SW, bays SS success straints reported by in the encourage being influenced effects explain factors formation to physically tidal physical advanced chain emphasizes is These been coastline have and complex theories Current. islands, Several Warm geologically and the Tsushima bays and the many re-suspension and with currents, ria tidal a currents, as geologically such is diatoms, chain-forming Korea and colony dohrnii were tonema species indicator the enrichment. well-established glacialis and ecoregion, nutrient YS exhibiting sediments and SS the areas inputs, from of the freshwater for characteristics In inputs column, the liking nutrient summary, water a In so the including of and species. explanations mixing this 2014), vertical straightforward for habitat have al. suitable species et a (Yamaguchi, indicator provide YS blooms into large draining rivers very form and trients rqetyfudi Setais(ak ta.21) while 2013), al. et is (Park, coin- 1988). abundance estuaries migrations Jones vertical YS and its (Happey-Wood in periodic and light undergoing found upwelling, and by frequently frequent tides environment the severe with with its regions cident and overcomes 1988). in which ((McQuoid (Abrantes found diatom nature concentrations intertidal typically tychoplanktonic nutrient high is its with to species correlated due this water 2003); well-mixed Nordberg vertically for indicator environmental nteY crgo,teidctrseisicue yhpakoi itm nw ob yial benthic typically be to known 2). diatoms (Table tychoplanktonic littoralis, Korea) included species Cyclotella South species water and in indicator Wang brackish rivers Wang, the and largest 2014, ecoregion, five Khim YS to the and the chance of (Koh In a (two enrichment diatoms nutrient rivers tychoplanktonic additional Keum providing and and nutrient 2003). region provides benthic Han Zhan YS column gives The the water and into the light. surface drain in and mixing the nutrients Vertical to both 1984). sediment access Roelofs the 1997, from McQuoid enrichment and Hobson 2009, al. , Chaetoceros - impoagrandis Licmophora marinoii and p. and spp., seolnskarianus Asteroplanus complex, Licmophora uapazodiacus, Eucampia Licmophora hlsisr curviseriata, Thalassiosira , .paradoxa L. aai uct,Atnpyhssnru,Persgaangulatum Pleurosigma senarius, Actinoptychus sulcata, Paralia pce and species pce,including species, eeslce sidctrseishere. species indicator as selected were , dnel aurita Odontella Achnanthes 5 Licmophora n hlsisrlssc as such Thalassiosirales and seolnskarianus Asteroplanus and luoim angulatum Pleurosigma p. and spp., .grandis L. yltlalittoralis Cyclotella rwwl n ucsflyfre colonies formed successfully and well grew .nordenskioeldii T. sidctrseisi E ih be might SES in species indicator as dnel aurita Odontella and .paradoxa L. eouapumila Detonula a ail paenu- uptake rapidly can saerhln diatom euryhaline a is h Scatieof coastline SS The . aai sulcata Paralia satpclepipelic typical a is . Asterionellopsis oeho pen- Corethron Licmophora ntewater the in , , Skele- san is is , Posted on Authorea 19 Mar 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158465400.09865649 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. bats .18.Dao sebae suwligidctr nsraesdmnso otgl Marine - Portugal. off sediments surface in indicators upwelling 15-39. as 85: assemblages Geology Diatom 1988. F. Abrantes, the from use to able are References species, indicator and clustering the analyzing for set data information. supplementary diatom and scripts the R by funded (NRF) Foundation Accessibility Research (NRF-2020R1A2C2005970). National Data (MSIT) Institute the ICT Korea by by and supported funded Science and (PE99821) of Technology organisms production, Ministry & the marine for Science from technologies Ocean molecules the of small of development of the of evaluation project and research with application, the by help supported and was research collection This sample Institute with Korea support Samples, S.D Marine of Lee, Korea. Funding Library South Technology, Dr. the & in and stored Science S.M. were Ocean Yun, samples of phytoplankton Dr. The to analyses. thank diatom to winter. like in waters, would coastal We Korean reflected South have in species diatoms investi- indicators of not distribution their was Acknowledgements spatial and distribution the groupings influence diatom biogeographical can on that diatom-based factors that factors the biological some showed study, and analysis this chemical, our in physical, as gated of distribution Cold influence Liman diatom the the Warm influencing Although ecoregion, Tsushima factor NES strong Tsushima the main as the In the the such with region. by species be coastline this cold-water and to simpler in flows considered a species as with was planktonic tidal such associated Current of strong distribution diatoms be and the be to stalk-forming limiting coastline thought to having Current was uneven considered ecoregion, mixing species was an SES column indicator diatoms by the as chain-forming water caused In of uniform characterized major turbulence dominance were Current. had four the the Warm species region ecoregion, finding to indicator SS the selected winter response the that the a In in indicating ecoregion, waters inputs. YS diatoms freshwater coastal the euryhaline with In Korean and NES). tychoplanktonic South and as SES, in SS, distribution (YS, diatom ecoregions investigated have We geography. by this Conclusion than that rather suggesting current, 2008) of by Min action influenced and the most by (Kim be characterized Current may Warm probably assemblage Tsushima was community Byun the ecoregion diatom and weakening the In NES ecoregion’s Kim Current to the Shin, effects. related Cold that Kim, their those Liman indicated Magaard, are in Cold the (Yun, work species Current Liman differ our indicator Cold the probably Specifically, Liman the ecoregion, water the 2004). and warm NES with southward, the and associated strongly water In flows transitions cold Current temperature 2012). Cold while al. Liman impact, et the undiluted Arctic winter, (Joo, more the Arctic a in the has in occurring Current occurring even frequently 1996) most Syvertsen although 2002). and al. (Hasle et while Lovejoy, 1983), 2014, cosmopolitan Fryxell al. be et to (Duerksen, known region diatom centric large, natum , ocndsu etai,Prsr glacialis Porosira centralis, Coscinodiscus hlsisr pacifica Thalassiosira oeho criphilum Corethron a enrpre rmcl otoia ein Pr,e l 2016), al. et (Park, regions tropical to cold from reported been has and and , ooiaglacialis Porosira Porosiraglacialis 6 hlsisr pacifica Thalassiosira satpclplrdao Vlaeland (Villareal diatom polar typical a is eeisidctrspecies. indicator its were Licmophora . Coscinodiscuscentralis and Achnanthes sa is Posted on Authorea 19 Mar 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158465400.09865649 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ato ot osa aes oe.-Kra ora fEvrnetlBooy3:328-338. western the 30: in Biology Environmental communities of phytoplankton Journal and Korean masses water - in Korea. changes waters, - Seasonal Coastal Ocean. Marine South 2012. Arctic of of al. western part Society et the 3-17. in Korean W., communities 81-84: S. the phytoplankton Oceanography Jung, of of in variation Journal Studies Latitudinal Ii-Topical - Part 2012. Research at Korea. al. Deep-Sea algal of et benthic M., Coast marine H. East of Joo, the species 609-618. of indicator 20: Journal areas biological Safety - three and & Seas. structure Environment the Community China in East 2014. zone and intertidal Yellow al. the et in H.-D., system Jeong, current The 77-92. 2002. 58: C. Oceanography of R. Beardsley, and H. Ichikawa, Ecology Marine 221-271. - British 13: in of Research Canada. study assemblages Diatom A Columbia, diatom 1998. British planktonic C. Georgia, among Honeywill, of variations Temporal Strait 263-274. southern 150: 1997. the Series R. Progress of M. environment McQuoid, turbulent diatoms. and a Marine A. 1996. benthic L. E. intertidal Hobson, E. in Syvertsen, motility and and R. migration G. vertical Hasle, of Rhythms to reference Paralia 1988. particular of P. 185-197. with occurrence Jones, 7: the diatoms and Biology on M. Aquatic salinity C. and - 1061. light Happey-Wood, Sea. temperature, 296: North nutrients, Science Roads, of - Helgoland Influence at species. 2009. eukaryote compo- sulcata al. microbial oceanic et free-living and C., of terrestrial Gebuehr, dispersal Integrating Global biosphere: 2002. the J. of 354-360. B. Finlay, production 305: 237. Primary Science and 281: - 1998. Sources Science phytoplankton. - eukaryotic al. Ice: nents. modern et Sea of B., Arctic evolution C. The under Field, Diatoms 2004. Pelagic mid- al. e114070. Rich, et in 9: G., Omega-3 indicators One P. Falkowski, Large, environmental Plos - as 2014. Webs. diatoms Food al. of for et Implications limitations 1440-1458. W., and 42: S. potential Coasts Duerksen, and The Estuaries - 2019. wetlands. coastal al. Atlantic Progress 29. et Ecology Marine Proj N., - R Desianti, fertilization. - iron 1). ocean and 219-225. 1.7. processes Oceanog- ocean (ver. 364: change, package (eds), Series Climate indicspecies al. 2008. the L. et use K. 217-245. Chang, Denman, to K.-I. pp. How Publishing, In: 2013. International - M. 223-241. Springer Caceres, Production. Sea). 26: De Primary Oceanography (Japan and of Sea of Phytoplankton Society East Journal Korean the 2016. phytoplankton the of of - al. distribution raphy of et and Journal K., productivity predation? - J. primary evade sea. on Choi, Yellow front to of tidal regulated coast the of mid-eastern phytoplankton influence the in The in length 1991. K. chain J. Is Choi, 1110-1119. 2015. 37: Research al. 3046. Plankton et 9: by Communications sequestration O., 295-307. Nature CO2 Bjaerke, - large-scale 18: small-and Safety sea. stimulates and the simultaneously South Environment in Turbulence the Marine diatoms in 2018. of chain-forming Modeling Society al. Numerical Korean et a J., the by Bergkvist, of Properties Journal Flow - the Understanding Korea. of 2012. D.-S. Sea Kim, and S.-W. Bae, luoim angulatum Pleurosigma Licmophora pce n icsino t opooia etrs - features. morphological its of discussion a and species 7 itmRsac :83-93. 3: Research Diatom - . Posted on Authorea 19 Mar 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158465400.09865649 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ato,G,e l 05 rwhpyilg n aeo itm nteoen eiw ora fSea of Journal - review. a ocean: the in diatoms of fate and 165-176. physiology Growth 18: 25-42. Science 2005. Shelf of 53: and Research al. diameter Coastal valve et Estuarine, of G., - variation Sarthou, Inlets. and Columbia patterns British 30: Distributional Southern Research of Diatom 1984. sediments - K. A. C.Agardh. Greville) Roelofs, ex a formation (Carmichael stalk in and size flabellata rate different Licmophora growth of 197-208. influencing diatom diatoms conditions estuarine Environmental two the of 2015. in G. growth 134-148. Hallegraeff, the 61: and on Systems M. turbulence Ravizza, Marine small-scale of of 403-423. Journal Effects - 55: Phycologia genus medium. 2006. - phosphorus-limited the al. world. of et the diversity F., in Peters, Species distribution biogeographical 2016. its and al. Korea et South S., euryhaline J. 407-419. the Park, on 36: 1-295. study Environment Taxonomic 2: and version Ecology 2013. package, of al. ecology Journal Community et - S., esti- J. ‘vegan’. global Package Park, Revised 2013. Biogeochemical ocean: al. 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Marine diatoms: H. the of W. evolution and Kooistra, and ecosystem origin setting, The Physical 2007. Sea: al. Yellow et existence. the F., C. of 398-414. H. flat W. 102: tidal Kooistra, Management Korean Coastal The & in 21-31. 2014. Ocean Current S. - 30: Cold J. Research Korean management. Khim, Polar North and and the in C.-H. Ocean changes of variability Koh, - future interannual to data. and clue reanalysis Seasonal A Sea 2008. East Sea: H.-S. the (Japan) Min, east 3293-3296. and the Y.-H. 28: in Kim, Letters changes Research structural Geophysical and - Warming oceans? 2001. global multivariate al. of et results the the K., 1515-1528. within visualize Kim, and 26: structure Extract Research physical - Plankton mesoscale ‘factoextra’. 76. of Package the analyses Journal 2017. data - to diatom, F. marine related Mundt, Korea. and the Sea, plankton A. East of Kassambara, of southwestern morphology Distribution the and in size 2004. layer in mixed al. surface changes et on J.-H., temperature of Kang, Effect 2013. al. brightwellii Ditylum et W., S. Jung, Ws)Guo Bclaipyee.-EtaieCatladSefSine15 128-136. 135: Science Shelf and Coastal Estuarine - (Bacillariophyceae). Grunow (West) 8 aai sulcata Paralia Thalassiosira Cyclotella sa niomna niao species indicator environmental an as Taasoiae,Bclaipya in Bacillariophyta) (Thalassiosirales, Bclaipya pce nKra - Korea. in species (Bacillariophyta) aai sulcata Paralia nsurface in Posted on Authorea 19 Mar 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158465400.09865649 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. eoeteslce niao pce o aheoein S(elw,S gen,SS(rne,adNES and (orange), SES senarius (green), Actinoptychus SS (yellow), 4. species YS for Fig. Colors ecoregion: ecoregions. each (NES) for Sea East species Northern (blue). indicator and selected (SES), Sea the during East denote Korea Southern of (SS), Sea (ES) South Sea (YS), East and 3. (SS), Sea Fig. South (YS), Sea Yellow the in winter. zonation biogeographic (b) and richness. species 2. (f) Fig. and index, diversity Shannon’s (e) abundance, 1. Fig. the to leading Water Cold legends 99-131. Korean 60: Figure North Oceanography the in Progress of variability - temporal Strait. Korea and in Spatial intrusion water 2004. cold Inchon. near-bottom al. of et waters 321-326. coastal J.-Y., the 7: Yun, in International community Science phytoplankton Environmental and quality of Water Journal 51-60. 1998. - H. 517: Kang, Series and Progress H.-G. Yeo, Ecology diatom Marine the - Coastal of Estuarine, waters. blooms - Novel coastal Sea. Sea 2014. China al. East et the H., and Yamaguchi, diatoms Sea Yellow 127-136. bipolar the 58: the in Science conditions of Nutrient Shelf structure and 2003. valve the al. et on B.-d., effects Wang, Temperature 1983. A. G. 11: antarctica environments. Fryxell, Taxon Thalassiosira coastal and shallow - A. and T. estuaries methods. in Villareal, studies objective diatom by Applied Press. dendrograms University 2010. Cambridge of J. - M. comparison Sullivan, The and R. Korea: Trobajo, 1962. off J. 84-95. Sea mid-Yellow F. 25: the Korea Rohlf, in of and 33-40. front Society tidal R. Oceanological the R. the to Sokal, of related Journal studies The Oceanographic - 1990. aspects. al. Physical et H., Y. Seung, (xxx) pennatum paradoxa eccentrica Thalassiosira nldn ubro itm pce,audne hno’ iest ne H,eens E,adspecies and (E), evenness (H), index diversity Shannon’s abundance, (R). species, richness diatoms of number including 1. Table diacus dohrnii-marinoii contortus impoaehrenbergii Licmophora (xviii) , irrhclcutraayi UGA fdao omnte ae n()Ba–utssimilarity, Bray–Curtis (a) on based communities diatom of (UPGMA) analysis cluster Hierarchical eta rp nfut ottasomdaudnedt o niao pce nteYlo Sea Yellow the in species indicator for data abundance transformed root fourth on graph Heatmap irgah frpeettv niao pce o h oreoein dnie nti td:(i) study: this in identified ecoregions four the for species indicator representative of Micrographs (xxiii) , en n agso boi aibe nldn H ae eprtr,slnt n itcvariables biotic and salinity temperature, water pH, including variables abiotic of ranges and Means (x) , boi aibe:()p,()wtrtmeaue n c aiiy n itcvrals (d) variables: biotic and salinity, (c) and temperature, water (b) pH, (a) variables: Abiotic (xxvii) , .curvisetus C. suontshapungens Pseudo-nitzschia dnel aurita Odontella ope,(xv) complex, ocndsu centralis Coscinodiscus and (vi) , (ii) , ooiaglacialis Porosira (xi) , . luoim angulatum Pleurosigma yltlalittoralis Cyclotella hlsisr curviseriata Thalassiosira .debilis C. (xxiv) , (xix–xx) , nooesalata Entomoneis (xii) , (xxviii) , oa ilg :163-169. 2: Biology Polar - . .constrictus C. (iii) , Achnanthes 9 (vii) , hlsisr pacifica Thalassiosira seolnskarianus Asteroplanus eoianummuloides Melosira (xvi) , seinlossglacialis Asterionellopsis (xxv) , (xiii) , p. (xxi) spp., .nordenskioeldii T. heoeo radicans Chaetoceros eouapumila Detonula impoagrandis Licmophora elt uret rmAriake from nutrients deplete (xxix) , (iv) , (viii–ix), , (xvii) , aai sulcata Paralia ooiaglacialis Porosira (xiv) , (xxvi) , uapazo- Eucampia Skeletonema Chaetoceros (xxii) , Corethron (v) , L. , Posted on Authorea 19 Mar 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158465400.09865649 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 3 Unique nqe2NS2827.5 8.2 2 NES 2 Unique nqe1S . 8.2 8.5 2 SS 1 Unique ru NES 4 Group ru eipyeeChaetocerotales Mediophyceae Sea) (Southern 2 Group SES 3 Group SS 2 Group rus(crgo)CasOdrSeisSa p-value Stat Melosirales Species Order Coscinodiscales Coscinodiscophyceae Class Sea) (Yellow 1 Group (Ecoregion) Groups 1 YS Ecoregions 1 Group Groups al 2. Table elwSea, Yellow niao auso itmseisi ahgroup. each in species diatom of values Indicator E . . 321 .600 .918 0.09 0.08 0.16 18 33.2 7.4 8.0 1 NES 2 ote Sea, Southen 2 1 3 4 18.1 11 58.2 25 18.4 51 fstsp () T 8.0 pH 22 sites of Number 3 otenEs Sea, East Southern ailrohca Fragilariales Thalassiosirales Bacillariophyceae Mediophyceae (8.0–8.4) (8.1–8.4) (7.6–8.7) (7.7–8.3) 4 otenEs Sea East Northern (7.5–7.6) (8.0–8.3) (3.0–9.4) 5.4 12.2) (6.0– 9.4 11.4) (0.2– 6.4 12.5) (0.3– 4.8 10 Thalassiosirales Hemiaulales Naviculales Paraliales 33.5) (32.6– 33.1 34.5) (34.2– 34.4 33.6) (31.6– 33.2 33.8) (26.1– 33.0 34.7) (30.4– 33.7 34.1) (28.6– 32.3 (psu) Salinity 10.24 21 55.40 25 00.23 90 70.24 77 1 5.18 111 82.31 98 species of Number hlsisr nordenskioeldii Thalassiosira curviseriata Thalassiosira dohrnii-marinoii Skeletonema pumila Detonula zodiacus Eucampia Chaetoceros socialis Chaetoceros laciniosus Chaetoceros debilis Chaetoceros curvisetus Chaetoceros contortus Chaetoceros constrictus Chaetoceros brevis Chaetoceros affinis Chaetoceros luoim angulatum Pleurosigma kariana Asteroplanus eccentrica Thalassiosira striata Cyclotella aai sulcata Paralia nummuloides Melosira senarius Actinoptychus 0.34) (0.13– 5.69) (5.10– 0.46) (0.06– 0.44) (0.10– 12.80) (0.77– 4.81) (0.07– cells ( Abundance × 10 p.0490.0094** 0.479 spp. ± ± ± ± ± ± · l -1 5 0.10 0.29 0.12 0.10 3.06 1.41 R E H ) 0.38) (0.22– 0.03 0.86) (0.65– 0.75 0.92) (0.50– 0.76 0.93) (0.45– 0.75 0.92) (0.15– 0.68 0.92) (0.27– 0.73 ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.21 0.15 .4 0.0001*** 0.0001*** 0.745 0.0001*** 0.657 0.0011** 0.707 0.0001*** 0.520 0.596 0.0377* 0.0001*** 0.429 0.0009*** 0.538 0.0027** 0.563 0.490 0.0003*** 0.0001*** 0.550 0.0233* 0.613 0.0482* 0.413 0.380 .6 0.0111* 0.0017** 0.462 0.614 0.0081** 0.0005*** 0.481 0.603 .4 0.0001*** 0.003** 0.842 0.0243* 0.516 0.434 0.37) (0.23– 0.30 0.82) (0.61– 0.71 0.90) (0.43– 0.69 0.91) (0.45– 0.76 0.90) (0.15– 0.62 0.91) (0.28– 0.69

± ± ± ± ± ± 0.10 0.15 0.14 0.21 0.15 0.07 14

16–19 18

(14–36 23

(7–23) 12

(8–30) 16

(10–28) 17 ± ± ± ± ± 2 6 4 5 5 Posted on Authorea 19 Mar 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158465400.09865649 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ru eipyeeEupodiscales Corethrales Mediophyceae Coscinodiscophyceae Licmophorales Sea) East (Northern 4 Group Bacillariophyceae Sea) East (Southern 3 Group ecoregions-and-diagnostic-indicator-species-for-korean-coastal-waters-in-winter 4.tif Figure file Hosted ecoregions-and-diagnostic-indicator-species-for-korean-coastal-waters-in-winter 3.tif Figure file Hosted p-value ecoregions-and-diagnostic-indicator-species-for-korean-coastal-waters-in-winter 2.tif Stat Figure file Hosted ecoregions-and-diagnostic-indicator-species-for-korean-coastal-waters-in-winter 1.tif Figure file Hosted = *** Species Order Class (Ecoregion) Groups > .0;* = ** 0.001; vial at available at available at available at available > .1 * 0.01; > https://authorea.com/users/304634/articles/435189-diatom-based- https://authorea.com/users/304634/articles/435189-diatom-based- https://authorea.com/users/304634/articles/435189-diatom-based- https://authorea.com/users/304634/articles/435189-diatom-based- ailrohca Licmophorales Chaetocerotales Bacillariophyceae Mediophyceae ailrohca Bacillariales Bacillariophyceae 0.1 11 Rhabdonematales Thalassiosirales Coscinodiscales Surirellales Naviculales Mastogloiales Thalassionematales Fragilariales Rhabdonema ehrenbergii Licmophora pacifica Thalassiosira glacialis Porosira radicans Chaetoceros ocndsu centralis Coscinodiscus pennatum Corethron paludosa Entomoneis Navicula Achnanthes paradoxa Licmophora grandis Licmophora aurita Odontella hlsinm nitzschioides Thalassionema glacialis Asterionellopsis pungens Pseudo-nitzschia p.0650.0006*** 0.605 spp. p.0400.0402* 0.400 spp. p.0520.0263* 0.522 spp. .2 0.0171* 0.0458* 0.522 0.0009*** 0.507 0.0207* 0.674 0.522 .0 0.0001*** 0.707 0.0117* 0.0135* 0.521 0.460 0.0072** 0.0001*** 0.462 0.732 0.0157* 0.463 .8 0.0011** 0.0001*** 0.582 0.0083** 0.660 0.450