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Collective Study of PFAS and 1,4-Dioxane in Landfill Leachate

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Collective Study of PFAS and 1,4-Dioxane in Landfill Leachate North Carolina Collective Study Report Collective Study of PFAS and 1,4- Dioxane in Landfill Leachate and Estimated Influence on Wastewater Treatment Plant Facility Influent National Waste & Recycling Association - Carolinas Chapter H&H Job No. NWA-001 March 10, 2020 North Carolina Collective Study Report National Waste & Recycling Association - Carolinas Chapter H&H Job No. NWA-001 Table of Contents Section Page 1.0 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 2.0 General Overview ............................................................................................................................ 3 2.1 Background Information ............................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Waste Management System Considerations .............................................................................. 4 2.3 Other Related Studies .................................................................................................................. 5 2.4 Regulatory Status ......................................................................................................................... 7 3.0 Sampling Activities ......................................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Locations Sampled ...................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Sampling Methodology .............................................................................................................. 9 3.3 Laboratory Analyses ................................................................................................................. 12 3.4 Discussion of Sampling Results and Comparison to Other Studies ....................................... 13 4.0 Influence on WWTP Influent ...................................................................................................... 15 4.1 Description of Receiving WWTPs ........................................................................................... 15 4.2 WWTP Sampling Data Source ................................................................................................ 15 4.3 Discussion of WWTP Influent Sampling Results and Comparison to Other Studies ........... 16 4.4 Leachate Contribution to WWTP Daily Mass ........................................................................ 17 5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................................ 18 6.0 References ....................................................................................................................................... 20 i S:\AAA-Master Projects\National Waste and Recycling Association (NWA)\NWA-001\Report\NC Collective Study Rpt 03-10-2020.docx List of Tables Table 1 Literature Summary of PFOS and PFOA in Landfill Leachate Table 2 Landfill and WWTP Facility Information Table 3 Leachate Analytical Data Table 4 PFOS and PFOA Daily Leachate Mass Calculations Table 5 1,4-Dioxane Daily Leachate Mass Calculations Table 6 PFOS and PFOA Daily WWTP Mass Calculations Table 7 1,4-Dioxane Daily WWTP Mass Calculations Table 8 Percent of WWTP Daily Mass Contributed by Landfill Leachate List of Figures Figure 1 PFOA & PFOS Concentrations in Landfill Leachate Based on Literature Summary Figure 2 Facility Location Map Figure 3 PFOS and PFOA Daily Leachate Mass Summary Figure 4 PFOS and PFOA Daily WWTP Mass Summary Figure 5 PFOS Landfill Leachate Contribution to WWTP Daily Mass Figure 6 PFOA Landfill Leachate Contribution to WWTP Daily Mass Figure 7 1,4-Dioxane Daily Leachate Mass Summary Figure 8 1,4-Dioxane Landfill Leachate Contribution to WWTP Daily Mass List of Appendices Appendix A Laboratory Analytical Reports ii S:\AAA-Master Projects\National Waste and Recycling Association (NWA)\NWA-001\Report\NC Collective Study Rpt 03-10-2020.docx North Carolina Collective Study Report National Waste & Recycling Association - Carolinas Chapter H&H Job No. NWA-001 1.0 Introduction Hart & Hickman, PC (H&H) has prepared this North Carolina Collective Study Report on behalf of the Carolinas Chapter of the National Waste & Recycling Association (NWRA) and certain member companies. This report documents the results of a study of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and 1,4-dioxane in municipal solid waste landfill (MSWLF) leachate and its possible influence on wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) facility influent. In February 2019, the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ) met with representatives of the landfill industry to discuss the potential presence of PFAS and 1,4-dioxane in leachate as part of a statewide effort to better understand the presence of these emerging chemicals in the environment. During the meeting, NCDEQ inquired about sampling landfill leachate to begin to understand PFAS and 1,4-dioxane content and its influence on leachate treatment/disposal practices, including publicly owned WWTPs that receive leachate for treatment. Rather than participating landfills sampling and reporting individually, representatives of the landfill industry agreed to participate in a collective study involving active MSWLFs in North Carolina. From these discussions with NCDEQ, the Carolinas Chapter of the NWRA committed to collect leachate samples from nine privately-owned or operated MSWLFs, including four landfills that transport leachate to WWTPs located within the Cape Fear River Basin and five landfills that transport leachate to WWTPs located across the remainder of the State. This report documents the scope and results of the sampling program. Where available, the results of the sampling were evaluated in conjunction with WWTP influent volumes and published sampling data in order to estimate the relative contribution of landfill leachate to overall WWTP influent mass of PFAS and 1,4-dioxane. The goals and objectives of the sampling program were presented to NCDEQ in a Scoping Document, dated August 8, 2019. NCDEQ issued a letter, dated August 14, 2019, concurring with the plan outlined in the Scoping Document. 1 S:\AAA-Master Projects\National Waste and Recycling Association (NWA)\NWA-001\Report\NC Collective Study Rpt 03-10-2020.docx This North Carolina Collective Study Report is organized into sections to include the following: General overview of PFAS and 1,4-dioxane in landfill leachate, including background information, waste management system considerations, a summary of previous studies, and North Carolina regulatory status; Description of sampling activities and results; and Discussion of the WWTPs receiving the landfill leachate and calculations related to estimating the contribution of landfill leachate to overall WWTP influent mass. 2 S:\AAA-Master Projects\National Waste and Recycling Association (NWA)\NWA-001\Report\NC Collective Study Rpt 03-10-2020.docx 2.0 General Overview 2.1 Background Information PFAS are a group of man-made chemicals that have been manufactured and used in a variety of industries worldwide since the 1940s. The most extensively produced and studied PFAS compounds are perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). Another notable PFAS compound is 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropoxy)-propanoic acid (PFPrOPrA), which has the trade name GenX and is used in manufacturing nonstick coatings (United States Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2019a). Products/Wastes with Potential PFAS have been used to make a variety of consumer PFAS products that are resistant to water, grease, or stains. PFAS Consumer products have also been used in firefighting foams and various Paper and packaging industrial processes (Interstate Technology and Regulatory Clothing and carpets Outdoor textiles and sporting Council [ITRC], 2017). PFAS do not occur naturally, but equipment are widespread in the environment and have been found in Ski and snowboard waxes Non-stick cookware people, wildlife, and fish all over the world. Certain PFAS Cleaning agents and fabric can accumulate in the human body for long periods of time softeners Polishes and waxes and do not break down easily in the environment (Agency Pesticides and herbicides for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry [ATSDR], 2020). Hydraulic fluids Windshield wipers Paints, varnishes, dyes, and inks PFOS and PFOA have been largely phased out by industry Adhesives Medical products in the United States, with this phase-out beginning in the Personal care products (for early 2000s. However, PFOS and PFOA are still being example, shampoo, hair conditioners, sunscreen, produced internationally and imported into the United States cosmetics, toothpaste, dental in consumer goods. Landfills receive a large variety of floss) Sewage sludge residential and industrial waste containing PFAS Industrial wastes compounds (see inset) (ITRC, 2017). Auto shredder residue Debris from fire cleanup Discarded AFFF Other sources 3 S:\AAA-Master Projects\National Waste and Recycling Association (NWA)\NWA-001\Report\NC Collective Study Rpt 03-10-2020.docx PFAS are considered to be contaminants of emerging concern Products/Wastes with (CECs). CECs are chemicals that present known or potential Potential 1,4-Dioxane human health effects or environmental risks, but either do not have Consumer products regulatory cleanup standards or regulatory standards
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