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GLOSSARY OF MUSICAL TERMS

A cappella Adagio A To perform a choral piece without See Tempo markings. To return to the original tempo or rate of . speed. This marking usually follows the word Alla breve rit. (ritardando, or gradually slower) or accel. Accelerando, accel. To perform $ briskly, treating the (accelerando, or gradually faster). See the last To quicken the tempo gradually. rather than the as the line of “Count Your Blessings” (, no. fundamental beat. Also known as cut time. Accent 241). A tempo can also follow a section of To emphasize one note or one chord by music that is marked slower or faster than the playing it louder or slightly longer. tempo marking at the beginning of the piece. Sometimes this is also indicated by tempo I. > > Allargando Barlines œ œ To broaden (slow) the tempo and increase Vertical lines that divide measures. the volume. Accidentals barline barline Signs that alter musical notes as follows: Allegretto See Tempo markings. flat: lowers a note by one half step sharp: raises a note by one half step Allegro measuremeasure measure # natural: cancels a flat or sharp See Tempo markings. Bass n Alto Accidentals remain in effect throughout the The lower vocal line in the bass . The lower vocal line in the treble clef. remainder of the measure in which they occur, See also Vocal ranges. though they may be written only once. A See also Vocal ranges. barline cancels the accidentals from the Andante Bass staff previous measure. See Tempo markings. The staff marked with a bass clef sign. Accompaniment The musical background that accom- A written for . panies the . The or organ Arpeggio provides accompaniment for a solo singer, The bass staff ?is reserved for low musical The notes of a chord played one at a time, group, , or congregation. notes and is usually played by the left hand usually starting with the lowest note and on the keyboard. See also Clef. continuing up. Also called a broken chord.

85 Beat Chorale Marks the passing of musical time. A A German Lutheran style that had its A diagram showing the relationships regular, even beat, like the ticking of a clock, beginnings in the sixteenth century and played among major keys and their key signatures. is the basis for all in music. See also an important historical role in the development The key of C major, which has no sharps or Fundamental beat. of our modern hymn form. “A Mighty Fortress flats, is at the top of the circle. Continuing Is Our God” (Hymns, no. 68) and “O Savior, clockwise, advancing an interval of a fifth and Brace Thou Who Wearest a Crown” (Hymns, no.197) adding a sharp each time, are the keys of G, The bracket used to connect the two staves are examples of the chorale. D, A, E, B, F , and C . of a grand staff. The brace indicates that these # # two clefs are to be played at the same time. Chord The key of C has the maximum of seven # A group of three or more notes played or sharps. Beginning at the bottom of the circle sung together, making . A broken with Cb, which has the maximum of seven flats, chord is a chord whose notes are played one the circle continues clockwise at intervals of a ß & at a time. See also Triad. fifth, eliminating one flat each time until C is C ()F G () Í ˙ b # ? #˙ ( ) B D () Chording bb b ## See section five in the Keyboard Course A work for choir and soloists consisting manual. ()b E A () of a short series of pieces. It is similar to b b b ### an but is shorter and is written for Chord symbols () () () b b ()bb b b b () fewer performers. The cantata is usually See section five in the Keyboard Course b A b b b b b b b b E # # b bb b D b b b C # # accompanied by a piano or organ, and the manual. b Gb b oratorio by an . See also Oratorio. () () Chorus # # # C B # # # ## # # F# # ## Choir 1. A group of singers like a choir but not () # # A group of singers that uses several usually associated with a church. # ### performers for each voice part and usually 2. A piece of music written for a chorus reached again at the top. At the bottom of the performs music for church services (see also or a choir. circle of fifths is an area where sharps and flats Vocal ranges). Commonly there are men’s overlap, showing that it is possible to write 3. The section of some hymns that is choirs, women’s choirs, and mixed choirs for certain scales two ways. In other words, the repeated after every verse, also called a . men and women. Children’s and youth scales of F and G contain the same keys The last two lines of “I Need Thee Every Hour” # b choirs are also common. when played on the keyboard (see also (Hymns, no. 98) are an example of a chorus. tones).

86 Clef Couplers Diapason A symbol at the beginning of a staff that Organ stops that do not produce a sound The stop on the organ that is best suited indicates the pitches of the staff. of their own but link various organ sounds for accompanying congregational . It is together. the fullest sound on the organ and serves as The G clef or treble clef curls the foundation for organ registration. Another around G above middle C. Crescendo, cresc. term for diapason is principal. To sing or play gradually louder. & The F clef or bass clef centers Diminuendo, dim. on F below middle C. The same as decrescendo. ? See Tenor clef. Cue notes Dolce Small notes in the hymns that are optional. To sing or play sweetly and softly. To learn how these notes may be used, see CommonB notes “Cue Notes,” Hymns, p. 386. Notes repeated in a different part. For When a note has a dot beside it, the dot example, if the tenors sing middle C in one Cut time adds one-half the value of the regular note. chord and in the next chord the altos sing that See Alla breve. Thus, in $ time a dotted quarter note ( ) same note, it would be a common note. gets 1A beats instead of 1 beat; a dottedq.

Da capo, D.C.

half note ( ) gets 3 beats instead of 2. To repeat the piece of music from the h. œ beginning. D.C. al fine means to repeat the & ˙ ˙ piece from the beginning to the place marked ˙ fine (the end). . . When a note has a dot˙ under it or over it,

Dal segno, D.S.

˙ ˙ it is played . See also. Staccato. To repeat the piece of music from the place œ ˙ marked with the sign . D.S. al fine means to Common time? % repeat from the sign to the place marked A synonym for $ time. % fine (the end). œ . Damper pedal Double bar The sustaining pedal. Two closely spaced barlines that mark c the end of a section of music. When the right Conductor & Decrescendo barline is thicker than the left, it marks the Someone who directs a choir, congregation, To sing or play gradually softer. end of the piece. or group of instrumentalists. The conductor, through arm and hand movements, shows the beat, sets the tempo, indicates dynamics, and interprets mood and phrasing.

87 Downbeat the first ending and use the second ending. The first beat of a measure. It is felt more The third time, skip the first and second A hold. The note or rest below the fermata strongly than other beats and is marked by the endings and use the third ending. sign ( ) should be held a little longer than its conductor with a clear downward movement normalU duration—sometimes twice as long. Enharmonic tones of the arm. The performer or conductor decides how long Tones that sound the same but, because the hold should be. Draw knobs of their relationship to the key, have different See Tabs. names. D# and Eb are examples of enharmonic Fine (pronounced fee-nay) tones. In a key with sharps the tone would be The end. called D , but in a key with flats it would be E . A musical work for two performers, with or # b Finger crossing without accompaniment. In keyboard playing, changing from one finger to another while a key is depressed so Dynamics there is no audible break in the sound. Dynamic markings indicate how loudly or softly a piece should be played or sung. The Flat following dynamic markings are the most © © See Accidentals. common: D E # b Foot pp (pianissimo), very soft An organ term that designates the pitch p (piano), soft Ensemble level or register of a rank or a set of pipes. It is A small to medium-sized group of indicated by a number, followed by the symbol mp (mezzo piano), medium soft performers, usually with no more than for foot (') For example, 8' is the same pitch mf (mezzo forte), medium loud one or two to a part. They may level as the piano, 16' is one lower, and f (forte), loud perform with or without a conductor. 4' is one octave higher. ff (fortissimo), very loud Expression Foundation stop The variations of tempo, dynamics, and Any 8' stop on an organ. Foundation stops Endings phrasing used to add emotional or spiritual should be used when accompanying congre- Some hymns have different endings for meaning to music. A performance without gational singing because the pitch level most each verse. “That Easter Morn” (Hymns, expression is bland and may leave the listener closely resembles that of the piano. no. 198) and “See the Mighty Priesthood uninvolved and bored. A good will Gathered” (Hymns, no. 325) have first Fundamental beat go beyond the notes to convey to the listener endings, second endings, and third endings. The steady measurement of time marked deeper meanings and expressions of emotion by even beats, the movements of a conduc- 1. 2. 3. and spirituality. tor’s arm, tapping the foot, or counting audibly The first time through hymn no. 198, use the or inaudibly. The bottom number of the time first ending. The second time through, skip

88 signature shows which kind of note represents Harmony Interval the fundamental beat. If the bottom number is 1. The combination of two or more musical The distance in pitch or space between 4, the quarter note represents the fundamental notes played or sung in a chord. two tones or notes. Two notes of the same beat. If the number is 8, the fundamental beat pitch are called a or prime. The space 2. A signal to switch from singing in unison is the eighth note. See also . between a note and its neighboring note is to singing in parts, as in system five of “For All the interval of a second. The space of a note Giocoso the Saints” (Hymns, no. 82) and system four between two notes is called a third, and so In a playful or joking style. of “I Know That My Redeemer Lives” (Hymns, on as shown on the staff below. no.136). In keyboard playing, sliding from one note Hold to another with a thumb or a finger. The same as fermata. w w w w Grave (pronounced grah-vey) Hybrid &Unisonww ww 3rdw w 5thw w 7thw w In a slow and solemn style. An organ stop that borrows characteristics 2nd 4th 6th Octave from more than one family of organ sounds. Grand staff When an interval is written one note over A treble clef staff and a bass clef staff Hymn the other so that both tones are sounded at connected by a brace. See also System. Originally text written in praise of God. This the same time, it is called a interval term now includes a broad range of sacred (see example above). When one note is followed Great keyboard . The music added to the text is properly by the other, as below, it is a melodic interval. On an organ, one of the two or three key- called a hymn setting, but in common terms boards. On a two-keyboard organ, the great is hymn refers to the words and music as one. the bottom keyboard; on a three-keyboard organ, it is the middle one. See also Manuals Ictus w w and Swell keyboard. The point in a pattern where the & w3rdw w 5thw Octave beat occurs. On written conducting patterns in Half step Introduction the hymnbook, it is shown by a tiny circle at the The smallest musical interval, formed by Short phrase or phrases played before bottom of each curve. A little bounce with the playing two adjacent keys on the keyboard. the hymn begins as a preparation for the arm and hand at the ictus makes the beat clear congregation or choir. An introduction gives and easy to follow. (See Hymns, pp. 384–85.) the key or pitch, the tempo, and the mood of the hymn. It serves to remind the singers

of how the hymn sounds. (See “Using the

© © © © Hymnbook,” Hymns, pp. 379–80.) © ©

2 3 4

1 1 2 2 1 3

89 Key Largo The tonal center of a piece of music. Each See Tempo markings. Two general types of keys, scales, or key name is the same name as the home note chords. Major keys are based on major scales or home chord. and usually have an upbeat or happy sound. Play or sing smoothly, connecting the notes Minor keys are based on minor scales and Every traditional piece of music has a tone in a flowing style without breaks or spaces. usually sound more somber than major scales. that is the basis for all its harmonic progression. Leger lines See also Scale. For example, a hymn composed in the key of Short lines that represent lines and spaces C will usually begin and end with a C chord. Manuals above or below the limits of the staff. Although the harmony may move away from On the organ, the keyboards played by the C during the hymn, it will always return to the C hands. Each keyboard controls a certain set of A B C chord because it is the home chord. pipes or ranks. See also Great keyboard and œ Swell keyboard. The key of a hymn can be determined two œ œ ways. The first is to examine the . ß & C B E Learning how many sharps or flats each key œ œ Aœ C D A short line above or below a note indicating

has will help you discover the key of the hymn. œ that it should be played with emphasis (but with

See also Key signature and Circle of fifths. œ œ less emphasis than an accent mark would Í œ E indicate). The second way to determine the key of a ? œ D C hymn is to look at the last note of the hymn in œ œ the bass voice. If that ending note is a C, then Leger lines are used to extend the treble the hymn is probably written in the key of C. staff below middle C and the bass staff above œ middle C. To name the note, count above or Measures Key signature Small divisions in a piece of music. Mea- The sharps or flats found between the clef below the middle C line, counting each line and space. See the examples above. sures are indicated by barlines and contain and the time signature at the beginning of a the number of beats shown on the top of the piece of music. The key signature tells the key Leger lines are also used to extend above time signature. For example, each measure

of the piece.

the treble staff and below the bass staff. in $ time has four beats.

© key signature Lento © © measure See Tempo markings. # 3 Loco 4 ß & 4 See Ottava. 4 œ œ œ œ œ œ © key signature & ˙ ˙ ˙ Maestoso Í #3 Play or sing in a majestic, dignified style. ? 4

90 Medley tempo of 60 would mean one beat per quarter note A musical work made by connecting a second. A tempo of 120 would mean two q eighth note group of tunes or hymns and playing them beats per second. See also Tempo. e without pause, as one piece. sixteenth note Minor x Melody See Major and minor. Octave The succession of notes that gives a piece An interval made by combining a tone with Mixtures of music its tune. The melody line is the most the next higher or lower tone of the same name. Organ stops that produce a combination prominent line of the music. It is the line you See also Interval. of two, three, or four sounds. The tabs or draw hum or remember most vividly. A hymn gets knobs are labeled with Roman numerals II, III, Oratorio its identity from its melody. Although a hymn’s and IV in addition to their regular names. A lengthy work consisting of settings chords and harmonic movement may be similar for chorus, soloists, and orchestra. Handel’s to other hymns, its melody will be unique. The Modulation Messiah is a well-known oratorio. hymn melody is usually in the soprano line. A series of notes or chords that makes a The other voices accompany and harmonize smooth harmonic transition from one key to Ottava with the melody. another. To play a note an octave higher or lower than it is written. The symbol 8va above a note Meter Molto means to play the note an octave higher. The The way beats are divided into measures. This word means “very.” For example, molto same symbol below a note means to play it an The meter of a musical piece is indicated by accelerando means to play much faster. octave lower. When more than one note is the time signature. Mutations involved, the ottava symbol is followed by a A hymn text also has meter, which refers to On the organ, any stop (except a mixture) dotted line above or below the affected notes. the number of syllables in each phrase. (See whose pipes produce tones other than octave At the end of an ottava passage, sometimes “Meters,” Hymns, p. 405.) intervals measured from the foundation stops the word loco appears, meaning to play the (8' stops). All tierce and quint stops and their notes as they are written. Metronome are mutations; the tab or draw knobs A device that maintains a steady beat at for these stops are labeled with fractions such 8va from 40 to 208 beats per minute. A as 2 2/3', 1 3/5', or 1 1/3'. metronome marking is found at the beginning of each hymn in the hymnbook. The note Notes & œ œ œ symbol shows the fundamental beat, and the Notational symbols on a staff that represent œ numbers show how many of these beats musical tones and their durations. should occur in one minute. w ?8va œ œ If you do not have a metronome, use a half note œ œ watch or clock as a point of reference. A h

91 Parallel motion Pistons Preparatory beat Two voice lines whose pitches are moving Round buttons, usually located immediately The beat the conductor directs just before in the same direction. In contrary motion they below the manuals on the organ keyboard, that the first beat of a or hymn. It signals that move in opposite directions. are used to make quick stop changes. Pistons the hymn is beginning, sets the tempo and can be preset with any combination of stops. mood for the hymn, and allows for a quick Part breath before starting to sing. The music for any one voice. Sometimes line Pitch is used to mean a line of notes that a certain The vibration frequency of a sound, or the Presto voice sings. Thus tenor line and tenor part highness or lowness of a musical tone. A high See Tempo markings. mean the same thing. See also Singing in parts. pitch has many more vibrations per second Psalm than a low pitch. When you match your voice Pedals A sacred song of praise. The psalms from to a tone on a piano, you are matching the On the organ, the keyboard played by the the Book of Psalms were traditionally sung vibration frequency of the tone, so we say you feet. On the piano, pressing the right pedal rather than read in ancient worship services. are “on pitch” (or in tune). If your voice is sustains the note and pressing the left pedal They have played an important role in the above or below the tone, you are “off pitch” makes the piano play more softly. historical development of sacred music. (or out of tune). Pitch, tone, and note are Phrase sometimes used interchangeably in speaking Quartet A series of notes or measures that presents of a musical sound. Four-part music sung by four voices (all a musical thought. At the end of a phrase, men, all women, or mixed). Poco a poco there is sometimes a rest in the music and a Little by little. Rallentando, rall. comma or period in the text. The same as ritardando. Postlude Hymns are composed of two or more Music played at the conclusion of a worship Rank phrases. “There Is a Green Hill Far Away” service or meeting. The music should reflect A full set of organ pipes that produce a (Hymns, no. 194) is made up of two phrases the spirit of the meeting. particular type of sound. (Electronic organs of four measures each. “Abide with Me!” don’t have real pipes, but rather imitate the (Hymns, no. 166) has four phrases of four Prelude sounds of a .) See Register. measures each. Music played before a meeting begins. It should reflect a feeling of worship and encour- Reeds Phrasing age reverence and meditation as preparation Organ stops that imitate the wind and Dividing a piece of music into smaller units for the service. Many pieces called “preludes” brass instruments of an orchestra. (phrases) to make it more pleasing. Generally, may not be appropriate for worship. Using the a phrase has a gentle, natural rise and fall in Refrain hymns for prelude music is appropriate and is volume or intensity. Often the last note of a See Chorus. encouraged, but if you choose another piece phrase is softened and cut a little short to of music, use good judgment in the selection. allow a breath before the next phrase begins.

92 Register Rhythm matically play any sharps or flats that belong On the organ, a full set of pipes controlled The way movement is expressed in musical to the scale in the key. by one stop. See Rank. time. The time values of notes grouped in different combinations give an infinite variety Registration of rhythmic movement to music. When you The combining of organ stops to produce a clap the time values of the notes in a hymn, desired sound, or mixing different famiies of you are clapping the hymn’s rhythm. sound to create a particular tone on the organ. Ritardando, rit. Repeat bars A gradual slowing in tempo. It can be used A kind of barline that signals a repeat of the appropriately at the end of a hymn’s introduc- whole whole half whole whole whole half music between the repeat bars, using the first step step step step step step step tion or at the hymn’s closing. and second endings if they exist. (If there is The most common minor scales have one only an ending repeat bar, the music repeats Rubato whole step, one half step, two whole steps, one from the beginning of the piece of music.) If no In a free style with flexible rhythm. half step, one whole-and-a-half step, and one separate endings exist, repeat the section once Scale half step. for every verse of text within that section. If no A series of musical tones. There are three text is present, repeat only once unless other- The pattern is twelve basic types of scales: major, minor, and wise noted in the music. See also Endings. half steps. It includes all twelve tones on the chromatic. Each major and minor key has a keyboard and can begin on any key. scale that includes all seven fundamental notes of that key. The scale for the key of C major is See also Half step and Whole step. {{made of the notes C, D, E, F, G, A, B, and C Sempre Rest sounded in that order or the reverse. It is Always, continuing. Sempre crescendo A symbol indicating a certain length of written like this on the staff: means to continue increasing volume. . Rests are held for the same number of beats as their respective notes of the same Sharp name. œ See Accidentals. œ œ œ Singing in parts whole rest & œ œ œ œ ∑ The name of the scale is based on the Performing a hymn or song with each voice half rest group (usually soprano, alto, tenor, and bass) Ó name of the first and last note. You can play quarter rest a in any key by beginning on a singing its own part or line. This is sometimes Œ referred to as four-part singing and produces eighth rest note and then playing two whole steps, one ‰ half step, three whole steps, and one half step. a melody with full-sounding harmony. Two- sixteenth rest When you follow this pattern, you will auto- part and three-part singing are also common. ≈ See also Part and Vocal ranges.

93 Slur Stem always be the top keyboard. See also Great A curved line above or below two or more The vertical line attached to a note. A single keyboard and Manuals. notes. Connect the notes in the slur, playing note in the upper part of the staff will have a System them in legato style. A slur may also indicate stem going downward, and a single note in the A group of staves forming one line of music that one syllable is sung on two or more notes. bottom part of the staff will have a stem going across the page. “Jesus Once of Humble Birth” upward. When a note has two stems, one (Hymns, no. 196) has three systems or lines. pointing up and the other pointing down, it is “Abide with Me, ’Tis Eventide” (Hymns, no.196) to be sung by both voices. Two or more notes has five. Solo œ œ œ may share a stem when their note values are A musical work for one performer or for the same. Tabs a solo performer with accompaniment. Levers located at either the top or sides of the organ keyboard, also called tablets or Soprano £ # draw knobs. Names of tonal qualities are The highest vocal line in the treble clef. 3 œ œ œ printed on the tabs. Setting tabs directs the See also Vocal ranges. & 4 œ œ œ œ œ air to a certain rank of pipes. Staccato O my Fa - ther, £ J Tempo A dot above or below a note that indicates The rate of speed of a musical piece. it should be played in a short, detached style. j £ Tempo refers to the speed of the fundamental Release the key quickly instead of giving the # 3 œ œ œ œ beat, not to the speed of individual notes. note its full value. The last part of the beat ? 4 J becomes a rest, so the tempo is not quickened. Step The tempo is indicated at the beginning See Whole step. of a musical piece in two ways: either by words (see Tempo markings) or by fixing the number Stops . of beats per minute with a metronome marking œ Organ tablets or draw knobs that produce Staff such as =66–84 (see Metronome). œ. various types of sounds and pitch levels. See q Five lines and four spaces that provide a Register. The metronome markings in the hymnbook graph for . are provided as suggested ranges of proper Strophic tempos for the hymns. Music directors may A of a text in which all its choose an appropriate speed based on these stanzas or verses are set to the same music. suggestions. The words that accompany the Hymns are strophic. Stanza metronome markings help interpret the mood A group of lines forming a section of text or Swell keyboard of the hymns. poetry; a stanza is also called a verse. “Jesus On an organ, one of the two or three Once of Humble Birth” (Hymns, no. 196) has keyboards. The swell keyboard will almost four stanzas or verses.

94 Tempo markings Tie Tone Words that set the tempo for a musical A short, curved line connecting two notes A musical sound. piece. These words are often in Italian and are of the same pitch. The first note is played or Transpose used in most music other than the Church sung and is held for the duration of both notes To change a piece of music to a key other hymnbook. Arranged from slowest to fastest, combined. is held for two beats; is œ œ œ ˙ than the one in which it is written by moving the common tempo markings are listed below: held for three. all the notes up or down the same number Largo—broad of half steps. Some musicians can transpose Lento—slow on sight, while others may prefer a written œ ˙ transposition. One purpose of transposing a Adagio—at ease (slow) Time signature A symbol made of two numbers, one above piece might be to place it in a higher or lower Andante—a walking pace the other, found at the beginning of a piece of key to better suit a performer’s voice. Moderato—moderate music that shows the meter for the piece. The Treble staff Allegretto, Allegro—fast bottom number shows which note is the fun- The staff marked with a treble clef sign. damental beat (the note that gets one beat), Vivace—lively The treble staff is for high notes and is usually and the top number shows how many of these played by the right hand on the keyboard. Presto—very fast fundamental beats occur in one measure. See also Clef. Prestissimo—as fast as possible Time Number of Beats Per Measure Tempo I Signature Fundamental Beat See A tempo. 2 beats per measure & Tenor half note ( ) , Tremulant 2 h The highest vocal line in the bass clef. 2 2 beats per measure An organ stop that causes the tone to See also Vocal ranges. quarter note ( ) vibrate. This stop is usually used on solo or 2 q Tenor clef 4 3 beats per measure prelude music. Used in hymn for men’s quarter note ( ) 3 q voices. The notes in the tenor staff are played 4 4 beats per measure or sung as if they were treble clef notes, but quarter note ( ) 4 q they are played or sung an octave lower than 4 6 beats per measure the treble staff. “Rise Up, O Men of God” eighth note ( ) (Hymns, no. 323) uses the tenor clef. 6 e 8 9 beats per measure eighth note ( ) 9 e 8 12 beats per measure eighth note ( ) 12 e B 8 95 Triad Upbeat The staves below show the note range that A chord of three notes comprising an The last beat of a measure, signaled in each voice should be able to sing without interval of a third and an interval of a fifth. conducting by an upward motion of the arm. much strain. The three notes of a triad are called the Also, one or more notes at the end of a mea- root, 3rd, and 5th. sure that function as the beginning of a hymn or phrase. (For more information, see p. 28.) œ Value & soprano:œ C–F 3rdw 5th The number of beats a note gets in a w measure. The three notes of a triad may be used in any order; any combination of C’s, E’s, and Verse œ G’s will always be a C chord. See Stanza. & alto:œ G–D Trio A piece written for three performers. See Tremolo. œ Triplet Vivace bœtenor: B –F A group of three notes performed in the See Tempo markings. ? b time of one, two, or four beats. The triplet Vivo shown here equals the time value of one œ Lively. quarter note. To count this example, say bass: G–D “one, two, trip-a-let, four.” Vocal ranges ?œ The four main vocal ranges in hymn and Whole Step choral singing: soprano (high women’s voices), An interval of two half steps. 4 £ alto (low women’s voices), tenor (high men’s &4 œ œ œœœ œ voices), and bass (low men’s voices). Unison © soprano When people sing in unison they all sing the melody line or tune only. Singing in unison can # be on the same pitch, as when women sing, or 3 œ ˙ an octave apart, as when men and women sing & 4 ˙ © alto œ ˙ œ together. Unison singing is usually accompa- © tenor nied by parts or other accompaniment played on the keyboard. # 3 ˙ œ ˙ œ ? 4 ˙ © bass œ

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