International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 12 2018, 8593-8604 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu
METHODS OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT DURING BUILDING DEMOLITION- AN OVERVIEW
Dr. R. Venkata Krishnaiah1, P. Dayakar2, K. Venkatraman3 Professor1, Associate Professor2,Assistant Professor3 ,Department of Civil Engineering 1,2,3 BIST, BIHER, Bharath University [email protected] [email protected]
ABSTRACT Construction industry deals with the construction and maintenance of the environment creating roads, dams, buildings and bridges. It consistently improves the life of the people by upgrading the facilities for them. It employs many people all over the world and plays a strong role in globalization. Accidents are often recorded every year during construction and demolition. In India, most of the structures are not demolished even after their life span. This is unsafe for all the occupants of the old building. Demolition of the structure is done before the end of its service life on most of the other countries. Similarly demolition should also be carried out wherever required in India keeping safety as of prime importance. Thus Structures are to be demolished at the end of their design life for the safety of the people residing in them and around so that accidents cannot happen. For various renovation and rehabilitation projects, demolishing of structures is done. Unplanned collapse of structures, exposure to hazardous chemicals and explosives, vibrations due to demolition affecting the adjacent structures and noise pollution are some of the common risks involved in demolition. The steps involved before demolition are proper pre-planning, preparation of a stability report and taking up the necessary safety measures. This paper gives a brief description about the different types of mechanical and chemical methods used for demolition. The need to manage the demolition waste has led to environment friendly actions such as sustainable demolition and recycled material construction. This paper provides insight about managing the debris produced natural disasters and prevention of its impact on health of humans and the environment. This paper mainly helps to choose the right method for demolition, its key objective being the safety of both the workers, occupants and the environment. Key words: Pre demolition, Hydro-demolition, Chemical demolition, Green demolition
INTRODUCTION This paper “Safety management during building demolition” is done with the sole aim of accomplishing safe building demolition. The demolition technique adopted depends upon factors such as site condition, type of structure, age of building, height of building and cost allotted for demolition[1-3]. Most important factor for determining the method for demolition is the surrounding environment and the structural stability. To reduce on the demolition wastage in order to minimize the impact of the construction industry on the environment, the materials obtained from demolition can be used for recycling[4-7]. By adopting the appropriate techniques for demolition depending upon the situation, accidents are reduced with less environment impacts. The objective is to provide safety during building demolition, to minimize the risk of injuries to people and properties, for the health and
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safety of the workers on site, to reduce the impact on the neighborhood environment and for safe removal of debris. Demolition poses a risk to not only the workers but also to adjacent structures, their occupants and other people nearby[8-12]. Before initiating the demolition, proper pre planning and preparation of a stability report will be handed out. After choosing the right method for demolition, it is carried out smoothly along with all the safety requirements. In olden days small structures such as houses usually consist of only two or three stories, demolishing them is rather an easy process. They are pulled down manually or mechanically using hydraulic equipment mounted on cranes, excavators or bulldozers and with the help of scaffoldings. Larger structures require the use of wrecking ball, heavy weight on a cable that is swung by a crane into the sides of the building. Nowadays numerous numbers of methods have come up such as cut and take down method, hydro- demolition, demolition by explosives, demolition by non- explosive cracking agents etc. Importance of Debris management should be realized and adopted everywhere, especially before a predicted disaster. Dust management is essential and this plays a major role in air pollution, therefore we should aim to manage and overcome it[13-17].
PRE DEMOLITION PROCESS Every structure has an expiry year, existence of the building after its life is very dangerous. Surveying of the building, structure and surrounding is carried out. The record drawings and structural drawings are read and information regarding the construction materials used, shared facilities with adjacent structures, sensitivity of the neighborhood with respect to noise, dust and traffic is gathered, method of construction and deterioration of structural elements are also obtained. Presence of chemicals, explosives or petroleum etc. is noted or even if the building was previously used to store chemicals it is also taken into consideration for soil analysis[18-23]. Decisions are made about the method of demolition to be used and the types of equipment, plant, labor etc. that has to be used will be analyzed. The plan in detail mentions the sequential procedure of demolition and finally states the precautionary measures that will be taken. It also mentions about their debris management plan as well. A stability report is provided based on building administration regulation and it contains the steps taken for the stability of the structure at different stages of demolition, Structural calculations for requirement of temporary supports or bracing are stated and stability of the adjoining structures and buildings are also reported along with calculations for the requirement of temporary and permanent supports for these adjacent structures. Most importantly it ensures that throughout the procedure, the margin of safety will be maintained well within the limit[24- 29] Finally the safety precautions taken are reported which assures that the equipment are inspected regularly, there is access to a properly connected power source, all flammable goods are removed and firefighting appliances are maintained in good condition, only trained workers with full safety measures are allowed to do the job, emergency exits are provided during demolition, adjacent buildings are safe from the vibrations and that possible steps are taken to reduce to impact on environment. Most importantly it contains the steps taken for the safety of workers on site particularly against exposure to dust, chemicals, heat and noise. Medical attention has to be also assured.
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BASIC DEMOLITION METHODOLOGIES ADOPTED Various methods for demolition have been adopted along with industrial evolution. The following are some old and new methods applied in practice. Jack Hammer Jack hammers is a combination of hammer and chisel that are hand operated or machine operated, powered by compressed air or electric motor. Nowadays they are mounted over construction machineries such as excavators and cranes and are used for demolition by hydraulic operation. This is called top- down method of demolition. The different types of jackhammers used for demolition are Pneumatic, Electromechanical or Electro pneumatic and Hydraulic. It if used for demolition of concrete, rocks and pavement. It is possible to remove even the concrete with the rebar. It is the most economical method for demolition and thus it can be used in projects where the initial cost is less. If the user is very skilled and strong, he/she can support the weight of the tool and demolish easily. Sometimes two experienced labors team up and finish the job quickly[30-33]. But the machine operation is noisy and creates micro cracks on the undamaged portion of concrete. Vibrations will weaken the bond between undamaged concrete and increases the chances for corrosion and damages in rebar. It also leaves behind 10-20 mm of dust making it impossible to lay the new concrete over it because if it is done so, it will have very weak bonding.
Figure 1 Jack Hammer Scaffolding, netting and sheeting is provided for protecting nearby structures and people. A normal building floor will not have the capacity to withstand the weight of a heavy crane and the dismantled waste materials so they are reinforced first. For buildings having height 50m or less, scaffolding is sufficient, but for buildings taller than that, construction elevator are installed on the outside of the building. Water is splashed on the dismantled materials to prevent the dust from spreading and efforts are taken for proper drainage of this water[34-39]. Periodical rest is essential for the user as the user is prone to injuries due to loud noise and lack of blood circulation in fingers (white fingers) and he/she requires a break to breathe fresh air due to the accumulation of dust. Workers are provided earmuffs and athletic tapes can be applied which helps reduce the occurrence of white fingers. If proper precautions are not take the workers are exposed to damage in tinnitus and carpal tunnel syndrome.
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Road Milling Machines
Pavement milling or cold planning is the process by which a part of the pavement is removed up to any required depth. Most of the times engineers are try to recycle the removed materials reducing the impact of resurfacing on environment. Milling machine utilizes a large rotating drum that removes and grinds the surface. It is used to remove raveling, bleeding, rutting[40-43], shoring and other similar damages in concrete. It is also used to introduce camber on roads and to perform grade adjustments for drainage purposes. This machine is comparatively easier to work with and does not cause any discomfort to the operator. The depth of demolition can be pre-set in advance and thus it is the best method for working on pavements and roads.
Figure 2 Road Milling Machines
But it creates noise pollution and micro cracks just like jackhammers and in addition to that it does not reach under the rebar, therefore additional work should be performed to remove the concrete under the rebar. It also disturbs the bond between the undamaged portions of concrete and fails to keep the rebar intact and just like jackhammers leaves behind 10-20 mm of thick dust on the concrete, making it not possible to pave the new concrete over it. The cutters present in all milling machines should be handled very carefully since they are very sharp. Only skilled labors have to be allowed to operate it[44-45]. Hydro-demolition Hydro-demolition is a concrete removal technique which utilizes high pressure water for the same. It efficiently gets rid of the damaged concrete by hydro blasting and paves a new surface which appears irregular and craggy making the bonding with new concrete more strong. It is a safer alternative to hand lancing wherein it overcomes all of its disadvantages. This robotic concrete unit can be moved horizontally, vertically and at any inclined angle making it easy to remove the concrete present at any confined place. It is 25 times faster than the above methods and also very accurate. It is used in the rehabilitation and demolition works of bridge decks, spillways, water treatment facilities, aqueducts, nuclear power plants, warehouses, retaining walls etc. Deteriorated concrete can be selectively removed and disposed unlike other methods where differentiation between good and bad concrete is not possible. Vibrations will not affect the surrounding structures and rebar are not affected. Work can be completed very fast and it minimizes dust pollution. It is more expensive due to mobilization cost, limited availability of
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equipment, traffic control, requirements for staged construction since it requires a larger area than it is required in other methods therefore using it for minor works are uneconomical. The water pumps are placed within 300ft from the repair area or if it’s a busy urban area, it is placed within the structure. The pumps can run or diesel power which requires a separate fuel tank and exhaust shaft or on electric power which is more expensive and requires a separate electric service installed. Local municipality water is used or water from lakes and ponds nearby are used. Using recycled water is also a possibility but expensive. Waste water management is very important so water after demolition can be sent to sanitary sewers or to the ground for absorption and evaporation. But the pH of this water will be between 11 to 12.5 so they are treated till their pH is within the range of 5-10. If the structure is badly deteriorated then using hydro-demolition method for removal of damaged portion can lead to a full depth blow through (i.e., complete cracking may occur throughout its depth). Shielding should be provided to the undamaged portion in this case. If full depth blow through is predicted then sound partition walls should be installed because it is extremely noisy (130 db). Sound waves produced due to hydro-demolition are of low frequency therefore they can be controlled by using partition walls made of dense materials such as sheet rock or concrete board. If they are waterproof then they can help to contain the run-off water as well. This machine is strong enough to cut concrete therefore it can obviously cut skin and even bone. The operators always have to wear protective equipment like steel toed boots, eye protection, ear muffs and hard hats for applying this method. Top Down-Way Method Italian company Despe came up with this idea. This method was implemented at first in the demolition of Tour UAP, a 25-storey skyscraper in Lyon, France. Instead of wasting time on scaffolding, they created an exoskeleton made up of steel platform covering the top three floors alone within 20 days. This hat like scaffolding covered mainly the core at the center of the building and they brought it down along with the reduction in size of building after demolition of each floor[37-41]. They followed the top down method of demolition and this is accomplished by using various excavators mounted with jackhammers etc. Demolition takes place so silently and smoothly that it is almost unnoticeable from outside. The workers are allowed more access within the building and there is less noise and accumulation of debris. Since each floor is demolished one after another from the top, it is easier to select the materials for recycling and reuse. 95% of the building materials are recycled. Explosion Demolition In this method the pillars, walls and other structural elements are removed to reduce the stability of the building and thereby forcing it to collapse due to its own self weight. Specialized operators called blasters are required in order to place the chargers in the right position, to tear apart the critical sections of the structure. Controlled demolition of building is called building implosion and this is achieved by planning the placements of explosives, properly timing the explosion of each charge and directing the fall of the building within its own footprint. Dynamites, RDX (cyclo tri methylene tri nitramine), water gel and emulsions are common explosives used. Blasters try to find the minimum explosive charge required to explode the building by testing it initially on few of the columns. This is done to minimize the flying debris and to avoid the over-loading or under- loading of explosives. The columns will be well shielded during this process. Blasters find the critical supporting sections of the building and then plan their attack accordingly. The pillars, walls and other structural elements are removed to reduce its stability and thereby forcing it to collapse due to its own self weight. The columns in the lower floor
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always carry most of the potential energy of the building so they are released first. In multi storied buildings few explosives will be placed in some of the upper columns also. Confining explosives within steel sections is not as easy as reinforced concrete columns where holes can be easily drilled. Thus for steel flanges and webs, chevron shaped copper elements filled with RDX explosives are used. For reinforced concrete columns, explosive cartridges are placed within drilled holes which are balanced by stemming them with sand bags. In olden days a traditional fuse was used which will be filled with small quantity of explosives. This long wire will be ignited at one end and it will burn at a constant pace till it reaches the other end where a detonator will be placed for explosion. Now-a-days, blasters use electrical detonator in which an electrical wire is used. Current is allowed to pass through this wire and it heats up due to its resistance. This ignites the flammable substance on the detonator on the other end of the wire, which in turn sets off the main explosives. In reinforced concrete columns, after the detonation of explosives, the concrete completely fragments leaving behind some of the reinforcing bars bent but intact. This will retain their load bearing capacity and prevent the complete collapse of the structure. This is avoided by properly identifying such columns in advance and separately exploding them and cutting off the reinforcing bars before the rest of the structure. Partial failure of an attempted implosion is very dangerous as the structure will now be tilted at an unstable angle with the possibilities of prime explosive still being present within it thus proving risky for the workers to enter the building without precautions. Shock waves can travel sometimes outwards disturbing the nearby structure. Also the building crumbles down as a massive heap, this makes it difficult to segregate the materials that can be used for recycling which is very important nowadays to compensate the demolition cost and reduce impact on environment[32-36]. Each column will be wrapped around by a geotextile fabric and they all will be linked together using chain ropes to form a fence which will keep the large chunks of concrete from flying out while the fabric prevents the small chunks. Explosive demolition is less expensive, less time consuming and safe if necessary precautions are taken. Soundless Chemical Demolition Agents (or) Non Explosive Cracking Agents SCDA’S originated back in 1890’s based on the investigation by Candlot and Michael is about the presence of ettringite in concrete. This product is not adopted everywhere because of the lack of both guidelines and manufactures. The composition of SCDA’s is CaO, SiO2 and/or cement. This powdery material expands on mixing water, especially when placed under confinement due to the increase in expansive pressure. A layout plan containing details about the number of holes and the location of the holes based on the demolition needs is designed and then the holes are drilled to the design depth and diameter. The SCDA’s are immediately poured and mixed, with care within the holes. Automatically the chemical reaction occurs and the rock/concrete will crack, it is then mechanically removed after it reaches a suitable size. The parameters to be controlled during the cracking mechanism are the time taken for the first crack in sample, cumulative crack width at the end of 24 hours and the minimum demolition time (time taken to reach a crack width of 25.4mm). This can be controlled with the help of three main parameters which influence the generation of expansive pressure due to SCDA, The diameter and depth of boreholes/holes, Temperature and Water content used for mixing. The diameter of holes vary between 30-65 mm and the distance between holes are a maximum of 100 cm and a minimum of 20 cm. depth of
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boring/holes should be 80-90% of the depth of sample and the quantity of SCDA’s required for 1 m3 of concrete is 5-8 kg while that for reinforced concrete is 15-25 kg. Gomez and Mura came up with the relation L=DK, where L is the distance between holes, D is the diameter of the holes and k is the constant based on in-situ property. SCDA’s can work within a temperature range of -80C to 400C. Higher the temperature, faster wills b the cracking process. Thus recent studies show that the products used in cold environments can be used in warm environments to increasing the speed of crack formation. The water used for mixing should normally not exceed 150C and its ratio to the SCDA powder is usually 1:3 by weight. Based on the research by Hinze and Brown we can conclude that the expansive pressure and water content are inversely proportional. Expansive grout is most commonly used and provides a good outcome. Non detonating solutions, South Africa came up with Auto Stem (cracking agent) which is like a plastic cartridge, it is pushed into a borehole just like dynamite and when triggered electrically using lead, a mix of material is produced in which the oxidizer reacts immediately to produce a gas of very high pressure. Since the gas is contained within the borehole, it expands and creates a pressure on the walls of the hole causing it to crack and thus splits the surrounding materials also. The smallest 20 grams cartridge can break one cubic meter of stone. This method can be only used in places where drilling of holes is possible. While confining the agents in the boreholes, care is taken to ensure that it is not too tightly confined, otherwise the pressure built up will be more and it can be harmful to the workers around. Also this method involves skilled labors only as there is a possibility of steam explosion few hours after placing slurry[43-45]. Workers need not excavate the area like in the case of explosives; they just have to stay 30m away. Unlike explosive it does not heap the building into crumbles, but leaves them in big chunks which can easily be reused or recycled. They are 20% more expensive than explosives. They are safer compared to conventional explosives used because they do not generate noise or explode into fly rocks. They generate minimal vibration and hardly any toxic fumes. They mainly do not produce any shock waves and are used extensively in remote mountain highways, concrete structures and roadways in inhabited areas and in other areas as they are safe. Due to exposure to chemicals, care should be taken while using them[46-50]. Green Demolition Green demolition is the concept that plans to maximize the environmental benefits at low cost. It purely concentrates on the 3Rs: Reduce Recycle Reuse. The deconstruction survey plays a vital role in green demolition by identifying the types and quantities of materials that can be easily reused and recycled. It also recognizes the hazardous substances which may cause issues during demolition process. In conventional methods nearly 80% of materials are thrown as landfill waste[6-12]. But in Green demolition method it is reduced to only 10% of landfills. This method amplifies the reuse capacity by recognizing local reuse partners even before the planning of demolition. It obviously increases the rate of reuse and recycle of construction materials. As mentioned above it reduces all possible environmental impacts like it reduces the noise and dust which arises during the demolition and affects adjacent vegetation and habitat. Green demolition costs a little more than conventional demolition but costs can be saved by recycling some of the materials. This method acts as a step towards sustainable development. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Designs) certification is provided for those builders who attempt green construction and demolition.
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Conclusions In urban areas both top down-way method and bottom to top (cut and take down) method can be used. Top down-way method can be used for structures within 50 m height because it becomes difficult to take the cranes. Thus for and excavators to the top of the building for which additional construction of elevators have to be provided taller buildings cut and take down method can be utilized. In places like quarries or structures located far from the city (outskirts) explosives can be used for demolition since it is cheaper. Instead of explosion, implosion can be done which is safer but in both cases materials cannot be used for recycling therefore it is preferred to use non explosive cracking agents. This method will provide more materials for re-use and a soundless, pollution-less demolition can be attained. For small roads and pavements rolling mills are preferred, especially for repair works in them. Hydro-demolition will provide best results but it occupies a lot of space and is very expensive. It also utilizes a lot of potable water which is not eco-friendly. Therefore it can be used in very important structures like bridge decks etc. where quality of work is essential. Civil engineers should choose the right method for demolition based on the sensitivity of the environment. They should always try to accomplish sustainable deconstruction and reduce the impact of the construction industry on the environment by giving importance to management of debris during each demolition. References 1. Rosario Herrador, Pablo Pérez, Laura Garach, Ph.D.; and Javier Ordonez, Ph.D. Use of Recycled Construction and Demolition Waste Aggregate for Road Course Surfacing [Online]. (Journal of Transportation Engineering Vol. 138, Issue 2 (February 2012). 2. Amrutha Mary A, Vasudev R. Demolition of structures using implosion technology. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (5 July 2014). 3. Hydro-demolition Induced Cracking. https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1028/ML102871121.pdf. 4. Aparna Shruthi E and Dr.C.Venkatasubramanian Factors Affecting Material Management in Construction Industry. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 2017, pp. 869–880. 5. J Dheeraj Benny and D. Jaishree, Construction Safety Management and Accident Control Measures. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 611–617. 6. Ramamoorthy, R., Kanagasabai, V., Kausalya, R., Impact of celebrities' image on brand, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-18 Special Issue, PP-251-253, 2017 7. Ramamoorthy, R., Kanagasabai, V., Vignesh, M., Quality assurance in operation theatre withreference to fortis malar hospital, International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-14 Special Issue, PP-87-93, 2017
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