Chapter 1: Preliminary Concept 基本概念 http://www.i-garden.org FORM 4 STUDIES / PASCAL PROGRAMMING Chapter 1: Preliminary Concept 基本概念 March, 01

1.1. INPUT Ö PROCESS Ö OUTPUT • like many types of machines, computer operates according to the following sequence:

• examples of I-P-O:

INSTANCES INPUT STAGE PROCESS STAGE OUTPUT TAGE 例子 輸入階段 處理階段 輸出階段

INPUT INPUT PROCESS PROCESSING OUTPUT OUTPUT DEVICE DEVICE DEVICE 輸入 輸入設備 處理 處理設備 輸出 輸出設備 1. Photocopying A sheet of Paper tray, A light sensor light sensor, duplicate paper outlet document, a glass surface senses the carbon copies of the sheet of blank original sheet of drum original sheet paper document and puts carbon dots onto a piece of paper 2. Using a toaster Pieces of bread Toaster Converts Heat coils in Toasts Toaster electrical energy the toaster into heat, which radiates to the pieces of bread 3. Withdrawing ETC card card inlet the central ETC bills and cash and cash from ETC system verifies machine, receipt receipt machine password, central outlet adjusts the system balance

Be careful of the differences between INPUT and INPUT DEVICE OUTPUT and OUTPUT DEVICE!!

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1.2. STORED PROGRAMS Most automatic devices could “remember” and perform a defined set of instructions repetitively and automatically. This set of instructions is called a program.

1.2.1. Daily Examples of Stored Program Devices (a) Keymatic washing machine（洗衣機） (b) Music Box （音樂盒） (c) Video Cassette Recorder (d) ______

1.2.2. History of Stored Program Devices (a) Jacquard's weaving loom (1801) • during the industrial revolution, Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) invented an automatic weaving machine that resulted in automatic pattern weaving

(b) Babbage's Two Machines • Difference Engine (1822-1834) was designed to compute the roots of polynomial; • Analytical Engine (1834-1871) was very similar in concept to the modern computer: is known as "the Father of Modern Computer"

(c) Development of data storage - Hollerith's Tabulator (1890) • By the end of the 19th century, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) invented a device to handle the very large amount of census （人口統計） data.

end of chapter 1

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