DOCSLIB.ORG

Citizen Scientists Discover Huge Galaxy Cluster 13 June 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Citizen Scientists Discover Huge Galaxy Cluster 13 June 2016 Writing their name in the stars: Citizen scientists discover huge galaxy cluster 13 June 2016 More than 10,000 volunteers have joined in with Radio Galaxy Zoo, classifying over 1.6 million images from NASA's Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer telescope and the NRAO Very Large Array in New Mexico, USA. "The dataset is just too big for any individual or small team to plough through - but we have already reached almost 60% completeness" said Dr Banfield. The project is led by Dr Banfield and Dr Ivy Wong who is based at the International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) at The University of Western Australia. "Although radio astronomy is not as pretty as optical images from the Hubble space telescope, people can find cool things, like black holes, quasars, spiral galaxies or clusters of galaxies." A radio contour overlay showing the newly discovered Matorny-Terentev Cluster RGZ-CL J0823.2+0333. The astronomers classified the newly-discovered Credit: Banfield et al./SDSS feature as a wide angle tail (WAT) radio galaxy, named for the C-shaped tail shape of highly energetic jets of plasma which are being ejected from it. Two volunteer participants in an international citizen science project have had a rare galaxy It is part of a previously unreported sparsely- cluster that they found named after them. populated galaxy cluster and one of the biggest ever found. The pair pieced together the huge C-shaped structure from much smaller images of cosmic Their discovery has now been published in the radio waves shown to them as part of the web- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society based program Radio Galaxy Zoo. with the two volunteers included as co-authors. The discovery surprised the astronomers running "This radio galaxy might have had two distinct the program, said the lead author of the study Dr episodes of activity during its lifetime, with quiet Julie Banfield of the ARC Centre of Excellence for times of approximately 1 million years in between." All-sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO) at The Australian said Radio Galaxy Zoo science team member and National University (ANU). co-author Dr Anna Kapinska, also of CAASTRO / ICRAR at the University of Western Australia. "They found something that none of us had even thought would be possible," said Dr Banfield. But the discovery of the Matorny-Terentev Cluster RGZ-CL J0823.2+0333, now bearing the names of 1 / 2 the two citizen scientists, means even more than having added another piece to our cosmic puzzle. While the unusual, bent shape of WATs has proven an excellent beacon for the detection of galaxy clusters, it will always be difficult to be detected by algorithms - which is where citizen science can play a huge part. Through big projects such as Radio Galaxy Zoo, citizen science has established itself as a powerful research tool for astronomy, especially looking at the future challenges such as the EMU survey in Australia - the "Evolutionary Map of the Universe" with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) - and MeerKAT MIGHTEE in South Africa. "Expanding on projects such as Radio Galaxy Zoo or on machine-learning techniques will be key to finding these unusual structures and to studying galaxy clusters." said Dr Banfield. The team of Radio Galaxy Zoo has entered their project in this year's Australian Museum Eureka Prizes whose winners are expected to be announced during National Science Week. More information: J. K. Banfield et al, Radio Galaxy Zoo: discovery of a poor cluster through a giant wide-angle tail radio galaxy, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2016). DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw1067 Provided by International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research APA citation: Writing their name in the stars: Citizen scientists discover huge galaxy cluster (2016, June 13) retrieved 2 October 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2016-06-stars-citizen-scientists-huge- galaxy.html This document is subject to copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study or research, no part may be reproduced without the written permission. The content is provided for information purposes only. 2 / 2 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Radio Galaxy Zoo: Compact and Extended Radio Source Classification with Deep Learning
    MNRAS 476, 246–260 (2018) doi:10.1093/mnras/sty163 Advance Access publication 2018 January 26 Radio Galaxy Zoo: compact and extended radio source classification with deep learning V. Lukic,1‹ M. Bruggen,¨ 1‹ J. K. Banfield,2,3 O. I. Wong,3,4 L. Rudnick,5 R. P. Norris6,7 and B. Simmons8,9 1Hamburger Sternwarte, University of Hamburg, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany 2Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2611, Australia 3ARC Centre of Excellence for All-Sky Astrophysics (CAASTRO), Building A28, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 4International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research-M468, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/476/1/246/4826039 by guest on 23 September 2021 5University of Minnesota, 116 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA 6Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South, NSW 1797, Australia 7CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia 8Oxford Astrophysics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK 9Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA Accepted 2018 January 15. Received 2018 January 9; in original form 2017 September 24 ABSTRACT Machine learning techniques have been increasingly useful in astronomical applications over the last few years, for example in the morphological classification of galaxies. Convolutional neural networks have proven to be highly effective in classifying objects in image data. In the context of radio-interferometric imaging in astronomy, we looked for ways to identify multiple components of individual sources.
    [Show full text]
  • GCSE Astronomy Scheme of Work
    Scheme of Work GCSE (9-1) Astronomy Pearson Edexcel Level 1/Level 2 GCSE (9-1) in Astronomy (1AS0) GCSE Astronomy Scheme of Work Topic 1 Planet Earth Week 1 1.1 The Earth’s structure Specification Maths Related practical Exemplar activities Exemplar resources points skills activities 1.1 Starter: Teacher shows images of the Earth showing its Find useful information in chapter 1 2a 1.2 many diverse surface features and asks the class to of GCSE Astronomy – A Guide for 2b 1.3 a-d share what they know about its shape, size and internal Pupils and Teachers (5th ed.) by structure. Marshall, N. (Mickledore). Pupils study the shape and mean diameter of the Earth (13 000 km). Further useful information in chapter Pupils study the Earth’s interior, its main divisions and 3 of The Planets by Aderin-Pocock, their properties (approximate size, state of matter, M. et al (DK). temperature etc.): o crust o mantle o outer core o inner core. © Pearson Education Ltd 2016 1 GCSE Astronomy Scheme of Work Topic 1 Planet Earth Week 2 1.2 Latitude and longitude Specification Maths Related practical Exemplar activities Exemplar resources points skills activities 1.4 Teacher demonstrates latitude and longitude on a globe Find useful information in chapter 1 5a 1.5 a-h of the Earth. of GCSE Astronomy – A Guide for 5d Pupils and Teachers (5th ed.) by Pupils use globes, maps and/or an atlas to study Marshall, N. (Mickledore). latitude and longitude. Model globes and atlases are Pupils learn that in addition to being simply lines on a available from many retail outlets or map, latitude and longitude are actually angles.
    [Show full text]
  • Machine Learning in Large Radio Astronomy Surveys (How to Do Science with Petabytes)
    Machine Learning in Large Radio Astronomy Surveys (How to do Science with Petabytes) Ray Norris, Western Sydney University & CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science, ASKAP: Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder ▪ $185m telescope built by CSIRO, approaching completion ▪ Mission: to solve fundamental problems in astrophysics ▪ “EMU” = Evolutionary Map of the Universe PAFs -> Big Data Data Rate to correlator = 100 Tbit/s = 3000 Blu-ray disks/second = 62km tall stack of disks per day = world internet bandwidth in June 2012 Processed data volume = 70 PB/yr (only store 4 PB/yr) EMU: Evolutionary Map of the Universe ▪ PI Ray Norris ▪ Will survey the whole sky for radio continuum ▪ Will discover ~ 70 million galaxies, ▪ compared to 2.5 million currently known ▪ Will revolutionize our view of the Universe ▪ Will revolutionize the way we do astronomy ▪ “large-n astronomy” ASKAP Radio Continuum survey: EMU = 70 million NVSS=1.8 million current total=2.5 million From Norris, 2017, Nature Astronomy, 1,671 1940 1980 2020 EMU Team: ~300 scientists in 21 countries Key Title Project Leader project KP1. EMU Value-Added Catalogue Nick Seymour (Curtin) KP2. Characterising the Radio Sky Ian Heywood (Oxford) KP3. EMU Cosmology David Parkinson (KASA, Korea) KP4. Cosmic Web Shea Brown (Iowa) KP5. Clusters of Galaxies Melanie Johnston-Hollitt (NZ) KP6. cosmic star formation history Andrew Hopkins (AAO) KP7. Evolution of radio-loud AGN Anna Kapinska (UWA) KP8. Radio AGN in the EoR Jose Afonso (Lisbon) KP9. Radio-quiet AGN Isabella Prandoni (Bologna) KP10. Binary super-massive black holes Roger Deane (Cape Town) KP11. Local Universe Josh Marvil (NRAO) KP12. The Galactic Plane Roland Kothes (Canada) KP13.
    [Show full text]
  • SPARCS VII Final Programme
    v1.1 19/07/2017 Monday 17th July – EMU Collaboration Meeting – All welcome Session 1 — Chair: Anna Kapinska 09:00–09:15 Nick Seymour Welcome and Logistics 09:15–09:35 Ray Norris ASKAP & EMU 09:35–09:55 Josh Marvil ASKAP Commissioning and Early Science update 09:55–10:55 Discussion ASKAP Early Science process (observing, calibration, data reduction, validation, value added data) 10:55–11:25 COFFEE BREAK Session 2 — Chair: Josh Marvil 11:25–11:40 Andrew Hopkins ASKAP Pre-Early Science: GAMA23 field 11:40–11:55 Jordan Collier Radio SEDs in EMU Early Science fields 11:55–12:15 Adriano Updates from the SCORPIO project: studying resolved Ingallinera Galactic sources 12:15–12:30 Ray Norris EMU Cosmology (KSP3 update) 12:30–13:50 LUNCH BREAK Session 3 — Chair: Ray Norris 13:50–14:15 Anna Kapinska Radio-loud AGN (KSP7 update) 14:30–14:30 Luke Davies EMU cosmic Star Formation History and stellar mass growth (KSP6 update) 14:30–15:00 Discussion Engagement in EMU 15:00–15:30 COFFEE BREAK Session 4 – Chair: Josh Marvil 15:30–15:45 Minh Huynh CASDA 15:45–17:00 Minh Huynh, CASDA tutorial and discussion Josh Marvil Tuesday 18th July – Updates from Pathfinders Session 1 – Chair: Nick Seymour 09:00-09:30 Rob Beswick The e-MERLIN Legacy Programme 09:30-10:00 Bradley Frank Continuum Science with MeerKAT 10:00-10:30 Discussion What are the common issues faced by the Pathfinders? 10:30-11:00 COFFEE BREAK Session 2 – Chair: George Heald 11:00-11:30 Jess Broderick LOFAR: Recent Highlights and Future Prospects 11:30-12:00 Natasha Continuum Surveys with the MWA
    [Show full text]
  • Help Find the Location of Newly Discovered Black Holes in the LOFAR Radio Galaxy Zoo Project 26 February 2020
    Help find the location of newly discovered black holes in the LOFAR Radio Galaxy Zoo project 26 February 2020 Scientists are asking for the public's help to find the origin of hundreds of thousands of galaxies that have been discovered by the largest radio telescope ever built: LOFAR. Where do these mysterious objects that extend for thousands of light-years come from? A new citizen science project, LOFAR Radio Galaxy Zoo, gives anyone with a computer the exciting possibility to join the quest to find out where the black holes at the center of these galaxies are located. Astronomers use radio telescopes to make images of the radio sky, much like optical telescopes like the Hubble space telescope make maps of stars and galaxies. The difference is that the images made with a radio telescope show a sky that is very different from the sky that an optical telescope sees. In the radio sky, stars and galaxies are not directly seen but instead an abundance of complex structures linked to massive black holes at the centers of galaxies are detected. Most dust and gas surrounding a supermassive black hole gets consumed by the black hole, but part of the material will escape and gets ejected into deep space. This material forms large plumes of extremely hot gas, it is this gas that forms large structures that is observed by radio telescopes. The Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) telescope, As an example, take the case of the famous radio operated by the Netherlands Institute for Radio source 3C236. The upper image is the radio source, the Astronomy (ASTRON), is continuing its huge middle one an optical image showing many stars and survey of the radio sky and 4 million radio sources galaxies and the lower image an overlay of the radio and the optical image.
    [Show full text]
  • Host Galaxies and Radio Morphologies Derived from Visual Inspection
    MNRAS 453, 2326–2340 (2015) doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1688 Radio Galaxy Zoo: host galaxies and radio morphologies derived from visual inspection J. K. Banfield,1,2,3‹ O. I. Wong,4 K. W. Willett,5 R. P. Norris,1 L. Rudnick,5 S. S. Shabala,6 B. D. Simmons,7 C. Snyder,8 A. Garon,5 N. Seymour,9 E. Middelberg,10 H. Andernach,11 C. J. Lintott,7 K. Jacob,5 A. D. Kapinska,´ 3,4 M. Y. Mao,12 K. L. Masters,13,14† M. J. Jarvis,7,15 K. Schawinski,16 E. Paget,8 R. Simpson,7 H.-R. Klockner,¨ 17 S. Bamford,18 T. Burchell,19 K. E. Chow,1 G. Cotter,7 L. Fortson,5 I. Heywood,1,20 T. W. Jones,5 S. Kaviraj,21 A.´ R. Lopez-S´ anchez,´ 22,23 W. P. Maksym,24 K. Polsterer,25 K. Borden,8 R. P. Hollow1 and L. Whyte8 Downloaded from Affiliations are listed at the end of the paper Accepted 2015 July 23. Received 2015 July 22; in original form 2015 February 27 http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/ ABSTRACT We present results from the first 12 months of operation of Radio Galaxy Zoo, which upon completion will enable visual inspection of over 170 000 radio sources to determine the host galaxy of the radio emission and the radio morphology. Radio Galaxy Zoo uses 1.4 GHz radio images from both the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty Centimeters (FIRST) and the Australia Telescope Large Area Survey (ATLAS) in combination with mid-infrared .
    [Show full text]
  • Astro Zoo Handout
    Astro Zoo: Citizen Science and Crowd Sourced Astronomy!Matthew West Zoo Universe • https://www.zooniverse.org/projects • Clearing house of various citizen science projects • Hubble, Kepler, Spitzer, and more • Moon, Mars, Asteroids, Solar Storms, Sun Spots, Transits, Planetary Disks, Jets Galaxy Zoo • http://www.galaxyzoo.org • Classify Galaxies according to their shapes. • Assist astronomers to understand how the galaxies we see around us formed, and what their stories reveal about the past, present and future of the Universe. • Images from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Radio Galaxy Zoo • http://radio.galaxyzoo.org • Search for Erupting Black Holes! • Find jets and match them to the host galaxy. • Discover supermassive black holes observed by: • KG Jansky Very Large Array (NRAO) • Australia Telescope Compact Array (CSIRO) Moon Zoo • http://www.moonzoo.org • Identify craters and create maps, find boulders • Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) • Great video tutorials and tools Planet Hunters • http://www.planethunters.org • Find planets around other stars • Kepler light curve data Agent Exoplanet • http://lcogt.net/agentexoplanet/ • Study images of known exoplanets • Measure the brightness of stars as exoplanets transit Cosmo Quest • http://cosmoquest.org/projects/moon_mappers/ • http://cosmoquest.org/projects/mercury_mappers/ • http://cosmoquest.org/projects/vesta_mappers/ • Map previously unidentified craters • LRO, Messenger, Dawn Asteroid Mission • http://www.asteroidmission.org/?q=target_asteroids • Submit your amateur astronomer telescope images of Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) and measurements of brightness and positions. • Physical properties, refine their orbits, and determine their parent asteroid families. ! 1 Astro Zoo: Citizen Science and Crowd Sourced Astronomy!Matthew West Stardust at Home • http://stardustathome.ssl.berkeley.edu • Particles from the Stardust spacecraft’s sample return capsule.
    [Show full text]
  • Celluloid Hitler's Thedevil Inferno Hellmouth Instereo
    THE 'IT' FACTOR REVOLUTION IN THE HEAD INSIDE PUTIN'S VIRTUAL RUSSIA SINISTER CLOWNS SPREAD GOING UNDERGROUND UNCOVERING A TUNNEL TO HADES TERROR ACROSS THE USA CRYING WOLF CHILDREN ABDUCTED BY ANIMALS FT346 NOVEMBER 2016 £4.25 CELLULOID HITLER'S THE DEVIL INFERNO HELLMOUTH IN STEREO BRINGING HELL TO THE DARK SECRETS THE AMAZING ART THE SILVER SCREEN OF HRAD HOUSKA OF THE DIABLERIES Fortean Times 346 strange days Rains of meat, catfish from the sky, creepy clowns, attack of the sea potatoes, world’s oldest people, signals from space, self-immolating ancients, EU aliens, pioneer potheads and CONTENTS early brewers, the lost city that wasn’t – and much more. 05 THE CONSPIRASPHERE 22 NECROLOG 14 ARCHAEOLOGY 23 FAIRIES & FORTEANA the world of strange phenomena 15 CLASSICAL CORNER 24 FLYING SORCERY 16 SCIENCE 25 UFO CASEBOOK features COVER STORY 26 DIABLERIES: THE DEVIL IN 3-D In the 19th century, Paris was overtaken by a new sensation – stereoscopic cards in which the Devil and all his works were shown in astonishing, and often humourously satirical, detail. BRIAN MAY tells how he fell under their diabolical spell and with fellow fi ends DENIS PELLERIN & PAULA FLEMING explores the technological and cultural background of these hellish creations. 32 A VISIT TO THE UNDERWORLD MIKE DASH examines the unsolved mystery of the tunnels at Baia. Did ancient priests fool visitors to a sulphurous NDON STEREOSCOPIC COMPANY subterranean stream into believing that they had crossed LO 26 THE DEVIL IN 3-D the River Styx and entered Hades? The diabolical pleasures of the ‘Diableries’ stereoscopic cards 38 DARKNESS VISIBLE: HELL IN THE CINEMA Ever since the silent era, fi lmmakers have been putting their visions of Hell on the silver screen, and much of their inspiration derives from a 14th century Italian poet and a 19th century French artist.
    [Show full text]
  • SPARCS IX - Pathfinders Get to Work 06-10 May 2019, Lisboa, Portugal
    SPARCS IX - Pathfinders get to work 06-10 May 2019, Lisboa, Portugal Compilation of Abstracts th Monday, 06 May MeerKAT + MIGHTEE Status Update Russ Taylor, Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy MeerKAT was officially launched in July 2018. Early Observations for the MeerKAT MIGHTEE project have begun. I will present an update on the status of the project and data processing, and progress and plans for Early Science. _____________________________________________________________________________ ASKAP Status Update Ray Norris, WSU/CSIRO _____________________________________________________________________________ LOFAR Surveys Reinout Van Weeren, Leiden University _____________________________________________________________________________ Apertif Status Update Carole Jackson, ASTRON _____________________________________________________________________________ uGMRT Status Update Russ Taylor, Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy _____________________________________________________________________________ VLASS Status Update Lawrence Rudnick, University of Minnesota, VLASS Science Survey Group The Very Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS) is well underway at 2-4 GHz in a unique 'on-the-fly' mapping mode. I will give a brief update on the survey design, performance, and some of the fun early results. Quick-look images are publicly available and useful for many purposes but have important limitations for quantitative science studies. I will also outline the community efforts to provide enhanced data products
    [Show full text]
  • Large-Scale Asymmetry in Galaxy Spin Directions: Evidence from the Southern Hemisphere
    Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia Large-scale asymmetry in galaxy spin directions: evidence from the Southern hemisphere Lior Shamir Kansas State University Manhattan, KS 66506 Abstract Recent observations using several different telescopes and sky surveys showed patterns of asymmetry in the distribution of galaxies by their spin directions as observed from Earth. These studies were done with data imaged from the Northern hemisphere, showing excellent agreement between different telescopes and different analysis methods. Here, data from the DESI Legacy Survey was used. The initial dataset contains ∼ 2.2 · 107 galaxy images, reduced to ∼ 8.1 · 105 galaxies annotated by their spin direction using a symmetric algorithm. That makes it not just the first analysis of its kind in which the majority of the galaxies are in the Southern hemisphere, but also by far the largest dataset used for this purpose to date. The results show strong agreement between opposite parts of the sky, such that the asymmetry in one part of the sky is similar to the inverse asymmetry in the corresponding part of the sky in the opposite hemisphere. Fitting the distribution of galaxy spin directions to cosine dependence shows a dipole axis with probability of 4.66σ. Interestingly, the location of the most likely axis is within close proximity to the CMB Cold Spot. The profile of the distribution is nearly identical to the asymmetry profile of the distribution identified in Pan-STARRS, and it is within 1σ difference from the distribution profile in SDSS and HST. All four telescopes show similar large-scale profile of asymmetry.
    [Show full text]
  • Lofar Sdss Ajp
    Submitted to the Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences on 09 March 2021 1 LOW-FREQUENCY TWO-METER SKY SURVEY RADIAL ARTIFACTS IDENTIFIED AS BROADLINE QUASARS ANTONIO J. PARIS PLANETARY SCIENCES, INC. ABSTRACT Through the use of a High Band Antenna (HBA) system, the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) Two- Meter Sky Survey (LoTSS) is an attempt to complete a high-resolution 120-168 MHz survey of the northern celestial sky. To date, ~5 × 105 radio sources have been classified by LOFAR with most of them consisting of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The strong AGN emissions detected by LoTSS, it is thought, are powered by supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at the center of galaxies. During an analysis of ~1,500 images of these AGNs, we identified 10 radio sources with radial spokes emitted from an unknown source. According to LOFAR, the radial spokes are artifacts due to calibration errors with no origin, and therefore they cannot be associated with an optical source. Our preliminary hypothesis for the artifacts was that they were produced by ionized jets emitted from quasi-stellar objects (QSOs). Specifically, that strong emissions from Type 1 broadline (BL) quasars were directed in the line of sight of the observer (i.e., LOFAR) and as a result produced the image artifacts. To test our hypotheses, we cross-referenced the ra and dec coordinates of the artifacts with the galactic coordinates indexed in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and confirmed that the artifacts were associated with BL QSOs. Further analysis of the QSOs, moreover, demonstrated they exhibited prominent broad emission lines such as CIII and MgII, which are characteristic of Type 1 BL quasars.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflector December 2019 Pages.Pdf
    Published by the Astronomical League Vol. 72, No. 1 December 2019 EXOPLANET NEWS AN ASTRONOMICAL VOYAGE TO CHILE GRAVITATIONAL LENSES Contents Get Off the Beaten Path Join a Astronomy Tour African Stargazing Safari Join astronomer Stephen James July 17–23, 2020 O’Meara in wildlife-rich Botswana for evening stargazing and daytime safari drives at three luxury field camps. Only 16 spaces available! Optional extension to Victoria Falls. skyandtelescope.com/botswana2020 S&T’s 2020 solar eclipse cruise offers 2 2020 Eclipse Cruise: Chile, Argentina, minutes, 7 seconds of totality off the and Antarctica coast of Argentina and much more: Nov. 27–Dec. 19, 2020 Chilean fjords and glaciers, the legendary Drake Passage, and four days amid Antarctica’s waters and icebergs. skyandtelescope.com/chile2020 Total Solar Eclipse in Patagonia December 9–18, 2020 Come along with Sky & Telescope to view this celestial spectacle in the lakes region of southern Argentina. Experience breathtaking vistas of the lush landscape by day — and the southern sky’s incomparable stars by night. Optional visit to the world-famous Iguazú Falls. skyandtelescope.com/argentina2020 Astronomy Across Italy May, 2021 As you travel in comfort from Rome to Florence, Pisa, and Pad- ua, visit some of the country’s great astronomical sites: the Vat- ican Observatory, the Galileo Museum, Arcetri Observatory, and lots more. Enjoy fine food, hotels, and other classic Italian treats. Extensions in Rome and Venice available.Moved to May 2021 — skyandtelescope.com/italy2020 new dates coming soon! See all S&T tours at skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-travel Contents 2020Amateur Shrine to the Stars Fast Facts CalendarStellafane t, a quiet revolution A century ago in Springfield, Vermon in astronomy took place.
    [Show full text]