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Robert S Erikson | 9780226922164 | | | | | Presidential Elections - HISTORY

Departing from the monarchical tradition of Britain, the founding fathers of the United States created a system in which the American people had the power and responsibility to select their leader. Article II, Section 1 of the U. Constitution establishes the Executive Branch of the U. Under this new order, George Washington, the first U. At the time, only white men who The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition property could vote, but the 15th, 19th and 26th Amendments to the Constitution have since expanded the right of suffrage to all citizens over Taking place every four years, presidential campaigns and elections have evolved into a series of fiercely fought, and sometimes controversial, contests, now played out in the hour news cycle. The stories behind each election—some ending in landslide victories, others decided by the narrowest of margins—provide a roadmap to the events of U. George Washington was the first president of the United States. The first presidential election was held on the first Wednesday of January in No one contested the election of George Washingtonbut he remained reluctant to run until the last minute, in part because he believed seeking the office would be dishonorable. Only when Alexander Hamilton and others convinced him that it would be dishonorable to refuse did he agree to run. The Constitution allowed each state to decide how to choose its presidential electors. Inonly Pennsylvania and Maryland held elections for this purpose; elsewhere, the state legislatures chose the electors. This method caused some problems in New Yorkwhich was so divided between Federalists who supported the new Constitution and Antifederalists who opposed it that the legislature failed to choose either presidential electors or U. Before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment, there was no separate ballot for president and vice president. Each elector cast two votes for president. The candidate with the largest number of electoral votes won the presidency, and the runner-up became vice president. Most Federalists agreed that The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition Adams should be vice president. But Hamilton feared that if Adams was the unanimous choice, he would end in a tie with Washington and might even become president, an outcome that would be highly embarrassing for both Washington and the new electoral system. The final results were Washington, 69 electoral votes; Adams, 34; John Jaynine; John Hancockfour and others, As inpersuading George Washington to run was the major difficulty in selecting a president in Washington complained of old age, sickness and the increasing hostility of the Republican press toward his administration. The press attacks were symptomatic of the increasing split within the government between Federalists, who were coalescing around Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, and Republicans, forming around Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. James Madisonamong others, convinced Washington to continue as president by arguing that only he could hold the government together. Speculation then shifted to the vice presidency. Hamilton and the Federalists supported the reelection of John Adams. Republicans favored New York governor George Clinton, but Federalists feared him partly because of a widespread belief that his recent election to the governorship was fraudulent. In addition, the Federalists feared that Clinton would belittle the importance of the federal government by retaining his governorship while serving as vice president. Only electoral votes are recorded here, because most states still did not select presidential electors by popular vote. Nor was there a separate vote for president and vice president until the Twelfth Amendment took effect in The results were Washington, electoral votes unanimous ; Adams, 77; The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition, 50; Jefferson, four and Aaron Burrone. The election, which took place against a background of increasingly harsh partisanship between Federalists and Republicans, was the first contested presidential race. The Republicans called for more democratic practices and accused The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition Federalists of monarchism. The Republicans sympathized with revolutionary France, but not necessarily with the Jacobins. Republicans favored a decentralized agrarian republic; Federalists called for the development of commerce and industry. State The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition still chose electors in most states, and there was no separate vote for vice president. Each elector cast two votes for president, with the runner-up becoming vice president. Thomas Jefferson was the Republican standard-bearer, with Aaron Burr as his running mate. Alexander Hamilton, always intriguing against Adams, tried to throw some votes to Jefferson in order to elect Pinckney president. Instead, Adams won with 71 votes; Jefferson became vice president, with 68; Pinckney came in third with 59; Burr received only 30 and 48 votes went to various other candidates. The significance of the election lay in the fact that it entailed the first peaceful transfer of power between parties under the U. This peaceful transfer occurred despite defects in the Constitution that caused a breakdown of the electoral system. During the campaign, Federalists attacked Jefferson as an un-Christian deist, tainted by his sympathy for the increasingly bloody French Revolution. Unfortunately, the system still provided no separate votes for president and vice president, and Republican managers failed to deflect votes from their vice-presidential candidate, Aaron Burr. Therefore, Jefferson and Burr tied with 73 votes each; Adams received 65 votes and his vice-presidential candidate, Charles C. Pinckney, John Jay received one. This result threw the The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition into the House of Representativeswhere each state had one vote, to be decided by the majority of its delegation. Left to choose between Jefferson and Burr, most Federalists supported Burr. Burr for his part disclaimed any intention to run for the presidency, but he never withdrew, which would have ended the contest. Although the Republicans in the same election had won a decisive majority of 65 to 39 in the House, election of the president fell to the outgoing House, which had The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition Federalist majority. But despite this majority, two state delegations split evenly, leading to another deadlock between Burr and Jefferson. After the House cast 19 identical tie ballots on February 11,Governor James Monroe of Virginia assured Jefferson that if a usurpation was attempted, he would call the Virginia Assembly into session, implying that they would discard any such result. After six days of uncertainty, Federalists in the tied The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition of Vermont and Maryland abstained, electing Jefferson, but without giving him open Federalist support. The The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition was a landslide victory for the incumbent Thomas Jefferson and vice-presidential candidate George Clinton Republicans over the Federalist candidates, Charles C. Pinckney and Rufus King. The vote was The election was the first held under the Twelfth Amendment, which separated Electoral College balloting for president and vice president. The Federalists alienated many voters by refusing to commit their electors to any particular candidate prior to the election. Jefferson was also helped by the popularity of the Louisiana Purchase and his reduction of federal spending. The repeal of the excise tax on whiskey was especially popular in the West. Republican James Madison was elevated to the presidency in the election of Madison won electoral votes cast to Federalist Charles C. Vice President George Clinton received six electoral votes for president from his native New York, but easily defeated Federalist Rufus King for vice president,with scattered vice-presidential votes for Madison, James Monroe and John Langdon of New Hampshire. In the early stages of the election campaign, Madison also faced challenges from within his own party by Monroe and Clinton. The main issue of the election was the Embargo Act of The banning of exports had hurt merchants and other commercial interests, although ironically it encouraged domestic manufactures. These economic difficulties revived the Federalist opposition, especially in trade-dependent New England. In the contest James Madison was reelected president by the narrowest margin of any election since the Republican Party had come to power in He received electoral votes to 89 for his Federalist opponent DeWitt Clinton, the lieutenant governor of New York. The War ofwhich had begun five months earlier, was the dominant issue. Opposition to the war was concentrated in the northeastern Federalist states. Clintonians also accused Madison of slighting the defense of the New York frontier against the British in Canada. The election proved to be the last one of significance for the Federalist Party, largely owing The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition anti-British American nationalism engendered by the war. In this election, Republican James Monroe won the presidency with electoral votes, carrying every state except Massachusetts, Connecticut and Delaware. Federalist Rufus King received The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition votes of the 34 Federalist electors. Daniel D. Tompkins of New York was elected vice president with electoral votes, his opposition scattered among several candidates. Many Republicans objected to the succession of Virginia presidents and believed Crawford a superior choice to Monroe. The caucus vote was In the general election, opposition to Monroe was disorganized. The Hartford Convention of growing out of opposition to the War of had discredited the Federalists outside their strongholds and they did not put forth a candidate. To some extent, Republicans had siphoned off Federalist support with nationalist programs like the Second Bank of the United States. In addition, the extension of slavery into the territories became a political issue when Missouri sought admission as a slave state. Marylandwhich expanded the power of Congress and of private corporations at the expense of the states. But despite these problems, Monroe faced no organized opposition for reelection in The opposition party, the Federalists, ceased to exist. William Plumer of New Hampshire, the one elector who voted against Monroe, did so because he thought Monroe was incompetent. He cast his The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition for John Quincy Adams. Later in the century, the fable arose that Plumer had cast his dissenting vote so that only George Washington would have the honor of unanimous election. Plumer never mentioned Washington in his speech explaining his vote to the other New Hampshire electors. The Republican Party broke apart in the election. The nomination of candidates by congressional caucus was discredited. Groups in each state nominated candidates for the presidency, resulting in a multiplicity of favorite son candidacies. By the fall offour candidates remained in the running. William Crawford of Georgia, the secretary of the treasury, had been the early front-runner, but severe illness hampered his candidacy. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts had a brilliant record of government service, but his Federalist background, The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition cosmopolitanism and his cold New England manner cost him support outside his own region. Henry Clay of Kentuckythe Speaker of the House of Representatives, and Andrew Jackson of Tennesseewho owed his popularity to his victory over the British at the Battle of New Orleanswere the other candidates. With four candidates, none received a majority. List of presidents of the United States - Wikipedia

Analysis by Zachary B. CNN There is a lot of anxiety about the presidential election and specifically about what will happen if the results are unclear. After polls close, the real presidential election starts. President Donald Trump and his allies have suggested that the system is only fair if a winner is declared on election nightbut that's a horrible misreading of the US Constitution and US law, both of which make clear that the technical process of picking a president is only getting started on Election Day. The system is especially confusing because voters only cast ballots to determine which candidate gets to send a handpicked group of allies known as electors to the Electoral College, where the actual presidential vote takes place. Here's a refresher on that. Americans have been refining the process since the election ofwhich originally resulted in an Electoral College tie. The House of Representatives gave Thomas Jefferson the presidency and that first disputed election resulted in the 12th amendment, which modified the Electoral College process. Later, inJohn Quincy The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition got to the White House despite not winning either the popular vote or a majority in the Electoral College. Read More. Inthe results in several Southern states were disputed, and the lack of clear Electoral College results led to a deal in the House that gave Rutherford B. Hayes the presidency even though he won neither The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition Electoral College nor the popular vote. That ultimately begat the Electoral Count Act ofwhich is still in effect today. Timeline of the Electoral College, from Election Day to inauguration - CNNPolitics

See what's new with book lending at the Internet Archive. Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. User icon An illustration of a person's head and chest. Sign up Log in. Web icon An illustration of a computer application window Wayback Machine Texts icon An illustration of an open book. Books Video icon An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video Audio The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio Software icon An illustration of a 3. Software Images icon An illustration of two photographs. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright owner and publisher. ISBN 1. Philippines- Politics and government— History. JQ The Philippine Electoral Almanac also features the legislative elections held thereafter and explores the intricacies of the relationship between Congress — the elected representatives of the people, who are bestowed legislative power — and the President — the elected head of state and of government, who is granted executive power. It likewise delves into the history of coalitions, the partnerships established between political parties or personalities for myriad purposes, as well as the national referendums that have allowed the people to express their stand on fundamental political issues. Despite the ubiquity of elections — with the frenzy of the campaign and the anticipation for the last ballot cast — there has been a regrettable dearth of accessible and easily understandable comprehensive information on the history of Philippine elections. This project aims to respond to this lack, while fulfilling the mandate of the PCDSPO as custodian of institutional memory of the Office of the President. The creation of the almanac entailed research, study, and analysis of authoritative documents from various government and private organizations. The information is presented as infographics to The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition readily understood by a new generation. This online initiative serves as a study of Philippine democracy at work. The history of elections, which is an exercise of our collective sovereign will as a people, provides a context with which to understand the young, flourishing Filipino nation. For despite war and dictatorship, the Philippines has always managed to find its way back to the principle of democratic government: one person, one vote, and the right to freely make a choice. The polls are at the heart of our political culture; it is a signal for change and an emblem of our collective decisions — and of who we are as one people and of what we value. As custodian of the institutional memory of the Philippine Presidency, PCDSPO will be featuring infographics and briefers detailing the political relationship between Congress and the Presidency as well as the importance of midterm elections for every administration. We hope that this online initiative to present the forthcoming electoral exercise in the context of previous polls will be helpful to our partners in media, the academe, and the Filipino public as a whole. Two women have served as president: Corazon C. Aquino and Gloria Macapagal- Arroyo. Both were also swept into office by People Power. Quezon and Sergio Osmena were the first president and vice president elected by the people. They were not partymates but rather members of a coalition which coalesced as the Nacionalista Party in Only one vice president served as veep to two different The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition Fernando Lopez was VP of Presidents Quirino and Marcos Fernando Lopez was the only vice president elected thrice to office: in, and Four children of former presidents launched bids for the presidency. Coalesced with Eduardo The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition Jr. Garcia Election Year:1 g Ferdinand E. Marcos Election Year: 6 Corazon C. A ninth senator was also elected in to fill the Senate seat of Carlos P. Garcia, who had been elected vice president in It also mandated the Philippine Legislature to call for an election of delegates to a Constitutional Convention to draft a constitution for the Philippines. The document produced was submitted to the President of the United States for certification on March 25,and was ratified by the Filipino people through a national plebiscite on May 14, On September 16,the first national elections in the Philippines were held. Quezon and former Senate president pro-tempore Sergio The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition — joined forces to form a powerhouse coalition ticket. The coalition ticket won by a landslide, with Quezon winning in all provinces except the Aguinaldo and Aglipay bailiwicks of Cavite and Ilocos Norte, respectively. Osmena, on the other hand, demolished his opponents and lost only in the province of Cavite, a feat unsurpassed to this day. This unicameral legislature had 98 elected members, of which 87 were from existing representative districts, eight from existing special provinces, and three from the Mountain Province. The Constitution came into full force and effect on November 15,with the inauguration of The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition Commonwealth. Among its provisions was that it would remain the constitution of the Republic of the Philippines once independence was recognized on July 4, The party went into the Elections with the confidence of having practically every branch of government under the control of its stalwarts. This reconsolidation of political forces left the opposition in tatters, with the Allied Minorities, a loose caucus of opposition parties, failing to stop the Nacionalista bid. The elections of proved to be historic in two ways: It was the first and last time that a single party would secure percent of the seats in the legislature, with the Nacionalistas winning all 98 seats; and it ushered in the years of one-party rule in the country. Source: Resolution No. Meanwhile, the opposition was in disarray. Having been soundly defeated in legislative elections three years prior, some of the most prominent oppositionist leaders like Pedro Abad Santos and Manuel de la Fuente of the Partido Nacional Democrata endorsed both Quezon and Osmena. The remaining anti- Nacionalista forces, unable to unite the minority forces, revived the Popular Front and fielded Juan Sumulong and Dr. Emilio Javier. Hilario Moncado of the Partido Modernista also ran for president. A constitutional amendment passed in established a bicameral legislature composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate. In another historic electoral triumph, the voters swept into office an all- Nacionalista Senate, the first and last time that all 24 seats were won by a single party. This was largely due to the introduction of "block voting," which allowed voters to write the party name on the ballot instead of naming the chosen candidates individually. In the House, 95 out of 98 representatives elected were Nacionalistas. Quezon and Osmena were both re-elected; however, due to constitutional limitations, Quezon could not serve the full four years, as his term started on November 15,and thus would end on November 15, Due to the outbreak of war, the terms of Quezon and Osmena as president and vice president, respectively, were officially extended starting November 15,following the passage five days earlier of a U. Joint Resolution known as U. Public Law For the first time, a national electoral authority, the Commission on Elections, was established by a constitutional amendment. Another constitutional amendment also War and the occupation by the Japanese Imperial Forces would lead to an interregnum of five years before liberation brought back democracy to the country. On August 23,following the reestablishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, lots were drawn to determine their terms of office: eight would serve for six years; eight would serve four years; six would serve two years from the date of election. Two deceased senators were no longer included. He had assumed the office upon the death of Quezon on August 1,and in decided to run for the presidency. The Cebuano politician subscribed to the traditional outlook of his generation, who found it distasteful to solicit the people for votes. Roxas, on the other hand, launched what would be remembered as the first "modern" campaign, with him going house to house. Hilario Moncado of the Partido Modernista also joined the fray, but fared poorly. Osmena graciously accepted defeat and was the only outgoing president to attend his successor's inauguration until the fifth Republic. Both parties, The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition divided over the parity issue that granted equal access to natural resources for both Filipinos and foreigners, seriously sought out to build alliances for the much- anticipated Senate polls. With eight seats being contested, the Senate majority would be determined by this crucial election given both LP and NP each won eight seats in the polls. The first midterm polls in the Third Republic resulted in a victory for the administration, with the LP winning seven out of eight seats in the Senate. Parity rights expired on July 3, Prior to his sudden demise, Roxas had been reported to favor another stalwart from northern Luzon, Senator Quintin Paredes, to be his running mate in Quirino's place as standard-bearer of the LP did not sit well with a wing of the party led by the powerful Senate President Jose Avelino, which resulted in an intraparty split into "Quirinistas" and "Avelinistas. As the Liberals fought among themselves, the Nacionalistas were equally in a quandary with their nominee former President Jose P. Laurel, whose controversial stint as President of the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic led many to brand him a collaborator. In the end, the elections resulted in a victory for the Quirinistas, capturing Malacanang, all eight seats in the Senate the second such administration sweep of the Senateand a majority in the House. Despite the political remarriage of the two factions of the Liberal Party, the Quirinistas and Avelinistas, the Quirino administration was still far from popular and had gained notoriety for its inability to rein in corruption and its ineffectual attempts to police lawlessness in the countryside. The Nacionalistas took advantage of the situation and mounted an active campaign to wrest back the Senate from the LP. Led by former President Jose P. Laurel, Quirino's chief adversary in the presidential polls, the NP swept all eight Senate seats The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition contention, the first total victory of the opposition in the Senate. Laurel received the highest number of votes, which was seen as his political rehabilitation and which made him the first and only president, thus far, to have served in the Senate after his presidency. Felisberto Verano, also a Nacionalista, won the special elections held on the same day to fill the Senate seat vacated by Vice President Fernando Lopez. Block The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition, established inwas abolished in with Republic Act No. This would later lead to more fragmented results in most national elections. The most obvious choice, former President and now Senator Jose P. Laurel, had announced he was "spiritually tired" and would not seek the presidency. Laurel's proposal was the adoption The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition Defense Secretary Ramon Magsaysay, whose successful anti-insurgency and anti-communist initiatives had strained his relations with the President and the LP. Despite initial protests from some quarters in the NP, Laurel's unequivocal support for "the man who will fulfill the The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition of the hour" — to battle communism — resulted in Magsaysay's nomination as standard- bearer of the opposition Nacionalistas, with Senator Carlos P. Garcia from Bohol as his running mate. An ailing President Quirino then proclaimed, "I am going to run for re-election, even if I have to die in the attempt. What was supposed to be a three-way race was reduced to a battle between the ruling Liberals against the Nacionalistas after the DP withdrew in support of Magsaysay, resulting in the Nacionalista-Democrata- Nationalist Citizens' Party NCP coalition. The elections proved to be a resounding victory The Timeline of Presidential Elections 1st edition the popular Magsaysay and Garcia. It was the biggest first-term landslide win in Philippine Presidential electoral history — a feat that remains unsurpassed to this day.