DOCSLIB.ORG

Download Download

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download Download GENERAL PHYSICS https://doi.org/10.15407/ujpe65.1.17 I. LICATA 1, 2, 3 1 ISEM, Institute for Scientific Methodology (Palermo; e-mail: ignazio.licata3@gmail.com) 2 School of Advanced International Studies on Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics (Bari, Italy) 3 International Institute for Applicable Mathematics & Information Sciences (IIAMIS), B.M. Birla Science Centre (Adarsh Nagar, Hyderabad 500,India) QUANTUM MECHANICS INTERPRETATION ON PLANCK SCALE In the last years, many different primeval quantization theories on the Planck scale have been developed. Their goal is to provide a vacuum model able to ground the research beyond the Standard Model. Despite their goal is quite ambitious and aims toward particle physics, a necessary and notable consequence is we can read Quantum Mechanics from an emergent viewpoint. Different hypotheses on elementary cells are possible. We will focus here on the conceptual features of G. ’t Hooft and F. Winterberg theories with a special attention for the emerging of non-local correlations. These theories define a new style in the interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. K e y w o r d s: quantum mechanics interpretation, Planck scale, ‘t Hooft equivalence class, Winterberg plasma, non-locality. 1. Motivations: Deconstructing Bell mains the gap between this type of foundational de- The idea that a more subtle level of the discrete bates and the complex structure of elementary par- deterministic type may exist under quantum me- ticle physics, especially in relation to the concept of chanics (QM) is as old as the Bohr–Einstein debate “vacuum state” in QFTs (Quantum Field Theories). (1935). As a conceptual scheme, it goes back to the In particular, the theories of hidden variables have successes of statistical physics. More than half a cen- received a severe blow due to Bell’s theorem. The tury of interpretative debates has a limited confidence possibility of restoring a scheme of this type, with in the Copenhagen interpretation for APP (All Prac- measurable deviations from QM, is now confined to tical Purposes), but it is not even possible to say a very thin margin [1, 2]. To ask ourselves if this that a subquantum model has been clearly estab- is really the last word on QM is equal to propose lished. The contrast between a Bohr-type irreducible an approach to quantum theory in which the vio- non-locality and an objective realism of the Einstein lation of Bell’s inequalities is compatible with some type is continually reproposed and has also given form of locality, located in a different range from the some considerable contribution to the understanding one in which EPR–Bell experiments are usually per- of the structure of quantum theory, in particular, the formed. In other words, we need to investigate the presence of stochastic aspects. The real problem re- possibility of an emerging QM constrained from be- low on a level, where it is possible to find, at least ○c I. LICATA, 2020 partially, a structure with discrete and localized in- ISSN 2071-0194. Ukr. J. Phys. 2020. Vol. 65, No. 1 17 I. Licata formation independent of the observer. However, we b) The type of theory depends on the assumptions must expect that the observables we work with are made on ccell dynamics. The theories that we review usually not beables, but emerging variables. A theory here, by ’t Hooft and Wintenberg, are quite different is thus outlined in which the local level is not hid- also as cultural milieu, but both suggest that the in- den among the observables, but is instead placed on troduction of non-linear oscillators together with the a structurally different plane. This would clarify the very powerful hypothesis of primordial discretization failure of traditional hidden variables and proposes a allows to “rebuild” QM. An essential point is that the radically new vision between discrete/continuous and subquantum freedom degrees are equal and indistin- classical/quantum. Theories of this type exist and guishable. In this way, they ensure, at the macro- will be referred to here as theories of primitive quanti- scopic level, the isotropy and homogeneity of the zation or pre-quantization. They work on the Planck space-time; scale. There are some rather strong reasons for in- c) The hypothesis of locality and pre-determinism vestigating such a theory. The main ones are surely directly leads to that of reversibility. At the beables the Bekenstein principle and the holographic princi- level, information is never lost. However, this does ple, both firmly connected to the constraints on the not mean that information on a single cell is recov- spectrum of quantum fluctuations of the space-time erable; indeed, it is precisely the loss and selection and ultimately to the homogeneity of the tessella- of information at the emerging level that leads to tion of the same space-time [3; 4]. The main moti- the observable non-commutative notes of QM, the vations of theories of this type are related to quan- changeables and the relative equivalence classes of ’t tum gravity, they are not born as “interpretations Hooft. A quantum state is therefore a derivative con- of QM”, but this is considered a necessary step to cept and can show strong non-local correlations re- eliminate the ambiguities generated by the quantum- lated to the loss of information, which finally acquire mechanical formalism near the Planck scale and at an authentic statistical meaning. If the natural con- the cosmological level. In fact, the stochasticity has a straint on the speed limit of light is introduced onto mesoscopic flavor, and one would not expect to find the lattice, the maximal acceleration of Caianello is it at a scale of radical discretization. Ambiguities do obtained [6]. not decrease with the second quantization, but in- The bet on the emergence of these theories lies crease; in general and on all scales, the elegance of therefore in proposing an effective mechanism able to the description of physical processes through ampli- bridge the gap between the Planck scale (1019 GeV) tudes [5] is strongly limited by the probabilistic mort- and the usual one of experiments involving a quan- gage. The latter should derive from deeper reasons, tum-mechanical treatment (103 GeV). This depends and the Born rule should emerge as a sort of “regu- critically on the choice of beables and the relation- lator” of the collective dynamics and their degrees of ship between beables, Planck cells, and changeab- freedom. les. So, the primordial quantization theories do not In general, a theory of primordial quantization is tend to give a “realistic” character to the wave func- based on some general assumptions: tion or even to predict deviations from the standard a) Nature works in a similar way to a computer QM. Their character is rather explanatory of the na- on the Planck scale. This implies that information ture of the QM. Please note that the Planck cell is the at that level is finite, local, independent of the ob- extreme limit of the causal connection with the lab- server, and pre-deterministic. Therefore, no interfer- oratory [7], and the point of arrival is the “ordinary” ence figures or overlaps are possible, there are very QM. Therefore, the physically significant aspect con- precise rules that assure the transitions from one cell sists in the exploration of physical processes in that to another through a discrete sequence of states. In middle ground that allows the passage from the deter- practice we are doing a kind of classical physics ministic and local systems of the beables to quantum on the Planck cells. We will call the magnitudes of behaviors with their typical uncertainty and non-local this level, following ’t Hooft, beables, in honor of “weirdness”. J.S Bell. Beables are carriers of defined properties To understand how the goal of these theories is and, therefore, form a set of operators that always necessarily more ambitious, let us think of a classic switch. problem of QM, the so-called “collapse” problem, and 18 ISSN 2071-0194. Ukr. J. Phys. 2020. Vol. 65, No. 1 Quantum Mechanics Interpretation on Planck Scale let us look at it in relation to particle physics. The an- can therefore be assumed to be primary and funda- ticommutative nature of the observables tells us that mental at a level – it is the case of theories that in- the result will belong to the changeables class, but we troduce the non-locality ab initio –, but which does know that a particle like the electron has well-defined not exclude a local and deterministic level, where the characteristics, always, as a charge, mass, spin, like- characteristics of QM are emerging and find their full beables. The aim of the pre-quantization theories is meaning. It is the case of the relationship between therefore to merge QM and QFT by defining a sort of beables and changeables. informative pre-QFT on the Planck scale, thus realiz- In general, a model, in which the state variables ing the “it from bit” principle [8]. In the following, we and their transition laws are always defined and ac- will limit ourselves to the emergence of QM, starting quirable (indifference with respect to the measure), from the structural links between QM and emerging is called logically or informationally closed and is de- systems. terministic and local. It is the case, for example, of classical physics, where the measurement operations 2. Quantum Mechanics on all the state variables commute and are simul- as Contextual Theory of Systems taneously compatible, i.e., all measuring devices re- lated to different variables can always be used with- In recent years, the study of the physics of the emer- out interfering with one another and without any loss gency has known new developments toward a general of mutual information.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Foundations of Interstellar Studies NY Issue
    Journal of the British Interplanetary Society VOLUME 71 NO.8 AUGUST 2018 Foundations of Interstellar Studies NY Issue FIRST STOP ON THE INTERSTELLAR JOURNEY The Solar Gravity Lens Focus Louis Friedman & Slava G. Turyshev EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION OF DUST IMPACTS at Starflight Velocities Andrew J. Higgins PLASMA DYNAMICS in Firefly's Z-pinch Fusion Engine Robert M. Freeland II GRAM-SCALE NANO-SPACECRAFT Entry into Star Systems Albert Allen Jackson IV THE INTERSTELLAR FUSION FUEL RESOURCE BASE of our Solar System Robert G. Kennedy TESTS OF FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS in Interstellar Flight Roman Ya. Kezerashvili www.bis-space.com ISSN 0007-084X PUBLICATION DATE: 4 JANUARY 2019 Submitting papers International Advisory Board to JBIS JBIS welcomes the submission of technical Rachel Armstrong, Newcastle University, UK papers for publication dealing with technical Peter Bainum, Howard University, USA reviews, research, technology and engineering in astronautics and related fields. Stephen Baxter, Science & Science Fiction Writer, UK James Benford, Microwave Sciences, California, USA Text should be: James Biggs, The University of Strathclyde, UK ■ As concise as the content allows – typically 5,000 to 6,000 words. Shorter papers (Technical Notes) Anu Bowman, Foundation for Enterprise Development, California, USA will also be considered; longer papers will only Gerald Cleaver, Baylor University, USA be considered in exceptional circumstances – for Charles Cockell, University of Edinburgh, UK example, in the case of a major subject review. Ian A. Crawford, Birkbeck College London, UK ■ Source references should be inserted in the text in square brackets – [1] – and then listed at the Adam Crowl, Icarus Interstellar, Australia end of the paper. Eric W.
    [Show full text]
  • Accommodating Retrocausality with Free Will Yakir Aharonov Chapman University, Aharonov@Chapman.Edu
    Chapman University Chapman University Digital Commons Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Science and Technology Faculty Articles and Faculty Articles and Research Research 2016 Accommodating Retrocausality with Free Will Yakir Aharonov Chapman University, aharonov@chapman.edu Eliahu Cohen Tel Aviv University Tomer Shushi University of Haifa Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/scs_articles Part of the Quantum Physics Commons Recommended Citation Aharonov, Y., Cohen, E., & Shushi, T. (2016). Accommodating Retrocausality with Free Will. Quanta, 5(1), 53-60. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.12743/quanta.v5i1.44 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Science and Technology Faculty Articles and Research at Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mathematics, Physics, and Computer Science Faculty Articles and Research by an authorized administrator of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact laughtin@chapman.edu. Accommodating Retrocausality with Free Will Comments This article was originally published in Quanta, volume 5, issue 1, in 2016. DOI: 10.12743/quanta.v5i1.44 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. This article is available at Chapman University Digital Commons: http://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/scs_articles/334 Accommodating Retrocausality with Free Will Yakir Aharonov 1;2, Eliahu Cohen 1;3 & Tomer Shushi 4 1 School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. E-mail: eliahuco@post.tau.ac.il 2 Schmid College of Science, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA. E-mail: yakir@post.tau.ac.il 3 H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
    [Show full text]
  • Bell's Theorem and Its Tests
    PHYSICS ESSAYS 33, 2 (2020) Bell’s theorem and its tests: Proof that nature is superdeterministic—Not random Johan Hanssona) Division of Physics, Lulea˚ University of Technology, SE-971 87 Lulea˚, Sweden (Received 9 March 2020; accepted 7 May 2020; published online 22 May 2020) Abstract: By analyzing the same Bell experiment in different reference frames, we show that nature at its fundamental level is superdeterministic, not random, in contrast to what is indicated by orthodox quantum mechanics. Events—including the results of quantum mechanical measurements—in global space-time are fixed prior to measurement. VC 2020 Physics Essays Publication. [http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-33.2.216] Resume: En analysant l’experience de Bell dans d’autres cadres de reference, nous demontrons que la nature est super deterministe au niveau fondamental et non pas aleatoire, contrairement ace que predit la mecanique quantique. Des evenements, incluant les resultats des mesures mecaniques quantiques, dans un espace-temps global sont fixes avant la mesure. Key words: Quantum Nonlocality; Bell’s Theorem; Quantum Measurement. Bell’s theorem1 is not merely a statement about quantum Registered outcomes at either side, however, are classi- mechanics but about nature itself, and will survive even if cal objective events (for example, a sequence of zeros and quantum mechanics is superseded by an even more funda- ones representing spin up or down along some chosen mental theory in the future. Although Bell used aspects of direction), e.g., markings on a paper printout ¼ classical quantum theory in his original proof, the same results can be facts ¼ events ¼ points defining (constituting) global space- obtained without doing so.2,3 The many experimental tests of time itself.
    [Show full text]
  • A Selected Bibliography of Publications By, and About, Samuel A
    A Selected Bibliography of Publications by, and about, Samuel A. Goudsmit Nelson H. F. Beebe University of Utah Department of Mathematics, 110 LCB 155 S 1400 E RM 233 Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090 USA Tel: +1 801 581 5254 FAX: +1 801 581 4148 E-mail: beebe@math.utah.edu, beebe@acm.org, beebe@computer.org (Internet) WWW URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe/ 10 January 2020 Version 1.03 Title word cross-reference $3.50 [Bar30, Rid47]. 136 [Cha72]. 138 [Cha72]. 140 [Cha72]. 142 [Cha72]. g [Gou25g]. Sa [Ive10]. Z [LHLT64]. Za [Ive10]. -dependent [LHLT64]. -Werte [Gou25g]. 1947 [Hen48, Whi48]. 1952 [Gou53b]. 1953 [Gou53a]. 1964 [Gou65a]. 1978 [Bed08b, Dre79]. 1983 [Moy84]. 1987 [Lug69]. 1988 [DGS89]. 3d [Tho97]. A-Bomb [Rec91, LRD+91, Bro93, Mac85]. Abides [Gla00]. Abraham [Bed08a, Bed08b]. Absorption [ZHG36]. Abstracts [GT66a, GT68, Gou69a]. Academy [Coc77, Jew77]. accept [Ano54a]. Acceptance [Gou72b]. Account [Lan54]. Ad [Gou72a]. Affirm [ACU+54]. 1 2 Again [GT66c, Gou73e, Rai85]. Age [Lan48, Sul78, Lan59a, Lan59b, Lap59]. AIP [Ano75]. Alamos [Bet91]. Alan [Gou78b]. Alfred [Hol93a, LH93]. Allies [Hol93b]. Alsos [Gou48c, Ano12, Gou47g, Gou47h, Gou47e, Gou48c, Gou51, Gou62, Gou83, Gou96, Pas69, Pas80, Ano48a, Gue50, Hen48, Moy84, Tre83, Whi48]. ALSOS. [Rid47]. Am [Gou74b]. amend [NG70]. American [EBU+52, Gou47b]. Americans [Lan54]. Among [Tre83]. Analyses [BG32, BG68]. Analysis [Gou74a, Wer10]. Analyzed [Gou47c]. Ancient [Gou81]. Angeles [Moy84, Tre83]. Angeles/San [Tre83]. Angewandte [Gou50a]. Angle [Win89, Win87]. Angry [Gou63]. Angular [BL96, NLCS05]. Announcement [Gou58c, Gou58d, Gou58e, Gou68d]. Anomalies [GB33]. Anomalous [Ben38]. anonymity [WG67]. antiquities [RG82]. Application [Hei47a, Hei47b, MU56]. applications [Ike17]. Applied [Gou50a]. Appraisal [Hei49]. Arbeiten [Hei46].
    [Show full text]
  • Albert Einstein and Wernher Von Braun – the Two Great German-American
    Albert Einstein and Wernher von Braun – the two great German-American Physicists seen in a Historical Perspective FRIEDWARDT WINTERBERG, University of Nevada Reno. Abstract It was Albert Einstein who changed our view of the universe to be a non-Euclidean curved space-time. And it was Wernher von Braun who showed how to make the first step to take us into this universe, leaving the gravitational field of our planet earth, with the landing a man on the moon the greatest event in human history. Both these great physicists did this on the shoulders of giants. Albert Einstein on the shoulders of his German landsman Bernhard Riemann, and Wernher von Braun on the shoulders of Goddard and Oberth. Both Einstein and von Braun made a Faustian pact with the devil, von Braun by accepting research funds from Hitler, and Einstein by urging Roosevelt to build the atom bomb (against Hitler). Both of these great men later regretted the use of their work for the killing of innocent bystanders, even though in the end the invention of nuclear energy and space flight is for the benefit of man. Their example serves as a warning for all of us. It can be formulated as follows: “Can I in good conscience accept research funds from the military to advance scientific knowledge, for weapons developed against an abstract enemy I never have met in person?" Weapons if used do not differentiate between the scientist, who invented these weapons, and the non-scientist. In this short essay I will show that there are many surprising parallels in the life of Albert Einstein and Wernher von Braun, the two great German-American physicists who had a decisive influence on the history of the 20th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Testing Superdeterministic Conspiracy Found
    Testing Superdeterministic Conspiracy Found. Phys. 41:1521-1531 (2011), arXiv:1105.4326 [quant-ph] Sabine Hossenfelder Nordita What is Superdeterminism? • No free will: Not possible to chose detector settings independent of prepared state. • “Conspiracy” theories: misleading expression. • Really: Nonlocal correlations necessary, but • Not necessarily spooky at a distance. • Hidden variables, yes, but not necessarily realist. Nonlocality “A theory will be said to be locally causal if the probabilities attached to values of local beables in a space-time region 1 are unaltered by specification of values of local beables in a space-like separated region 2, when what happens in the backward light cone of 1 is already sufficiently specified, for example by a full specification of local beables in a space-time region 3…” ~ J. S. Bell Why Superdeterminism? • Because I like it. • Because it’s possible and hasn’t been ruled out since Bell’s theorem can’t be used. • Logically: Can never be ruled out, but certain models can be ruled out. • Try to be as model-independent as possible. What kind of Superdeterminism? • Assume: Hidden variables come from environment. • Assume: dofs beyond experiment’s scale decouple. • Assume: Born rule fulfilled. • No assumptions about collapse or likewise. How to test Superdeterminism? • Main difference to standard QM: The same initial state will lead to the same outcome. No indeterminism. • But “the same state” now means “the same hidden variables”. So we don’t know how to prepare the “same” state twice. • Avoid problem by repeating measurements on one state. Use non-commuting variables. Testing Superdeterminism • Repeatedly measure non-commuting variables on one state.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Superdeterminism
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 06 May 2020 doi: 10.3389/fphy.2020.00139 Rethinking Superdeterminism Sabine Hossenfelder 1 and Tim Palmer 2* 1 Department of Physics, Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt, Germany, 2 Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Quantum mechanics has irked physicists ever since its conception more than 100 years ago. While some of the misgivings, such as it being unintuitive, are merely aesthetic, quantum mechanics has one serious shortcoming: it lacks a physical description of the measurement process. This “measurement problem” indicates that quantum mechanics is at least an incomplete theory—good as far as it goes, but missing a piece—or, more radically, is in need of complete overhaul. Here we describe an approach which may provide this sought-for completion or replacement: Superdeterminism. A superdeterministic theory is one which violates the assumption of Statistical Independence (that distributions of hidden variables are independent of measurement settings). Intuition suggests that Statistical Independence is an essential ingredient of any theory of science (never mind physics), and for this reason Superdeterminism is typically discarded swiftly in any discussion of quantum foundations. The purpose of this paper is to explain why the existing objections to Superdeterminism are based on experience with classical physics and linear systems, but that this experience misleads us. Superdeterminism is a promising approach not only to solve the measurement Edited by: problem, but also to understand the apparent non-locality of quantum physics. Most Karl Hess, importantly, we will discuss how it may be possible to test this hypothesis in an (almost) University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States model independent way.
    [Show full text]
  • EIR Executive Intelligence Review Special Reports
    EIR Executive Intelligence Review Special Reports The special reports listed below, prepared by the EIR staff, are now available. 1. Prospects for Instability in the Arabian Gulf 5. The Significance of the Shakeup at Pemex A comprehensive review of the danger of instabil­ EIR correctly forecast the political troubles of ity in Saudi Arabia in the coming period. Includes former Pemex director Jorge Diaz Serrano, and analysis of the Saudi military forces, and the in­ this report provides the full story of the recent fluence of left-wing forces, and pro-Khomeini net­ shakeup at Pemex.lncludes profile of new Pemex works in the country. $250. director Julio Rodolfo Moctezuma Cid, implica­ tions of the Pemex shakeup for the upcoming 2. Energy and Economy: Mexico in the Year 2000 presidential race, and consequences for Mexico's A development program for Mexico compiled energy policy. $200. jointly by Mexican and American scientists.Con­ cludes Mexico can grow at12 percent annually for 6. What is the Trilateral Commission? the next decade, creating a $100 billion capital­ The most complete analysis of the background, goods export market for the United States. De­ origins, and goals of this much-talked-about tailed analysis of key economic sectors; ideal for organization. Demonstrates the role of the com­ planning and marketing purposes. $250. mission in the Carter administration's Global 2000 report on mass population reduction; in the 3. Who Controls Environmentalism P-2 scandal that collapsed the Italian government A history and detailed grid of the environmental­ this year; and in the Federal Reserve's high ist movement in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Copy 2020 11 26 Stylia
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from Explore Bristol Research, http://research-information.bristol.ac.uk Author: Stylianou, Nicos Title: On 'Probability' A Case of Down to Earth Humean Propensities General rights Access to the thesis is subject to the Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International Public License. A copy of this may be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode This license sets out your rights and the restrictions that apply to your access to the thesis so it is important you read this before proceeding. Take down policy Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions prior to having it been deposited in Explore Bristol Research. However, if you have discovered material within the thesis that you consider to be unlawful e.g. breaches of copyright (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please contact collections-metadata@bristol.ac.uk and include the following information in your message: •Your contact details •Bibliographic details for the item, including a URL •An outline nature of the complaint Your claim will be investigated and, where appropriate, the item in question will be removed from public view as soon as possible. On ‘Probability’ A Case of Down to Earth Humean Propensities By NICOS STYLIANOU Department of Philosophy UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL A dissertation submitted to the University of Bristol in ac- cordance with the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Faculty of Arts.
    [Show full text]
  • Sgs01fenstermacher.Pdf
    - ! ,:. Sciena & Global Security, 1990, Volume I, ppo187-223 Pbotooopying permitt£d by license only Reprints available directly from the publisher C>1990 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers SoA. Printed in the United States of America The Effects of Nuclear Test-ban Regimes on Th ird -generation-wea pon I n novation Dan L. Fenstermache~ The primary reason that we are pursuing nuclear directed energy weapons is to understand the Soviets' capability to design and deploy similar weapons,which would put the US strategic deterrent force or a future defensivesystem at risk. Former US Energy Secretary John S. Herrington' It is by no means certain that a Comprehensive Test Ban would prevent the Soviets from developing a new generation of nuclear weapons, although that would assuredly be the effect of a total testing ban on the US. Former Director of Los Alamos National Laboratory, Donald Kerrt Under the rationale of assessing potential Soviet threats, several third-generation- weapon concepts are being actively studied in the US. This paper presents a technical analysis of the physical principles and likely capabilities of three nuclear directed-energy concepts (x-my lasers, nuclear kinetic-energy weapons, and micro- wave devices) and describes the implications for their development of threshold test bans at thresholds above and below 1 kiloton, Inertial Confinement Fusion, special- ized non-nuclear weapon effects simulation, and seismically quiet containment a. Center for Energy and Environmental Studies. Princeton University. Princeton. NJ 08544 Some of ftJ/s research was undertaken while on feUol,I,Shlpat ftJe Center for Science and International Affairs. Kennedy School of Government.
    [Show full text]
  • Relativistic Effects on Satellite Navigation
    Ž. Hećimivić Relativistički utjecaji na satelitsku navigaciju ISSN 1330-3651 (Print), ISSN 1848-6339 (Online) UDC/UDK 531.395/.396:530.12]:629.056.8 RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS ON SATELLITE NAVIGATION Željko Hećimović Subject review The base of knowledge of relativistic effects on satellite navigation is presented through comparison of the main characteristics of the Newtonian and the relativistic space time and by a short introduction of metric of a gravity field. Post-Newtonian theory of relativity is presented as a background in numerical treating of satellite navigation relativistic effects. Time as a crucial parameter in relativistic satellite navigation is introduced through coordinate and proper time as well as terrestrial time and clocks synchronization problem. Described are relativistic effects: on time dilation, on time differences because of the gravity field, on frequency, on path range effects, caused by the Earth rotation, due to the orbit eccentricity and because of the acceleration of the satellite in the theory of relativity. Overviews of treatment of relativistic effects on the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou satellite systems are given. Keywords: satellite navigation, GNSS, post-Newton theory of relativity, relativistic effects, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou Relativistički utjecaji na satelitsku navigaciju Pregledni rad Osnovna znanja o relativističkim utjecajima na satelitsku navigaciju objašnjena su usporedbom glavnih karakteristika Newtonovog i relativističkog prostora vremena te kratkim uvodom u metriku gravitacijskog polja. Post-Newtonova teorija relativnosti objašnjena je kao osnova pri numeričkoj obradi relativističkih utjecaja u području satelitske navigacije. Vrijeme, kao vrlo važan parametar u relativističkoj satelitskoj navigaciji, objašnjeno je kroz koordinatno i vlastito vrijeme te kroz terestičko vrijeme i problem sinkronizacije satova.
    [Show full text]
  • Sabine Hossenfelder Superdeterminism
    The Forgotten Solution Sabine Hossenfelder Superdeterminism This is a talk about the foundations of quantum mechanics, not about interpretations of quantum mechanics. For details and references, see: SH, Tim N. Palmer “Rethinking Superdeterminism,” arXiv:1912.06462 [quant-ph] Quantum Mechanics is Incomplete Quantum mechanics is arguably a successful theory but it cannot be how nature fundamentally works. Not because it is unintuitive or ugly, but because it is axiomatically inconsistent. Quantum mechanics uses two equations as dynamical law. The Schrödinger equation and the measurement update (the “collapse” of the wave-function). This leads to the measurement problem. The Measurement Problem Quantum mechanics is not an ensemble theory. It is a theory for individual particles. But a particle that is 50% measured is not a thing. This means the update of the wave-function is necessary to describe what we observe. Decoherence does not solve the problem. The Measurement Problem (cont’d) The measurement process in quantum mechanics is not linear. This means it is incompatible with the Schrödinger equation. It cannot be derived from it. But if quantum mechanics was a fundamental theory, the measurement postulate should be unnecessary. The behavior of macroscopic objects like detectors should be derivable. (This, or one has to give up reductionism for which there isn’t even a theory.) The Measurement Problem is Unsolved ! (Neo-)Copenhagen approaches bring back the problem in new clothes by referring to terms like “knowledge” held by “agents”. ! Many Worlds requires a postulate equivalent to the measurement postulate. No improvement. ! Collapse models solve the problem only after specifying what state to collapse into.
    [Show full text]