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Margaret Aiken Pig Husbandry at Kastro Kallithea: An Isotopic Study of Pig Husbandry in Hellenistic Thessaly by Margaret Aiken A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Anthropology University of Alberta © Margaret Aiken, 2019 Abstract The goal of this study was to determine the pig husbandry practice(s) employed at the Hellenistic city of Kastro Kallithea. Kastro Kallithea was occupied from the 4th to 2nd centuries BCE. One of the primary goals of the Kastro Kallithea archaeological project was to examine the domestic economy of the site. This study adds to previous and ongoing research via a bioarchaeological approach. Excavations at the site were completed prior to the outset of this research. Bone samples were gathered from 30 pigs and 6 sheep and goats. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes from bone collagen were used to reconstruct the dietary composition of the 15 animals. The results show a primarily C3 diet for the pigs, with δ N values elevated over the sheep/goat remains sampled. Based on dietary distinctions in different pig husbandry techniques, a management style was inferred based on the isotopic study. This suggests that the animals were free ranging in an extensive management system focused on larger herds of swine. ii Acknowledgements This research would not have been possible without the help and guidance of a number of people to whom I will always be grateful. Primarily, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Sandra Garvie-Lok, who not only guided me through this process but also sparked my interest in biological anthropology six years ago. Thank you for seeing potential in me and mentoring me. I would also like to thank my co-supervisor, Dr. Margriet Haagsma, for being extremely patient and helpful throughout this whole process. Thank you for letting me have access to your site and graciously inviting me back to your project. I would also like to thank Sophia Karapanou the co- director of the Kastro Kallithea archaeological project for supporting my research. More generally, I would like to thank the Department of Anthropology for being my ‘home’ for the last six years. My research would not have been possible without the Bryan- Gruhn Graduate Research Award or the Clifford H. Skitch Student Travel Fund. Specifically, I would like to thank Dr. Rob Losey for coaching me through the basics of zooarchaeology and always fielding my questions. Thank you to Harvey Friebe from the Department of Anthropology and Alvin Kwan from the Biogeochemical Analytical Service Laboratory for support and guidance through the laboratory portions of my research. Thank you to the Canadian Institute in Greece for providing me with funding from the Frederick and Joan Winter Student Travel Bursary for my research. Thank you to Elsa for always being there and essentially becoming a second sister – I don’t know what I would have done without you. Thank you to Adam for reading all of the draft of my thesis, encouraging me, and always helping me look on the bright-side. iii I would like to thank my parents who have always been there to support me and love me (and send me ANY article they can find related to bioarchaeology). Thank you to my sister Julia for the unreasonable amount of puns and for being proud of me through this whole process. Thank you all so much. I am eternally grateful. iv Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................................II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... III 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND THE ECONOMY.................................................................................................. 2 1.2 DEFINING ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ................................................................................................................. 3 1.2.1 Intensive Husbandry .............................................................................................................................. 4 1.2.2 Extensive Husbandry ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 PIG BIOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................... 4 2 HISTORY AND TOPOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 TOPOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................................. 7 2.2 PEOPLE OF THESSALY ................................................................................................................................. 8 2.3 HISTORY OF THESSALY ............................................................................................................................... 9 2.3.1 Before the Neolithic ............................................................................................................................. 10 2.3.2 The Neolithic Period ............................................................................................................................ 10 2.3.3 Mycenaean Thessaly ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.3.4 Iron Age ............................................................................................................................................... 14 2.3.5 Archaic and Classical Periods............................................................................................................. 15 2.3.6 Hellenistic and Roman Periods ........................................................................................................... 17 2.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 19 3 ANIMALS IN ANCIENT GREECE .............................................................................................................. 21 3.1 ANIMAL SACRIFICE ................................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1 Discourse on Sacrifice ......................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2 Sacrificing Animals .............................................................................................................................. 23 3.1.3 Iconographic and Literary Evidence for Animal Sacrifice .................................................................. 25 3.1.4 Zooarchaeological Evidence for Animal Sacrifice .............................................................................. 26 3.1.5 Pig Sacrifice......................................................................................................................................... 28 3.2 HUNTING ANIMALS ................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2.1 Sacrifice and Meat Eating ................................................................................................................... 30 3.3 ANIMALS IN THE ECONOMY ...................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.1 Animals in the Religious Economy ...................................................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Animals in the Domestic Economy ...................................................................................................... 33 3.3.3 Animals in the Market and Subsistence Economy ................................................................................ 34 3.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 34 4 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ................................................................................................................................. 36 4.1.1 Domestication ...................................................................................................................................... 37 4.2 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY IN GREECE .............................................................................................................. 39 4.2.1 Bioarchaeological Studies ................................................................................................................... 39 4.2.2 Written Evidence .................................................................................................................................. 40 4.2.3 Ethnography and Modern Analogy ...................................................................................................... 41 4.3 PIG HUSBANDRY AND MODELS OF ANCIENT AGRICULTURE ..................................................................... 43 4.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 44 5 KASTRO
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